Indicators contain observable and measurable characteristics to understand the state of a concept or phenomenon and/or monitor it over time. There have been limited efforts to understand how indicators are being used in multi-hazard and multi-risk contexts. We find most of existing indicators do not include the interactions between hazards or risks. We propose a set of recommendations to enable the development and uptake of multi-hazard and multi-risk indicators.

Five federal sediment-related disaster risk assessments have been conducted in Brazil, each with distinct objectives and methodologies. To evaluate their effectiveness and identify issues, we analyzed the methods and outcome data and reviewed the status of disaster prevention initiatives based on the assessment results. Our findings revealed persistent problems across all methods. Consequently, we recommend improvements to enhance the methods' efficacy and reliability.

Flood preparedness – how societies anticipate and act before floods – remains incomplete and reactive. This review examines preparedness in the context of compound flooding, floods induced by multiple interacting factors. The paper argues that effective preparation goes beyond risk analyses, flood maps, and infrastructures; it requires integrated planning, insights into human behaviour, and governance to enable swift and coordinated actions.

We systematically reviewed 77 papers to understand the Cerrado’s fire emissions within the global carbon budget by evaluating how fire parameters can inform emission estimates and mitigation strategies. Estimating fire emissions in the Cerrado requires a holistic approach, combining fire carbon emission estimates, fire dynamic parameters, and fire management and policy. We highlight key research gaps that could provide more comprehensive insights into accounting for fire emissions in the Cerrado.

Compound events, where multiple weather or climate hazards occur together, pose significant risks to both society and the environment. These events, like simultaneous wind and rain, can have more severe impacts than single hazards. Our review of compound event research from 2012–2022 reveals a rise in studies, especially on events that occur concurrently, hot and dry events, and compounding flooding. The review also highlights opportunities for research in the coming years.

Cities in coastal and delta areas need effective engineering techniques to counteract subsidence and its damage. This paper presents a framework for choosing these techniques using a decision tree and four performance parameters. This procedure was tested on various cases representative of different scenarios. This demonstrated the potential of this method for initial screenings of techniques which site-specific assessments should always follow.

We reviewed the use of satellite-based data in designing agricultural index-based insurance (IBI) products, an effective tool for managing climate risk and promoting sustainable development. Despite the increasing number of studies since 2010 to present, the review revealed a gap in applying the approach to perennial crops in developing countries. We also highlighted the growing importance of satellite data for index insurance, employing high-resolution datasets to reduce basis risk.

Research on human factors in avalanche decision-making has become increasingly popular in the past 2 decades. The studies span a wide range of disciplines and are published in a variety of journals. To provide an overview of this literature, this study provides a systematic scoping review of human factors in avalanche decision-making. A total of 70 papers fulfilled the search criteria. We extracted data and sorted the papers according to their main themes.

Compound flooding, involving the combination or successive occurrence of two or more flood drivers, can amplify flood impacts in coastal/estuarine regions. This paper reviews the practices, trends, methodologies, applications, and findings of coastal compound flooding literature at regional to global scales. We explore the types of compound flood events, their mechanistic processes, and the range of terminology. Lastly, this review highlights knowledge gaps and implications for future practices.

There is a global need for insuring green economy assets against natural hazard events. But their complexity and low exposure history mean the data required for vulnerability evaluation by the insurance industry are scarce. A systematic literature review is conducted in this study to determine the suitability of current published literature for this purpose. Knowledge gaps are charted, and a representative asset–hazard taxonomy is proposed to guide future quantitative research.

Critical infrastructures (CIs) are exposed to natural hazards, which may result in significant damage and burden society. Vulnerability is a key determinant for reducing these risks, yet crucial information is scattered in the literature. Our study reviews over 1510 fragility and vulnerability curves for CI assets, creating a unique publicly available physical vulnerability database that can be directly used for hazard risk assessments, including floods, earthquakes, windstorms, and landslides.