Articles | Volume 19, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-71-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-71-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Landslides near Enguri dam (Caucasus, Georgia) and possible seismotectonic effects
Alessandro Tibaldi
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
Paolo Oppizzi
Geolog, Chiasso, Switzerland
John Gierke
Michigan Technological University, Houghton, USA
Thomas Oommen
Michigan Technological University, Houghton, USA
Nino Tsereteli
M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics, M. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Zurab Gogoladze
M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics, M. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Related authors
Alessandro Tibaldi, Federico Pasquaré Mariotto, Paolo Oppizzi, Fabio Luca Bonali, Nino Tsereteli, Levan Mebonia, and Johni Chania
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3321–3335, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Under a NATO project, we installed a monitoring system at the Khoko landslide facing the Enguri artificial reservoir (Greater Caucasus). During 2016–2019, we compare slope deformation with meteorological factors and variations in the water level of the reservoir. Our results indicate that the landslide displacements appear to be controlled by variations in hydraulic load and partially by rainfall.
Alessandro Tibaldi, Noemi Corti, Emanuela De Beni, Fabio Luca Bonali, Susanna Falsaperla, Horst Langer, Marco Neri, Massimo Cantarero, Danilo Reitano, and Luca Fallati
Solid Earth, 12, 801–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-801-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-801-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Northeast Rift of Mt Etna is affected by ground deformation linked to gravity sliding of the volcano flank and dike injection. Drone surveys show that the rift is affected by NE-striking extensional fractures and normal faults. Given an age of 1614 CE for the offset lavas, we obtained an extension rate of 1.9 cm yr−1 for the last 406 years. The stress field is characterised by a NW–SE σHmin. Drone surveys allow us to quickly collect data with a resolution of 2–3 cm.
Federico Pasquaré Mariotto and Alessandro Tibaldi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 663–674, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-663-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-663-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Palaeoseismological techniques applied with artificial trenches at three deep-seated gravity slope deformations (DSGSDs) in the Alps document extensional deformation and reverse slips. The data indicate that reverse slip might occur both at the toe and in the central-upper portions of DSGSDs. The reverse slip is interpreted as due either to locking of the frontal blocks of a DSGSD or to the relative decrease in the rate of downward movement in the frontal blocks with respect to the rear blocks.
Roberto Basili, Laurentiu Danciu, Céline Beauval, Karin Sesetyan, Susana Pires Vilanova, Shota Adamia, Pierre Arroucau, Jure Atanackov, Stéphane Baize, Carolina Canora, Riccardo Caputo, Michele Matteo Cosimo Carafa, Edward Marc Cushing, Susana Custódio, Mine Betul Demircioglu Tumsa, João C. Duarte, Athanassios Ganas, Julián García-Mayordomo, Laura Gómez de la Peña, Eulàlia Gràcia, Petra Jamšek Rupnik, Hervé Jomard, Vanja Kastelic, Francesco Emanuele Maesano, Raquel Martín-Banda, Sara Martínez-Loriente, Marta Neres, Hector Perea, Barbara Šket Motnikar, Mara Monica Tiberti, Nino Tsereteli, Varvara Tsironi, Roberto Vallone, Kris Vanneste, Polona Zupančič, and Domenico Giardini
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3945–3976, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3945-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3945-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the European Fault-Source Model 2020 (EFSM20), a dataset of 1248 geologic crustal faults and four subduction systems, each having the necessary parameters to forecast long-term earthquake occurrences in the European continent. This dataset constituted one of the main inputs for the recently released European Seismic Hazard Model 2020, a key instrument to mitigate seismic risk in Europe. EFSM20 adopts recognized open-standard formats, and it is openly accessible and reusable.
Alessandro Tibaldi, Federico Pasquaré Mariotto, Paolo Oppizzi, Fabio Luca Bonali, Nino Tsereteli, Levan Mebonia, and Johni Chania
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3321–3335, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Under a NATO project, we installed a monitoring system at the Khoko landslide facing the Enguri artificial reservoir (Greater Caucasus). During 2016–2019, we compare slope deformation with meteorological factors and variations in the water level of the reservoir. Our results indicate that the landslide displacements appear to be controlled by variations in hydraulic load and partially by rainfall.
Alessandro Tibaldi, Noemi Corti, Emanuela De Beni, Fabio Luca Bonali, Susanna Falsaperla, Horst Langer, Marco Neri, Massimo Cantarero, Danilo Reitano, and Luca Fallati
Solid Earth, 12, 801–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-801-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-801-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Northeast Rift of Mt Etna is affected by ground deformation linked to gravity sliding of the volcano flank and dike injection. Drone surveys show that the rift is affected by NE-striking extensional fractures and normal faults. Given an age of 1614 CE for the offset lavas, we obtained an extension rate of 1.9 cm yr−1 for the last 406 years. The stress field is characterised by a NW–SE σHmin. Drone surveys allow us to quickly collect data with a resolution of 2–3 cm.
Verity J. B. Flower, Thomas Oommen, and Simon A. Carn
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5487–5498, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5487-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5487-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions pose a threat to human populations around the globe, but many active volcanoes are poorly monitored. This paper details the development of an automated volcanic plume detection method with focus on diffuse plumes, utilising daily, global observations of volcanic gases measured by satellites. The developed technique consistently distinguished volcanic plumes over 400 t, from control samples, indicating the potential for implementation within a volcanic alert system.
Federico Pasquaré Mariotto and Alessandro Tibaldi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 663–674, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-663-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-663-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Palaeoseismological techniques applied with artificial trenches at three deep-seated gravity slope deformations (DSGSDs) in the Alps document extensional deformation and reverse slips. The data indicate that reverse slip might occur both at the toe and in the central-upper portions of DSGSDs. The reverse slip is interpreted as due either to locking of the frontal blocks of a DSGSD or to the relative decrease in the rate of downward movement in the frontal blocks with respect to the rear blocks.
Related subject area
Landslides and Debris Flows Hazards
Brief communication: Monitoring impending slope failure with very high-resolution spaceborne synthetic aperture radar
Size scaling of large landslides from incomplete inventories
InSAR-informed in situ monitoring for deep-seated landslides: insights from El Forn (Andorra)
A coupled hydrological and hydrodynamic modeling approach for estimating rainfall thresholds of debris-flow occurrence
More than one landslide per road kilometer – surveying and modeling mass movements along the Rishikesh–Joshimath (NH-7) highway, Uttarakhand, India
Temporal clustering of precipitation for detection of potential landslides
Shallow-landslide stability evaluation in loess areas according to the Revised Infinite Slope Model: a case study of the 7.25 Tianshui sliding-flow landslide events of 2013 in the southwest of the Loess Plateau, China
Optimizing Rainfall-Triggered Landslide Thresholds to Warning Daily Landslide Hazard in Three Gorges Reservoir Area
Probabilistic assessment of postfire debris-flow inundation in response to forecast rainfall
Evaluating post-wildfire debris-flow rainfall thresholds and volume models at the 2020 Grizzly Creek Fire in Glenwood Canyon, Colorado, USA
Predicting Deep-Seated Landslide Displacements in Mountains through the Integration of Convolutional Neural Networks and Age of Exploration-Inspired Optimizer
Addressing class imbalance in soil movement predictions
Assessing the impact of climate change on landslides near Vejle, Denmark, using public data
Analysis of three-dimensional slope stability combined with rainfall and earthquake
Assessing landslide damming susceptibility in Central Asia
Invited Perspectives: Integrating hydrologic information into the next generation of landslide early warning systems
Assessing locations susceptible to shallow landslide initiation during prolonged intense rainfall in the Lares, Utuado, and Naranjito municipalities of Puerto Rico
Evaluation of debris-flow building damage forecasts
Characteristics of debris-flow-prone watersheds and debris-flow-triggering rainstorms following the Tadpole Fire, New Mexico, USA
Morphological characteristics and conditions of drainage basins contributing to the formation of debris flow fans: an examination of regions with different rock strength using decision tree analysis
Characterizing the scale of regional landslide triggering from storm hydrometeorology
Comparison of debris flow observations, including fine-sediment grain size and composition and runout model results, at Illgraben, Swiss Alps
Simulation analysis of 3D stability of a landslide with a locking segment: a case study of the Tizicao landslide in Maoxian County, southwest China
Space–time landslide hazard modeling via Ensemble Neural Networks
Optimization strategy for flexible barrier structures: investigation and back analysis of a rockfall disaster case in southwestern China
Comparison of conditioning factors classification criteria in large scale statistically based landslide susceptibility models
Numerical-model-derived intensity–duration thresholds for early warning of rainfall-induced debris flows in a Himalayan catchment
Slope Unit Maker (SUMak): an efficient and parameter-free algorithm for delineating slope units to improve landslide modeling
Probabilistic Hydrological Estimation of LandSlides (PHELS): global ensemble landslide hazard modelling
Limit analysis of earthquake-induced landslides considering two strength envelopes
Exploratory analysis of the annual risk to life from debris flows
A new analytical method for stability analysis of rock blocks with basal erosion in sub-horizontal strata by considering the eccentricity effect
Rockfall monitoring with a Doppler radar on an active rockslide complex in Brienz/Brinzauls (Switzerland)
Landslide initiation thresholds in data-sparse regions: application to landslide early warning criteria in Sitka, Alaska, USA
Lessons learnt from a rockfall time series analysis: data collection, statistical analysis, and applications
The concept of event-size-dependent exhaustion and its application to paraglacial rockslides
Coastal earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility during the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand
Characteristics of debris flows recorded in the Shenmu area of central Taiwan between 2004 and 2021
Semi-automatic mapping of shallow landslides using free Sentinel-2 images and Google Earth Engine
The vulnerability of buildings to a large-scale debris flow and outburst flood hazard chain that occurred on 30 August 2020 in Ganluo, Southwest China
The role of thermokarst evolution in debris flow initiation (Hüttekar Rock Glacier, Austrian Alps)
Accounting for the effect of forest and fragmentation in probabilistic rockfall hazard
Comprehensive landslide susceptibility map of Central Asia
The influence of large woody debris on post-wildfire debris flow sediment storage
Statistical modeling of sediment supply in torrent catchments of the northern French Alps
A data-driven evaluation of post-fire landslide susceptibility
Deciphering seasonal effects of triggering and preparatory precipitation for improved shallow landslide prediction using generalized additive mixed models
Brief communication: The northwest Himalaya towns slipping towards potential disaster
Dynamic response and breakage of trees subject to a landslide-induced air blast
Debris-flow surges of a very active alpine torrent: a field database
Andrea Manconi, Yves Bühler, Andreas Stoffel, Johan Gaume, Qiaoping Zhang, and Valentyn Tolpekin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3833–3839, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3833-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3833-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research reveals the power of high-resolution satellite synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imagery for slope deformation monitoring. Using ICEYE data over the Brienz/Brinzauls instability, we measured surface velocity and mapped the landslide event with unprecedented precision. This underscores the potential of satellite SAR for timely hazard assessment in remote regions and aiding disaster mitigation efforts effectively.
Oliver Korup, Lisa V. Luna, and Joaquin V. Ferrer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3815–3832, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3815-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3815-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Catalogues of mapped landslides are useful for learning and forecasting how frequently they occur in relation to their size. Yet, rare and large landslides remain mostly uncertain in statistical summaries of these catalogues. We propose a single, consistent method of comparing across different data sources and find that landslide statistics disclose more about subjective mapping choices than trigger types or environmental settings.
Rachael Lau, Carolina Seguí, Tyler Waterman, Nathaniel Chaney, and Manolis Veveakis
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3651–3661, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3651-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work examines the use of interferometric synthetic-aperture radar (InSAR) alongside in situ borehole measurements to assess the stability of deep-seated landslides for the case study of El Forn (Andorra). Comparing InSAR with borehole data suggests a key trade-off between accuracy and precision for various InSAR resolutions. Spatial interpolation with InSAR informed how many remote observations are necessary to lower error in a remote sensing re-creation of ground motion over the landslide.
Zhen Lei Wei, Yue Quan Shang, Qiu Hua Liang, and Xi Lin Xia
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3357–3379, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3357-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The initiation of debris flows is significantly influenced by rainfall-induced hydrological processes. We propose a novel framework based on an integrated hydrological and hydrodynamic model and aimed at estimating intensity–duration (ID) rainfall thresholds responsible for triggering debris flows. In comparison to traditional statistical approaches, this physically based framework is particularly suitable for application in ungauged catchments where historical debris flow data are scarce.
Jürgen Mey, Ravi Kumar Guntu, Alexander Plakias, Igo Silva de Almeida, and Wolfgang Schwanghart
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3207–3223, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3207-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3207-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Himalayan road network links remote areas, but fragile terrain and poor construction lead to frequent landslides. This study on the NH-7 in India's Uttarakhand region analyzed 300 landslides after heavy rainfall in 2022 . Factors like slope, rainfall, rock type and road work influence landslides. The study's model predicts landslide locations for better road maintenance planning, highlighting the risk from climate change and increased road use.
Fabiola Banfi, Emanuele Bevacqua, Pauline Rivoire, Sérgio C. Oliveira, Joaquim G. Pinto, Alexandre M. Ramos, and Carlo De Michele
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2689–2704, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Landslides are complex phenomena causing important impacts in vulnerable areas, and they are often triggered by rainfall. Here, we develop a new approach that uses information on the temporal clustering of rainfall, i.e. multiple events close in time, to detect landslide events and compare it with the use of classical empirical rainfall thresholds, considering as a case study the region of Lisbon, Portugal. The results could help to improve the prediction of rainfall-triggered landslides.
Jianqi Zhuang, Jianbing Peng, Chenhui Du, Yi Zhu, and Jiaxu Kong
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2615–2631, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2615-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2615-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Revised Infinite Slope Model (RISM) is proposed using the equal differential unit method and correcting the deficiency of the safety factor increasing with the slope increasing when the slope is larger than 40°, as calculated using the Taylor slope infinite model. The intensity–duration (I–D) prediction curve of the rainfall-induced shallow loess landslides with different slopes was constructed and can be used in forecasting regional shallow loess landslides.
Bo Peng and Xueling Wu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-109, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-109, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Our research enhances landslide prevention using advanced machine learning to forecast heavy rainfall-triggered landslides. By analyzing regions and employing various models, we identified optimal ways to predict high-risk rainfall events. Integrating multiple factors and models, including a neural network, significantly improves landslide predictions. Real data validation confirms our approach's reliability, aiding communities in mitigating landslide impacts and safeguarding lives and property.
Alexander B. Prescott, Luke A. McGuire, Kwang-Sung Jun, Katherine R. Barnhart, and Nina S. Oakley
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2359–2374, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2359-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2359-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fire can dramatically increase the risk of debris flows to downstream communities with little warning, but hazard assessments have not traditionally included estimates of inundation. We unify models developed by the scientific community to create probabilistic estimates of inundation area in response to rainfall at forecast lead times (≥ 24 h) needed for decision-making. This work takes an initial step toward a near-real-time postfire debris-flow inundation hazard assessment product.
Francis K. Rengers, Samuel Bower, Andrew Knapp, Jason W. Kean, Danielle W. vonLembke, Matthew A. Thomas, Jaime Kostelnik, Katherine R. Barnhart, Matthew Bethel, Joseph E. Gartner, Madeline Hille, Dennis M. Staley, Justin K. Anderson, Elizabeth K. Roberts, Stephen B. DeLong, Belize Lane, Paxton Ridgway, and Brendan P. Murphy
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2093–2114, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2093-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2093-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Every year the U.S. Geological Survey produces 50–100 postfire debris-flow hazard assessments using models for debris-flow likelihood and volume. To refine these models they must be tested with datasets that clearly document rainfall, debris-flow response, and debris-flow volume. These datasets are difficult to obtain, but this study developed and analyzed a postfire dataset with more than 100 postfire storm responses over a 2-year period. We also proposed ways to improve these models.
Jui-Sheng Chou, Hoang-Minh Nguyen, Huy-Phuong Phan, and Kuo-Lung Wang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-86, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-86, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
This study enhances landslide prediction using advanced machine learning, including new algorithms inspired by historical explorations. The research accurately forecasts landslide movements by analyzing eight years of data from Taiwan's Lushan Mountain, improving early warnings and potentially saving lives and infrastructure. This integration marks a significant advancement in environmental risk management.
Praveen Kumar, Priyanka Priyanka, Kala Venkata Uday, and Varun Dutt
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1913–1928, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1913-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1913-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study focuses on predicting soil movement to mitigate landslide risks. We develop machine learning models with oversampling techniques to address the class imbalance in monitoring data. The dynamic ensemble model with K-means SMOTE (synthetic minority oversampling technique) achieves high precision, high recall, and a high F1 score. Our findings highlight the potential of these models with oversampling techniques to improve soil movement predictions in landslide-prone areas.
Kristian Svennevig, Julian Koch, Marie Keiding, and Gregor Luetzenburg
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1897–1911, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1897-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1897-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we analysed publicly available data in order to investigate the impact of climate change on landslides in Denmark. Our research indicates that the rising groundwater table due to climate change will result in an increase in landslide activity. Previous incidents of extremely wet winters have caused damage to infrastructure and buildings due to landslides. This study is the first of its kind to exclusively rely on public data and examine landslides in Denmark.
Jiao Wang, Zhangxing Wang, Guanhua Sun, and Hongming Luo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1741–1756, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1741-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1741-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
With a simplified formula linking rainfall and groundwater level, the rise of the phreatic surface within the slope can be obtained. Then, a global analysis method that considers both seepage and seismic forces is proposed to determine the safety factor of slopes subjected to the combined effect of rainfall and earthquakes. By taking a slope in the Three Gorges Reservoir area as an example, the safety evolution of the slope combined with both rainfall and earthquake is also examined.
Carlo Tacconi Stefanelli, William Frodella, Francesco Caleca, Zhanar Raimbekova, Ruslan Umaraliev, and Veronica Tofani
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1697–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1697-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1697-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Central Asia regions are marked by active tectonics, high mountains with glaciers, and strong rainfall. These predisposing factors make large landslides a serious threat in the area and a source of possible damming scenarios, which endanger the population. To prevent this, a semi-automated geographic information system (GIS-)based mapping method, centered on a bivariate correlation of morphometric parameters, was applied to give preliminary information on damming susceptibility in Central Asia.
Benjamin B. Mirus, Thom A. Bogaard, Roberto Greco, and Manfred Stähli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1219, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1219, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Early warning of increased landslide potential provides situational awareness to reduce landslide-related losses from major storm events. For decades, landslide forecasts relied on rainfall data alone, but recent research points to the value of hydrologic information for improving predictions. In this article, we provide our perspectives on the value and limitations of integrating subsurface hillslope hydrologic monitoring data and mathematical modeling for more accurate landslide forecasts.
Rex L. Baum, Dianne L. Brien, Mark E. Reid, William H. Schulz, and Matthew J. Tello
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1579–1605, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1579-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1579-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We mapped potential for heavy rainfall to cause landslides in part of the central mountains of Puerto Rico using new tools for estimating soil depth and quasi-3D slope stability. Potential ground-failure locations correlate well with the spatial density of landslides from Hurricane Maria. The smooth boundaries of the very high and high ground-failure susceptibility zones enclose 75 % and 90 %, respectively, of observed landslides. The maps can help mitigate ground-failure hazards.
Katherine R. Barnhart, Christopher R. Miller, Francis K. Rengers, and Jason W. Kean
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1459–1483, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1459-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1459-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows are a type of fast-moving landslide that start from shallow landslides or during intense rain. Infrastructure located downstream of watersheds susceptible to debris flows may be damaged should a debris flow reach them. We present and evaluate an approach to forecast building damage caused by debris flows. We test three alternative models for simulating the motion of debris flows and find that only one can forecast the correct number and spatial pattern of damaged buildings.
Luke A. McGuire, Francis K. Rengers, Ann M. Youberg, Alexander N. Gorr, Olivia J. Hoch, Rebecca Beers, and Ryan Porter
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1357–1379, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1357-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Runoff and erosion increase after fire, leading to a greater likelihood of floods and debris flows. We monitored debris flow activity following a fire in western New Mexico, USA, and observed 16 debris flows over a <2-year monitoring period. Rainstorms with recurrence intervals of approximately 1 year were sufficient to initiate debris flows. All debris flows initiated during the first several months following the fire, indicating a rapid decrease in debris flow susceptibility over time.
Ken'ichi Koshimizu, Satoshi Ishimaru, Fumitoshi Imaizumi, and Gentaro Kawakami
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1287–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Morphological conditions of drainage basins that classify the presence or absence of debris flow fans were analyzed in areas with different rock strength using decision tree analysis. The relief ratio is the most important morphological factor regardless of the geology. However, the thresholds of morphological parameters needed for forming debris flow fans differ depending on the geology. Decision tree analysis is an effective tool for evaluating the debris flow risk for each geology.
Jonathan P. Perkins, Nina S. Oakley, Brian D. Collins, Skye C. Corbett, and W. Paul Burgess
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-873, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-873, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Landslides are a global issue that results in deaths and economic losses annually. However, it is not clear how storm severity relates to landslide severity across large regions. Here we develop a method to estimate the footprint of landslide area and compare this to meteorologic estimates of storm severity. We find that total storm strength does not clearly relate to landslide area. Rather, landslide area depends on soil wetness and smaller storm structures that can produce intense rainfall.
Daniel Bolliger, Fritz Schlunegger, and Brian W. McArdell
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1035–1049, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1035-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1035-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed data from the Illgraben debris flow monitoring station, Switzerland, and we modelled these flows with a debris flow runout model. We found that no correlation exists between the grain size distribution, the mineralogical composition of the matrix, and the debris flow properties. The flow properties rather appear to be determined by the flow volume, from which most other parameters can be derived.
Yuntao Zhou, Xiaoyan Zhao, Guangze Zhang, Bernd Wünnemann, Jiajia Zhang, and Minghui Meng
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 891–906, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-891-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-891-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed three rock bridge models to analyze 3D stability and deformation behaviors of the Tizicao landslide and found that the contact surface model with high strength parameters combines advantages of the intact rock mass model in simulating the deformation of slopes with rock bridges and the modeling advantage of the Jennings model. The results help in choosing a rock bridge model to simulate landslide stability and reveal the influence laws of rock bridges on the stability of landslides.
Ashok Dahal, Hakan Tanyas, Cees van Westen, Mark van der Meijde, Paul Martin Mai, Raphaël Huser, and Luigi Lombardo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 823–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-823-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-823-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a modeling approach capable of recognizing slopes that may generate landslides, as well as how large these mass movements may be. This protocol is implemented, tested, and validated with data that change in both space and time via an Ensemble Neural Network architecture.
Li-Ru Luo, Zhi-Xiang Yu, Li-Jun Zhang, Qi Wang, Lin-Xu Liao, and Li Peng
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 631–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-631-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-631-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We performed field investigations on a rockfall near Jiguanshan National Forest Park, Chengdu. Vital information was obtained from an unmanned aerial vehicle survey. A finite element model was created to reproduce the damage evolution. We found that the impact kinetic energy was below the design protection energy. Improper member connections prevent the barrier from producing significant deformation to absorb energy. Damage is avoided by improving the ability of the nets and ropes to slide.
Marko Sinčić, Sanja Bernat Gazibara, Mauro Rossi, and Snježana Mihalić Arbanas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-29, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-29, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
The paper focuses on classifying continuous landslide conditioning factors for susceptibility modelling, which resulted in 54 landslide susceptibility models that tested 11 classification criteria in combination with five statistical methods. The novelty of the research is that using stretched landslide conditioning factor values results in models with higher accuracy and that certain statistical methods are more sensitive to the landslide conditioning factor classification criteria than others.
Sudhanshu Dixit, Srikrishnan Siva Subramanian, Piyush Srivastava, Ali P. Yunus, Tapas Ranjan Martha, and Sumit Sen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 465–480, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-465-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-465-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall intensity–duration (ID) thresholds can aid in the prediction of natural hazards. Large-scale sediment disasters like landslides, debris flows, and flash floods happen frequently in the Himalayas because of their propensity for intense precipitation events. We provide a new framework that combines the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with a regionally distributed numerical model for debris flows to analyse and predict intense rainfall-induced landslides in the Himalayas.
Jacob B. Woodard, Benjamin B. Mirus, Nathan J. Wood, Kate E. Allstadt, Benjamin A. Leshchinsky, and Matthew M. Crawford
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dividing landscapes into hillslopes greatly improves predictions of landslide potential across landscapes, but their scaling is often arbitrarily set and can require significant computing power to delineate. Here, we present a new computer program that can efficiently divide landscapes into meaningful slope units scaled to best capture landslide processes. The results of this work will allow an improved understanding of landslide potential and can help reduce the impacts of landslides worldwide.
Anne Felsberg, Zdenko Heyvaert, Jean Poesen, Thomas Stanley, and Gabriëlle J. M. De Lannoy
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3805–3821, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3805-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3805-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Probabilistic Hydrological Estimation of LandSlides (PHELS) model combines ensembles of landslide susceptibility and of hydrological predictor variables to provide daily, global ensembles of hazard for hydrologically triggered landslides. Testing different hydrological predictors showed that the combination of rainfall and soil moisture performed best, with the lowest number of missed and false alarms. The ensemble approach allowed the estimation of the associated prediction uncertainty.
Di Wu, Yuke Wang, and Xin Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2318, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2318, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposed 3D limit analysis for seismic stability of soil slopes to address the influence of earthquake on slope stabilities with nonlinear and linear criteria. Comparison results illustrated that the use of linear envelope leads to the non-negligible overestimation of steep slope stability and this overestimation will be significant with the increasing earthquake. Earthquake has a smaller influence on slope slip surface with nonlinear envelope than that with linear envelope.
Mark Bloomberg, Tim Davies, Elena Moltchanova, Tom Robinson, and David Palmer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2695, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2695, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows occur infrequently, with average recurrence intervals (ARIs) ranging from decades to millennia. Consequently, they pose an underappreciated hazard. We describe how to make a preliminary identification of debris flow-susceptible catchments, estimate threshold ARIs for debris flows which pose an unacceptable risk to life, and identify the "window of non-recognition" where debris flows are infrequent enough that their hazard is unrecognised, yet frequent enough to pose a risk to life.
Xushan Shi, Bo Chai, Juan Du, Wei Wang, and Bo Liu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3425–3443, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A 3D stability analysis method is proposed for biased rockfall with external erosion. Four failure modes are considered according to rockfall evolution processes, including partial damage of underlying soft rock and overall failure of hard rock blocks. This method is validated with the biased rockfalls in the Sichuan Basin, China. The critical retreat ratio from low to moderate rockfall susceptibility is 0.33. This method could facilitate rockfall early identification and risk mitigation.
Marius Schneider, Nicolas Oestreicher, Thomas Ehrat, and Simon Loew
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3337–3354, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3337-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3337-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rockfalls and their hazards are typically treated as statistical events based on rockfall catalogs, but only a few complete rockfall inventories are available today. Here, we present new results from a Doppler radar rockfall alarm system, which has operated since 2018 at a high frequency under all illumination and weather conditions at a site where frequent rockfall events threaten a village and road. The new data set is used to investigate rockfall triggers in an active rockslide complex.
Annette I. Patton, Lisa V. Luna, Joshua J. Roering, Aaron Jacobs, Oliver Korup, and Benjamin B. Mirus
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3261–3284, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3261-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3261-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landslide warning systems often use statistical models to predict landslides based on rainfall. They are typically trained on large datasets with many landslide occurrences, but in rural areas large datasets may not exist. In this study, we evaluate which statistical model types are best suited to predicting landslides and demonstrate that even a small landslide inventory (five storms) can be used to train useful models for landslide early warning when non-landslide events are also included.
Sandra Melzner, Marco Conedera, Johannes Hübl, and Mauro Rossi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3079–3093, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3079-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3079-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The estimation of the temporal frequency of the involved rockfall processes is an important part in hazard and risk assessments. Different methods can be used to collect and analyse rockfall data. From a statistical point of view, rockfall datasets are nearly always incomplete. Accurate data collection approaches and the application of statistical methods on existing rockfall data series as reported in this study should be better considered in rockfall hazard and risk assessments in the future.
Stefan Hergarten
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3051–3063, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3051-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3051-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rockslides are a major hazard in mountainous regions. In formerly glaciated regions, the disposition mainly arises from oversteepened topography and decreases through time. However, little is known about this decrease and thus about the present-day hazard of huge, potentially catastrophic rockslides. This paper presents a new theoretical framework that explains the decrease in maximum rockslide size through time and predicts the present-day frequency of large rockslides for the European Alps.
Colin K. Bloom, Corinne Singeisen, Timothy Stahl, Andrew Howell, Chris Massey, and Dougal Mason
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2987–3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2987-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2987-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landslides are often observed on coastlines following large earthquakes, but few studies have explored this occurrence. Here, statistical modelling of landslides triggered by the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake in New Zealand is used to investigate factors driving coastal earthquake-induced landslides. Geology, steep slopes, and shaking intensity are good predictors of landslides from the Kaikōura event. Steeper slopes close to the coast provide the best explanation for a high landslide density.
Yi-Min Huang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2649–2662, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2649-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows are common hazards in Taiwan, and debris-flow early warning is important for disaster responses. The rainfall thresholds of debris flows are analyzed and determined in terms of rainfall intensity, accumulated rainfall, and rainfall duration, based on case histories in Taiwan. These thresholds are useful for disaster management, and the cases in Taiwan are useful for global debris-flow databases.
Davide Notti, Martina Cignetti, Danilo Godone, and Daniele Giordan
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2625–2648, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2625-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2625-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a cost-effective and user-friendly approach to map shallow landslides using free satellite data. Our methodology involves analysing the pre- and post-event NDVI variation to semi-automatically detect areas potentially affected by shallow landslides (PLs). Additionally, we have created Google Earth Engine scripts to rapidly compute NDVI differences and time series of affected areas. Datasets and codes are stored in an open data repository for improvement by the scientific community.
Li Wei, Kaiheng Hu, Shuang Liu, Nan Ning, Xiaopeng Zhang, Qiyuan Zhang, and Md Abdur Rahim
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-75, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-75, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
The damage patterns of the buildings were classified into three types: (I) buried by primary debris flow, (II) inundated by secondary dam-burst flood, and (III) buried by debris flow and inundated by dam-burst flood sequentially. The threshold of the impact pressures in Zones II and III where vulnerability is equal to 1 are 88 kPa and 106 kPa, respectively. Heavy damage occurs at an impact pressure greater than 40 kPa, while slight damage occurs below 20 kPa.
Simon Seelig, Thomas Wagner, Karl Krainer, Michael Avian, Marc Olefs, Klaus Haslinger, and Gerfried Winkler
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2547–2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2547-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2547-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A rapid sequence of cascading events involving thermokarst lake outburst, rock glacier front failure, debris flow development, and river blockage hit an alpine valley in Austria during summer 2019. We analyze the environmental conditions initiating the process chain and identify the rapid evolution of a thermokarst channel network as the main driver. Our results highlight the need to account for permafrost degradation in debris flow hazard assessment studies.
Camilla Lanfranconi, Paolo Frattini, Gianluca Sala, Giuseppe Dattola, Davide Bertolo, Juanjuan Sun, and Giovanni Battista Crosta
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2349–2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2349-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2349-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a study on rockfall dynamics and hazard, examining the impact of the presence of trees along slope and block fragmentation. We compared rockfall simulations that explicitly model the presence of trees and fragmentation with a classical approach that accounts for these phenomena in model parameters (both the hazard and the kinetic energy change). We also used a non-parametric probabilistic rockfall hazard analysis method for hazard mapping.
Ascanio Rosi, William Frodella, Nicola Nocentini, Francesco Caleca, Hans Balder Havenith, Alexander Strom, Mirzo Saidov, Gany Amirgalievich Bimurzaev, and Veronica Tofani
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2229–2250, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2229-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2229-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work was carried out within the Strengthening Financial Resilience and Accelerating Risk Reduction in Central Asia (SFRARR) project and is focused on the first landslide susceptibility analysis at a regional scale for Central Asia. The most detailed available landslide inventories were implemented in a random forest model. The final aim was to provide a useful tool for reduction strategies to landslide scientists, practitioners, and administrators.
Francis K. Rengers, Luke A. McGuire, Katherine R. Barnhart, Ann M. Youberg, Daniel Cadol, Alexander N. Gorr, Olivia J. Hoch, Rebecca Beers, and Jason W. Kean
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2075–2088, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2075-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2075-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows often occur after wildfires. These debris flows move water, sediment, and wood. The wood can get stuck in channels, creating a dam that holds boulders, cobbles, sand, and muddy material. We investigated how the channel width and wood length influenced how much sediment is stored. We also used a series of equations to back calculate the debris flow speed using the breaking threshold of wood. These data will help improve models and provide insight into future field investigations.
Maxime Morel, Guillaume Piton, Damien Kuss, Guillaume Evin, and Caroline Le Bouteiller
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1769–1787, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1769-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In mountain catchments, damage during floods is generally primarily driven by the supply of a massive amount of sediment. Predicting how much sediment can be delivered by frequent and infrequent events is thus important in hazard studies. This paper uses data gathered during the maintenance operation of about 100 debris retention basins to build simple equations aiming at predicting sediment supply from simple parameters describing the upstream catchment.
Elsa S. Culler, Ben Livneh, Balaji Rajagopalan, and Kristy F. Tiampo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1631–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1631-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1631-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landslides have often been observed in the aftermath of wildfires. This study explores regional patterns in the rainfall that caused landslides both after fires and in unburned locations. In general, landslides that occur after fires are triggered by less rainfall, confirming that fire helps to set the stage for landslides. However, there are regional differences in the ways in which fire impacts landslides, such as the size and direction of shifts in the seasonality of landslides after fires.
Stefan Steger, Mateo Moreno, Alice Crespi, Peter James Zellner, Stefano Luigi Gariano, Maria Teresa Brunetti, Massimo Melillo, Silvia Peruccacci, Francesco Marra, Robin Kohrs, Jason Goetz, Volkmar Mair, and Massimiliano Pittore
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1483–1506, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel data-driven modelling approach to determine season-specific critical precipitation conditions for landslide occurrence. It is shown that the amount of precipitation required to trigger a landslide in South Tyrol varies from season to season. In summer, a higher amount of preparatory precipitation is required to trigger a landslide, probably due to denser vegetation and higher temperatures. We derive dynamic thresholds that directly relate to hit rates and false-alarm rates.
Yaspal Sundriyal, Vipin Kumar, Neha Chauhan, Sameeksha Kaushik, Rahul Ranjan, and Mohit Kumar Punia
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1425–1431, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The NW Himalaya has been one of the most affected terrains of the Himalaya, subject to disastrous landslides. This article focuses on two towns (Joshimath and Bhatwari) of the NW Himalaya, which have been witnessing subsidence for decades. We used a slope stability simulation to determine the response of the hillslopes accommodating these towns under various loading conditions. We found that the maximum displacement in these hillslopes might reach up to 20–25 m.
Yu Zhuang, Aiguo Xing, Perry Bartelt, Muhammad Bilal, and Zhaowei Ding
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1257–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1257-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1257-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tree destruction is often used to back calculate the air blast impact region and to estimate the air blast power. Here we established a novel model to assess air blast power using tree destruction information. We find that the dynamic magnification effect makes the trees easier to damage by a landslide-induced air blast, but the large tree deformation would weaken the effect. Bending and overturning are two likely failure modes, which depend heavily on the properties of trees.
Suzanne Lapillonne, Firmin Fontaine, Frédéric Liebault, Vincent Richefeu, and Guillaume Piton
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1241–1256, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1241-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1241-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows are fast flows most often found in torrential watersheds. They are composed of two phases: a liquid phase which can be mud-like and a granular phase, including large boulders, transported along with the flow. Due to their destructive nature, accessing features of the flow, such as velocity and flow height, is difficult. We present a protocol to analyse debris flow data and results of the Réal torrent in France. These results will help experts in designing models.
Cited articles
Adamia, Sh., Lordkipanidze, M. B., and Zakariadze, G. S.: Evolution of an
active continental margins exemplified by the alpine history of the Caucasus,
Tectonophysics, 40, 183–199, 1977.
Adamia, Sh., Alania, V., Chabukiani, A., Chichua, G., Enukidze, O., and
Sadradze, N.: Evolution of the Late Cenozoic basins of Georgia (SW Caucasus):
a review, in: Sedimentary basin tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to
the Arabian Platform, edited by: Sosson, M., Kaymakçı, N., Stephenson,
R., and Bergerat, F., Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 340,
239–259, 2010.
Adamia, Sh., Zakariadze, G., Chkhotua, T., Chabukiani, A., Sadradze, N.,
Tsereteli, N., and Gventsadze, A.: Geology of the Caucasus: A Review,
Turk. J. Earth Sci., 20, 489–544, 2011.
Adamia, Sh., Alania, V., Tsereteli, N., Varazanashvili, O., Sadradze, N.,
Lursmanashvili, N., and Gventsadze, A.: Post-Collisional Tectonics and
Seismicity of Georgia, in: Tectonic Evolution, Collision, and Seismicity of
Southwest Asia: In Honor of Manuel Berberian's Forty-Five Years of Research
Contributions, Geological Society of America Special Paper 525, 535–572,
https://doi.org/10.1130/2017.2525(17), 2017.
Alania, V., Chabukiani, A., Chagelishvili, R., Enukidze, O., Gogrichiani, K.,
Razmadze, A., and Tsereteli, N.: Growth structures, piggyback basins and
growth strata of Georgian part of Kura foreland fold and thrust belt:
implication for Late Alpine kinematic evolution, in: Tectonic Evolution of the
Eastern Black Sea and Caucasus, edited by: Sosson, M., Stephenson, R., and
Adamia, Sh., Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 428,
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP428.5, 2016.
Avagyan, A., Sosson, M., Karakhanian, A., Philip, H., Rebai, S., Rolland, Y.,
Melkonyan, R., and Davtyan, V.: Recent tectonic stress evolution in the
Lesser Caucasus and adjacent regions, in: Sedimentary Basin
Tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform, edited by: Sosson, M., Kaymakci, N.,
Stephenson, R. A., Bergerat, F., and Starostenko, V., Geological
Society, London, Special Publications, 340, 393–408, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP340.170305-8719/10, 2010.
Avdeev, B. and Niemi N. A.: Rapid Pliocene exhumation of the central Greater
Caucasus constrained by low-temperature thermochronometry, Tectonics, 30,
TC2009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002808, 2011.
Banks, C., Robinson, A., and Williams, M.: Structure and regional tectonics
of the Achara-Trialeti fold belt and the adjacent Rioni and Kartli foreland
basins, Republic of Georgia, in: Regional and Petroleum geology of the Black
Sea and Surrounding Region, Robinson, A. G., American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 68, 331–336, 1997.
Bard, P.-Y.: Microtremor measurements: a tool for site effect estimation, in:
The effects of surface geology on seismic motion, edite by: Irikura, K., Kudo, K., Okada, H.,
and Sasatani, T., Balkema, Rotterdam, 1251–1279, 1999.
Barrier, E. and Vrielynck, B.: Palaeotectonic Map of the Middle East, Atlas
of 14 Maps, Tectonosedimentary-palinspastic Maps from Late Norian to
Pliocene, Commission for the Geological Map of the World, Paris, 2008.
Bazzurro, P. and Cornell, C. A.: Deaggregation of seismic hazard, B.
Seism. Soc. Am., 89, 501–520, 1999.
Beck, A. C.: Gravity faulting as a mechanism of topographic adjustment, New
Zeal. J. Geol. Geoph., 11, 191–199, 1968.
Beget, J. E.: Tephrochronology of antislope scarps on an alpine ridge near
Glacier Peak, Washington, USA, Arctic Alpine Res., 17, 143–152,
1985.
Bonnefoy-Claudet, S., Cotton, F., Bard, P.-Y., Cornou, C., Ohrnberger, M.,
and Wathelet, M.: Robustness of the H/V ratio peak frequency to estimate 1D
resonance frequency, in: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on
the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, 2006.
CGS (Center Geodynamic Studies L.L.C.): Implementation of a complex
engineering-geological survey of the left bank of the landslide in the
reservoir area of arch dam LLC “Enguri HPP” and slope stability analysis,
Technical report, Moscow, 2015.
Chigira, M. and Kiho, K.: Deep-seated rockslide avalanches preceded by mass
rock creep of sedimentary rocks in Akaishi Mountains, central Japan,
Engineering Geology, 38, 221–230, 1994.
Cotton, F., Scherbaum, F., Bommer, J. J., and Bungum, H.: Criteria for selecting
and adjusting ground-motion models for specific target applications:
applications to Central Europe and rock sites, J. Seismol., 10, 137–156,
2006.
Danciu, L., Kale, O., and Akkar, S.: The 2014 earthquake model of the Middle
East: ground motion model and uncertainties, B. Earthq. Eng.,
1–37, 2016.
Danciu, L., Şeşetyan, K., Demircioglu, M., Gülen, L., Zare, M.,
Basili, R., Elias, A., Adamia, S., Tsereteli, N., Yalçın, H., Asif
Khan, M. U. M., Saya, M., Hessami, K., Rovida, A., Stucchi, M., Burg, J.-P.,
Karakhanian, A., Babayan, H., Avanesyan, M., Ammadli, T., Al-Qaryouti, M.,
Kalafat, D., Varazanashvili, O., and Erdik, M.: The 2014 earthquake model of
the Middle East: seismogenic sources, B. Earthq. Eng., 16, 3465–3496,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0096-8, 2018.
Deying, L., Kunlong, Y., and Chin, L.: Analysis of Baishuihe landslide
influenced by the effects of reservoir water and rainfall, Environ. Earth
Sci., 60, 677–687, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0206-2, 2010.
Evans, S. G. and Couture, R.: The 1965 Hope Slide, British Columbia;
catastrophic failure of a sagging rock slope, Abstracts with Programs,
Geological Society of America, 16–26, 2002.
Forte, A., Cowgill, E., Bernardin, T., Kreylos, O., and Hamann, B.: Late
Cenozoic deformation of Kura fold-thrust belt, southern Greater Caucasus,
Geological Society of American Bulletin, 122, 465–86, 2010.
Gobejishvili, R., Lomidze, N., and Tielidze, L.: Late Pleistocene
(Würmian) Glaciations of the Caucasus, in: Developments in Quaternary
Science, edited by: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L., and Hughes, P. D., 15,
141–147, 2011.
Gutiérrez-Santolalla, F., Acosta, E., Rıos, S., Guerrero, J., and
Lucha, P.: Geomorphology and geochronology of sackung features (uphill-facing
scarps) in the Central Spanish Pyrenees, Geomorphology, 69, 298–314, 2005.
Hoek, E. and Bray, J. W.: Rock Slope Engineering, 3rd edn., The Institution
and Metallurgy of Mining, London, 1981.
Jones, F. O., Embody, D. R., and Peterson, W. L.: Landslides along the
Columbia River Valley, Northeastern Washington, US Geological Survey
Professional Paper, 367 pp., 1961.
Kaczmarek, H., Tyszkowski, S., and Banach, M.: Landslide development at the
shores of a dam reservoir (Włocławek, Poland), based on 40 years of
research, Environ. Earth Sci., 74, 4247–4259, 2015.
Kavazanjian Jr., E., Matasovic, N., Hadj-Hamou, T., and Sabatini, P. J.:
Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 3: Design Guidance, Geotechnical
Earthquake Engineering for Highways, vol. 1, Design Principles, No. Report
No: FHWA-SA-97-076, 1997.
Kenney, T. C.: Slope stability in artificial reservoirs: influence of
reservoir level, selected cases, and possible solutions, in: Proceedings of
the meeting on the 1963 Vajont landslide, edited by: Semenza, E. and
Melidoro, G., Ferrara, Cansiglio and Vajont, Grafica Ferrarese, Ferrara,
Italy, 17–19 September 1986, 67–85, 1992.
Koçyiğit, A., Yılmaz, A., Adamia, S., and Kuloshvili, S.:
Neotectonics of East Anatolia Plateau (Turkey) and Lesser Caucasus:
Implication for transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting, Geodin.
Acta, 14, 177–195, 2001.
Macfarlane, D. F.: Observations and predictions of the behaviour of large,
slow-moving landslides in schist, Clyde Dam reservoir, New Zealand, Eng.
Geol., 109, 5–15, 2009.
Mahr, T.: Deep-reaching gravitational deformations of high mountain slopes,
Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 16,
121–127, 1977.
Maraschini, M. and Foti, S.: A Monte Carlo multimodal inversion of surface
waves, Geophys. J. Int., 182, 1557–1566, 2010.
McCalpin, J.: Criteria for determining the seismic significance of sackungen
and other scarplike landforms in mountainous regions, Techniques for
Identifying Faults and Determining their Origins, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, Washington, 255–259, 1999.
McCalpin, J. P. and Irvine, J. R.: Sackungen at the Aspen Highlands ski area,
Pitkin County, Colorado, Environ. Eng. Geosci., 1, 277–290, 1995.
McGuire, R. K.: Computations of Seismic Hazard, Annali di Geofisica, 36,
181–200, 1995.
Meijers, M. J., Smith, B., Kirscher, U., Mensink, M., Sosson, M., Rolland,
Y., Grigoryan, A., Sahakyan, L., Avagyan, A., Langereis, C., and Müller,
C.: A paleolatitude reconstruction of the South Armenian Block (Lesser
Caucasus) for the Late Cretaceous: Constraints on the Tethyan realm,
Tectonophysics 644, 197–219, 2015.
Mosar, J., Kangarli, T., Bochud, M., Glasmacher, U. A., Rast, A., Brunet, M.,
and Sosson, M.: Cenozoic–Recent tectonics and uplift in the Greater
Caucasus: a perspective from Azerbaijan, in: Sedimentary basin tectonics from
the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform, edited by: Sosson, M.,
Kaymakçı, Stephenson, N. R., and Bergerat, F., Geological Society,
London, Special Publication, 340, 261–279, 2010.
Nakamura, K.: On reservoir landslide, Bulletin on Soil and Water
Conservation, 10, 53–64, 1990 (in Chinese).
Paronuzzi, P., Rigo, E., and Bolla, A.: Influence of filling–drawdown cycles
of the Vajont reservoir on Mt. Toc slope stability, Geomorphology, 191,
75–93, 2013.
Pasquaré Mariotto, F. and Tibaldi, A.: Inversion kinematics at
deep-seated gravity slope deformations revealed by trenching techniques, Nat.
Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 663–674,
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-663-2016, 2016.
Pasquarè, F. A., Tormey, D., Vezzoli, L., Okrostsvaridze, A., and
Tutberidze, B.: Mitigating the consequences of extreme events on strategic
facilities: Evaluation of volcanic and seismic risk affecting the Caspian oil
and gas pipelines in the Republic of Georgia, J. Environ. Manage., 92,
1774–1782, 2011.
Pasuto, A. and Soldati, M.: Rock spreading, in: Landslide recognition,
Identification, movement and causes, edited by: Dikau, R., Brunsden, D.,
Schrott, L., and Visen, M.-L., Wiley, Chichester, 122–136, 1996.
Pinyol, N., Alonso, E., Corominas, J., and Moya J.: Canelles landslide:
modelling rapid drawdown and fast potential sliding, Landslides, 9, 33–51,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-011-0264-x, 2012.
Radbruch-Hall, D. H.: Gravitational creep of rock masses on slopes, in:
Rockslides and Avalanches, vol. 1, edited by: Voight, B., Natural Phenomena,
Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 14, 607–657, 1978.
Rebai, S., Philip, H., Dorbath, L., Borissoff, B., Haessler, H., and
Cisternas, A.: Active tectonics in the Lesser Caucasus: coexistence of
compressive and extensional structures, Tectonics, 12, 1089–1114, 1993.
Reilinger, R. E., McClusky, S. C., Oral, M. B., King, R. W., Toksoz, M. N.,
Barka, A. A., Kinik, I., Lenk, O., and Sanli, I.: Global Positioning System
measurements of present-day crustal movements in the Arabia-Africa-Eurasia
plate collision zone, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9983–9999, 1997.
Reilinger, R. E., McClusky, S. C., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S.,
Cakmak, R., Ozener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliev, I., Stepanian, R., Nadariya, M.,
Hahubia, G., Mahmoud, S., Sakr, K., Arrajehi, A., Paradissis, D., Al-Aydrus,
A., Prilepin, M., Guseva, T., Evren, E., Dmirotsa, A., Filikov, S. V., Gomez,
F., Al-Ghazzi, R., and Karam, G.: GPS constraints on continental deformation
in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for
the dynamics of plate interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B05411,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004051, 2006.
Sajinkumar, K. S., Unnikrishnan Warrier, C., Muraleedharan, C., Shahul
Hameed, A., Rani, V. R., Pradeepkumar, A. P., and Sundarajan, P.: A study on
landslides and subsurface piping, facilitated by dykes, using vertical
electrical sounding and δO18 and δH2 stable isotopes,
B. Eng. Geol. Environ., 76, 1297–1306, 2017.
Schuster, R. L.: Reservoir-induced landslides, Bulletin of the International
Association of Engineering Geology, 20, 8–15, 1979.
Schuster, R. L. and Wieczorek, G. F.: Landslide triggers and types, in: Proc.
1st European Conference on Landslides, edited by: Rybar, J., Stemberk, J.,
and Wagner, P., Prague, Czech Republic, Balkema Publishers, Taylor &
Francis, Prague, 59–78, 2002.
Semenza, E. and Ghirotti, M.: History of the 1963 Vaiont slide: the
importance of geological factors, B. Eng. Geol. Environ., 59, 87–97, 2000.
Şeşetyan, K., Danciu, L., Demircioğlu Tümsa, M. B., Giardini,
D., Erdik, M., Akkar, S., Gülen, L., Zare, M., Adamia, S., Ansari, A.,
Arakelyan, A., Askan, A., Avanesyan, M., Babayan, H., Chelidze, T.,
Durgaryan, R., Elias, A., Hamzehloo, H., Hessami, K., Kalafat, D., Kale, O.,
Karakhanyan, A., Asif Khan, M., Mammadli, T., Al-Qaryouti, M., Sayab, M.,
Tsereteli, N., Utkucu, M., Varazanashvili, O., Waseem, M., Yalçın, H.,
and Tolga Yılmaz, M.: The 2014 seismic hazard model of the Middle East:
overview and results, B. Earthq. Eng., 16, 3535–3566, 2018.
Solonenko, V. P.: Landslides and collapses in seismic zones and their
prediction, Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology
15, 4–8, 1977.
Sosson, M., Rolland, Y., Danelian, T., Muller, C., Melkonyan, R., Adamia, S.,
Kangarli, T., Avagyan, A., and Galoyan, G.: Subductions, obduction and
collision in the Lesser Caucasus (Armenia Azerbaijan, Georgia), new insights,
in: Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the
Arabian Platform, edited by: Sosson, M., Kaymakci, N., Stephanson, R.,
Bergarat, F., and Storatchenoko, V., Geological Society of London Special
Publication, 340, 329–352, 2010.
Tan, O. and Taymaz, T.: Active tectonic of the Caucasus: earthquake source
mechanisms and rupture histories obtained from inversion of teleseismic body
waves, Geological Society of America, special paper 409, 531–578, 2006.
Tibaldi, A. and Pasquarè, F.: Quaternary deformations along the
“Engadine–Gruf tectonic system”, Swiss–Italian border, J. Quaternary
Sci., 23 475–487, 2008.
Tibaldi, A. and Tsereteli, N.: International effort tackles landslide hazards
to keep the peace, Eos, 98, 24–28, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017EO065815, 2017.
Tibaldi, A., Ferrari, L., and Pasquarè, G.: Landslides triggered by
earthquakes and their relationships with faults and mountain slope geometry:
an example from Ecuador, Geomorphology, 11, 215–226, 1995.
Tibaldi, A., Rovida, A., and Corazzato C.: A giant deep-seated slope
deformation in the Italian Alps studied by paleoseismological and
morphometric techniques, Geomorphology, 58, 27–47, 2004.
Tibaldi, A., Corazzato, C., Rust, D., Bonali, F. L., Mariotto, F. P.,
Korzhenkov, A. M., Oppizzi P., and Bonzanigo, L.: Tectonic and
gravity-induced deformation along the active Talas–Fergana Fault, Tien Shan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tectonophysics, 657, 38–62, 2015.
Tibaldi, A., Alania, V., Bonali, F. L., Enukidze, O., Tsereteli, N.,
Kvavadze, N., and Varazanashvili, O.: Active inversion tectonics, simple
shear folding and back-thrusting at Rioni Basin, Georgia, J. Struct. Biol.,
96, 35–53, 2017a.
Tibaldi, A., Russo, E., Bonali, F.L., Alania, V., Chabukiani, A., Enukidze,
O., and Tsereteli, N.: 3-D anatomy of an active fault-propagation fold: a
multidisciplinary case study from Tsaishi (Georgia), western Caucasus,
Tectonophysics, 717, 253–269, 2017b.
Tsereteli, N., Tibaldi, A., Alania, V., Gventsadse, A., Enukidze, O.,
Varazanashvili, O., and Müller B. I. R.: Active tectonics of
central-western Caucasus, Georgia, Tectonophysics, 691, 328–344, 2016.
Varazanashvili, O., Tsereteli, N., Bonali, F. L., Arabidze, V., Russo, E.,
Pasquarè Mariotto, F., Gogoladze, Z., Tibaldi, A., Kvavadze, N., and
Oppizzi, P.: GeoInt: the first macroseismic intensity database for the
Republic of Georgia, J. Seismol., 1–43, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-017-9726-5, 2018.
Varnes, D. J., Coe, J. A., Godt, J. W., Savage, W. Z., and Savage, J. E.:
Measurement or ridge-spreading movements (sackungen) at Bald Eagle Mountain,
Lake County, Colorado, II: continuation of the 1975–1989 measurements using
a Global Positioning System in 1997 and 1999, U.S. Geological Survey, Open
file report 00-205, 2000.
Varnes, D. J., Radbruch-Hall, D. H., and Savage, W. Z.: Topographic and
structural conditions in areas of gravitational spreading of ridges in the
western United States, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1496,
28 pp., 1989.
Varnes, D. J., Radbruch-Hall, D. H., and Varnes, K. L.: Measurement of ridge
spreading movements (sackungen) at Bald Eagle Mountain, Lake County,
Colorado, 1975–1989, U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report, 90-543,
13 pp., 1990.
Vincent, S. J., A. Carter, V. A. Lavrishchev, S. P. Price, T. G. Barabadze,
and Hovius, N.: The exhumation of the western Greater Caucasus: a
thermochronometric study, Geological Magazine, 148, 1–21, 2011.
Vincent, S. J., Morton, A. C., Carter, A., Gibbs, S., and Teimuraz, G. B.:
Oligocene uplift of the Western Greater Caucasus: An effect of initial
Arabia-Eurasia collision, Terra Nova, 19, 160–166, 2007.
Zangerl, C., Eberhartd, E., and Perzlmaier, S.: Kinematic behaviour and
velocity characteristics of a complex deep-seated crystalline rockslide
system in relation to its interaction with a dam reservoir, Eng. Geol., 112,
53–67, 2010.
Zhu, D., Yan, E., Hu, G., and Lin, Y.: Revival deformation mechanism of
Hefeng Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir based on FLAC3D software,
Procedia Engineer., 15, 2847–2851, 2011.
Zolotarev, G. S., Makhorin, A. A., and Federenko, V. S.: Geological map of
left bank of river Enguri, upper part of Enguri HPP, Scale 1 : 2500,
Ministry of Energy, CCCP, 1968.
Short summary
In the framework of the NATO Science for Peace and Security Program, we have increased the knowledge on the geohazards affecting the Enguri hydroelectrical plant (Caucasus, Georgia). 2 km from the dam, active deformation (2–5 cm yr−1) affects a slope facing the water reservoir. Our field, seismological and numerical analyses show that the worst scenario is represented by seismic shaking with a local peak ground acceleration capable of generating an unstable rock volume of up to 48 ± 12 × 106 m3.
In the framework of the NATO Science for Peace and Security Program, we have increased the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint