This study advances flood risk science by introducing a high-resolution, probabilistic framework that integrates coastal and fluvial dynamics through continuous modelling, moving beyond traditional deterministic “100-year flood” approaches. Quantifying Expected Annual Flooded Area (EAFA) and identifying critical sea-level rise thresholds provides actionable insights for more accurate, climate-informed flood risk assessment and spatial planning in vulnerable coastal regions.

The paper makes an important methodological contribution by demonstrating that conventional spatially uniform design storms can substantially underestimate localized flood exposure and structural damage, whereas stochastic storm transposition (SST) captures the spatial organization and variability of real storms and reveals previously overlooked risks. The paper can be considered a highlight paper because it provides compelling evidence that representing spatial rainfall variability can fundamentally alter flood-risk estimates, with direct implications for floodplain management, infrastructure design, and climate-resilient planning.