We examine the catastrophic Central Texas flash flood of July 2025 to understand why forecasts underestimated its severity. We analyzed operational river flow forecasts and compared flood inundation maps against observed high water marks. Results show that peak flooding was missed due to errors in rainfall estimates and failures in monitoring stations, leading to underestimation of impacts. We highlight the need for uncertainty aware flood predictions to better support emergency response.

Severe flooding struck Aceh, Indonesia, in late Nov 2025 during an unusual tropical storm event near the Equator. Despite the storm's weak intensity, persistent widespread heavy rainfall caused deadly floods. This study, combining ground observations, satellite data, atmospheric analysis, and flood mapping, shows that extreme rainfall alone can trigger major disasters in equatorial regions, highlighting the need for rainfall-focused early warning systems over reliance on wind strength.

Long-term changes in rainfall conditions triggering landslides in Calabria (Southern Italy) over 1921–2020 are analysed through a dynamic approach in rainfall threshold definition. Shifts in seasonality and a decreasing trend in triggering rainfall are observed over the years, suggesting an increased propensity of the territory to generate landslides, even with less severe triggering rainfall in recent decades. The work highlights the essential role of landslide data collection and archiving.

European windstorm damages varied by a factor three in recent multidecadal periods, and a better understanding of these changes could improve how this risk is managed. Here, we explored the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols (AA) using results from climate model experiments, and found AA boosted multimodel mean European wind losses by 45 % in the late 20th century, with the signal varying from zero to 100 % between the six models. Further research into model uncertainties would be worthwhile.

Many studies highlight drought impacts on productive sectors, such as agriculture and navigation, but economic consequences for human health remain understudied. We conducted an economic valuation of drought-related health interventions in Brazil, showing that ensuring groundwater access during severe droughts can avert substantial losses. Estimated benefits from reduced diarrhea hospitalizations total 9.92 % of local GDP, with avoidable losses reaching USD 1.15 billion at the state level.

We show that the 2022 European drought was driven by a sharp reduction in precipitation contributions from Atlantic and Mediterranean moisture sources, despite enhanced atmospheric moisture uptake. Persistent anticyclonic circulation suppressed convection and diverted moisture away from Europe. Lagrangian temperature-source decomposition reveals strong adiabatic warming as the dominant heat driver.

In this paper, a Gaussian heat flux was applied to the seabed to simulate the surface waves generated by submarine volcanic eruptions. The study explored the mechanism behind surface wave generation during major shallow submarine volcanic eruptions by applying heat flux to the seabed and found a strong correlation with previous research.

Climate change will increase the frequency of extreme weather events like floods, droughts and storms. These hazards have impacts on human health. Some hazards, like storms, cause additional hazards like flooding. Little is known about the compound effects of multiple hazards on health, or how impacts vary between communities and areas. We present ten urgent research priorities related to the impact of multiple hazards on health to guide future decision-making towards climate resilience.