This study uses insurance loss data to examine how different types of extreme weather—such as floods, heavy rain, windstorms, and hail—occur together. It finds that multiple hazards often cluster seasonally, leading to higher losses than when events happen alone. The results highlight the need to assess multiple weather extremes jointly to better understand and manage risk.

The study draws on a unique dataset collected from a survey of nearly 500 water managers engaged in addressing the 2022 European Drought. It offers valuable insights into how preparedness influences outcomes during large-scale drought events and highlights pathways to strengthen European Drought Risk Management. The manuscript is accompanied by a companion paper, "The 2022 Drought Needs to Be a Turning Point for European Drought Risk Management" (egusphere-2024-2069), which focuses on the drought’s impacts and response. Together, the two studies underscore the urgent need for coordinated action and conclude with policy recommendations for establishing a European Union Drought Directive

This paper systematically reviews 250 studies (2010–2023) on the use of social media data (SMD) in disaster management, highlighting its applications in relevance filtering, actionable information extraction, and decision-making enhancement. It develops a comprehensive literature database and identifies key trends, advantages, and challenges, proposing best practices for leveraging SMD to improve disaster response, communication, and management strategies.