Research article
06 Aug 2021
Research article
| 06 Aug 2021
Characteristics of building fragility curves for seismic and non-seismic tsunamis: case studies of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi–Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis
Elisa Lahcene et al.
Related authors
No articles found.
An-Chi Cheng, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, and Fumihiko Imamura
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-126, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-126, 2022
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Consecutive earthquakes occurred offshore southern Taiwan on the 26 December 2006. This event revealed unusual tsunami generation, propagation, as well as unexpected consequences at the coast (i.e., amplified waves and prolonged durations). This study aims to elucidate the tsunami source characteristics, and the important behaviors responsible for tsunami hazards in insular countries of Taiwan such as wave trapping, edge waves, and shelf resonance.
Chatuphorn Somphong, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Tsuyoshi Nagasawa, Yuya Narita, Ryunosuke Tawatari, Shohei Iwai, Yukio Mabuchi, Saneiki Fujita, Shuji Moriguchi, Kenjiro Terada, Cipta Athanasius, and Fumihiko Imamura
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 891–907, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-891-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-891-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The majority of past research used hypothesized landslides to simulate tsunamis, but they were still unable to properly explain the observed data. In this study, submarine landslides were simulated by using a slope-failure-theory-based numerical model for the first time. The findings were verified with post-event field observational data. They indicated the potential presence of submarine landslide sources in the southern part of the bay and were consistent with the observational tsunamis.
Constance Ting Chua, Adam D. Switzer, Anawat Suppasri, Linlin Li, Kwanchai Pakoksung, David Lallemant, Susanna F. Jenkins, Ingrid Charvet, Terence Chua, Amanda Cheong, and Nigel Winspear
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1887–1908, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1887-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1887-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Port industries are extremely vulnerable to coastal hazards such as tsunamis. Despite their pivotal role in local and global economies, there has been little attention paid to tsunami impacts on port industries. For the first time, tsunami damage data are being extensively collected for port structures and catalogued into a database. The study also provides fragility curves which describe the probability of damage exceedance for different port industries given different tsunami intensities.
Ryota Masaya, Anawat Suppasri, Kei Yamashita, Fumihiko Imamura, Chris Gouramanis, and Natt Leelawat
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2823–2841, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2823-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2823-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the sediment transport during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami event on Phra Thong Island, Thailand. We use numerical simulations and sediment transportation models, and our modelling approach confirms that the beaches were significantly eroded predominantly during the first backwash phase. Although 2004 tsunami deposits are found on the island, we demonstrate that most of the sediment was deposited in the shallow coastal area, facilitating quick recovery of the beach.
Syamsidik, Benazir, Mumtaz Luthfi, Anawat Suppasri, and Louise K. Comfort
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 549–565, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-549-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-549-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
On 22 December 2018, a tsunami was generated from the Mount Anak Krakatau area that was caused by volcanic flank failures. The tsunami had severe impacts on the western coasts of Banten and the southern coasts of Lampung in Indonesia. A series of surveys to measure the impacts of the tsunami was started 3 d after the tsunami and lasted for 10 d. This paper provides insights from the tsunami-affected area in terms of distribution of tsunami flow depths, boulders and building damage.
James H. Williams, Thomas M. Wilson, Nick Horspool, Ryan Paulik, Liam Wotherspoon, Emily M. Lane, and Matthew W. Hughes
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 451–470, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-451-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-451-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Post-event field survey data from two tsunami events, the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami, Japan, and the 2015 Illapel tsunami, Chile, are used in this study to develop fragility functions for roads and bridges. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of supplementing post-event field surveys with remotely sensed data. The resulting fragility functions address a substantial research gap in tsunami impacts on infrastructure and include a range of subtleties in asset and hazard characteristics.
Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Ingrid Charvet, Constance Ting Chua, Noriyuki Takahashi, Teraphan Ornthammarath, Panon Latcharote, Natt Leelawat, and Fumihiko Imamura
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1807–1822, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1807-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1807-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
It is known that fragility functions reflect localities (building design standards and topography) and flow velocity is more important, as damage might occur before flow depth reaches its maximum value. This research demonstrates that it is possible to accurately predict building damage by considering related forces with high accuracy, including resistant force, based on building design standards. This method will be useful for damage assessment in areas that have no experience of tsunamis.
Syamsidik, Musa Al'ala, Hermann M. Fritz, Mirza Fahmi, and Teuku Mudi Hafli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1265–1280, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1265-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1265-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The use of numerical simulations to study tsunami-induced sediment transport was rare in Indonesia until the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. This study aims to couple two hydrodynamic numerical models in order to reproduce tsunami-induced sediment deposits, i.e., their locations and thicknesses. Numerical simulations were performed using the Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami (COMCOT) model and Delft3D. Lhoong, in the Aceh Besar District, Indonesia, was selected as the study site for this research.
Syamsidik, Tursina, Anawat Suppasri, Musa Al'ala, Mumtaz Luthfi, and Louise K. Comfort
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 299–312, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-299-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-299-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This research aimed to assess the tsunami flow velocity and height reduction produced by a planned elevated road parallel to the coast of Banda Aceh called the Banda Aceh Outer Ring Road (BORR). The Cornell Multi-Grid Coupled Tsunami Model (COMCOT) was used to simulate eight scenarios of the tsunami. One of them was based on the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Two magnitudes of earthquake were used, that is, 8.5 and 9.15 Mw. The elevated road can potentially mitigate the impacts of future tsunamis.
Anawat Suppasri, Kentaro Fukui, Kei Yamashita, Natt Leelawat, Hiroyuki Ohira, and Fumihiko Imamura
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 145–155, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-145-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-145-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We developed fragility functions of aquaculture rafts and eelgrass based on damage data and numerical simulation of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. These fragility functions explain damage characteristics of both items against tsunami flow velocity. By understanding these characteristics, damage estimation and loss assessment as well as marine/fishery disaster mitigation plan and management in other areas of the world from future tsunamis can be implemented.
E. Mas, J. Bricker, S. Kure, B. Adriano, C. Yi, A. Suppasri, and S. Koshimura
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 805–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-805-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-805-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Super Typhoon Haiyan devastated the Eastern Visayas islands of the Philippines on 8 November 2013. The International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS) at Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan, deployed several teams for damage recognition, relief support and collaboration with regard to this event. In this paper, we summarize the rapid damage assessment from satellite imagery conducted days after the event and report on the inundation measurements and damage surveyed in the field.
Related subject area
Sea, Ocean and Coastal Hazards
Generating reliable estimates of tropical-cyclone-induced coastal hazards along the Bay of Bengal for current and future climates using synthetic tracks
The role of heat wave events in the occurrence and persistence of thermal stratification in the southern North Sea
Tsunami hazard in Lombok and Bali, Indonesia, due to the Flores back-arc thrust
Real-time coastal flood hazard assessment using DEM-based hydrogeomorphic classifiers
Rapid tsunami force prediction by mode-decomposition-based surrogate modeling
Characteristics of two tsunamis generated by successive Mw 7.4 and Mw 8.1 earthquakes in the Kermadec Islands on 4 March 2021
Mesoscale simulation of typhoon-generated storm surge: methodology and Shanghai case study
Submarine landslide source modeling using the 3D slope stability analysis method for the 2018 Palu, Sulawesi, tsunami
Characteristics and beach safety knowledge of beachgoers on unpatrolled surf beaches in Australia
Robust uncertainty quantification of the volume of tsunami ionospheric holes for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake: towards low-cost satellite-based tsunami warning systems
Correlation of wind waves and sea level variations on the coast of the seasonally ice-covered Gulf of Finland
The role of morphodynamics in predicting coastal flooding from storms on a dissipative beach with sea level rise conditions
Multilayer modelling of waves generated by explosive subaqueous volcanism
Statistical estimation of spatial wave extremes for tropical cyclones from small data samples: validation of the STM-E approach using long-term synthetic cyclone data for the Caribbean Sea
Development of damage curves for buildings near La Rochelle during storm Xynthia based on insurance claims and hydrodynamic simulations
Investigating the interaction of waves and river discharge during compound flooding at Breede Estuary, South Africa
Compound flood impact of water level and rainfall during tropical cyclone period in a coastal city: The case of Shanghai
Still normal? Near-real-time evaluation of storm surge events in the context of climate change
The influence of infragravity waves on the safety of coastal defences: a case study of the Dutch Wadden Sea
Assessment of potential beach erosion risk and impact of coastal zone development: a case study on Bongpo–Cheonjin Beach
Characteristics and coastal effects of a destructive marine storm in the Gulf of Naples (southern Italy)
Probabilistic, high-resolution tsunami predictions in northern Cascadia by exploiting sequential design for efficient emulation
Towards using state-of-the-art climate models to help constrain estimates of unprecedented UK storm surges
Review article: Extreme marine events revealed by lagoonal sedimentary records in Ghar El Melh during the last 2500 years in the northeast of Tunisia
Exploring the partial use of the Mo.S.E. system as effective adaptation to rising flood frequency of Venice
Variable-resolution building exposure modelling for earthquake and tsunami scenario-based risk assessment: an application case in Lima, Peru
Reconstruction of wind and surge of the 1906 storm tide at the German North Sea Coast
Historical Tsunamis of Taiwan in the Eighteenth Century: the 1781 Jiateng Harbor Flooding and 1782 Tsunami Event
The Mw 7.5 Tadine (Maré, Loyalty Islands) earthquake and related tsunami of 5 December 2018: seismotectonic context and numerical modeling
Storm surge hazard over Bengal delta: A probabilistic-deterministic modelling approach
Tidal flood area mapping in the face of climate change scenarios: case study in a tropical estuary in the Brazilian semi-arid region
Distribution of coastal high water level during extreme events around the UK and Irish coasts
Occurrence of pressure-forced meteotsunami events in the eastern Yellow Sea during 2010–2019
Characteristics of joint heavy precipitation and high sea level events on the Finnish coast in 1961–2020
Tsunami heights and limits in 1945 along the Makran coast estimated from testimony gathered 7 decades later in Gwadar, Pasni and Ormara
Sea-level rise in Venice: historic and future trends (review article)
Extreme floods of Venice: characteristics, dynamics, past and future evolution (review article)
The prediction of floods in Venice: methods, models and uncertainty (review article)
Venice flooding and sea level: past evolution, present issues, and future projections (introduction to the special issue)
Estimation of the non-exceedance probability of extreme storm surges in South Korea using tidal-gauge data
Towards an efficient storm surge and inundation forecasting system over the Bengal delta: chasing the Supercyclone Amphan
Performance of the Adriatic early warning system during the multi-meteotsunami event of 11–19 May 2020: an assessment using energy banners
Deep uncertainties in shoreline change projections: an extra-probabilistic approach applied to sandy beaches
Tsunami propagation kernel and its applications
A Bayesian network approach to modelling rip-current drownings and shore-break wave injuries
Regional analysis of multivariate compound coastal flooding potential around Europe and environs: sensitivity analysis and spatial patterns
Tsunami damage to ports: cataloguing damage to create fragility functions from the 2011 Tohoku event
Spatially compounded surge events: an example from hurricanes Matthew and Florence
A cross-scale study for compound flooding processes during Hurricane Florence
Reconstruction of flow conditions from 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposits at the Phra Thong island using a deep neural network inverse model
Tim Willem Bart Leijnse, Alessio Giardino, Kees Nederhoff, and Sofia Caires
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1863–1891, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1863-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1863-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Deriving reliable estimates of design conditions resulting from tropical cyclones is a challenge of high relevance to coastal engineering. Here, having few historical observations is overcome by using the Tropical Cyclone Wind Statistical Estimation Tool (TCWiSE) to create thousands of synthetic realizations, representative of 1000 years of tropical cyclone activity for the Bay of Bengal. The use of synthetic tracks is shown to provide more reliable wind speed, storm surge and wave estimates.
Wei Chen, Joanna Staneva, Sebastian Grayek, Johannes Schulz-Stellenfleth, and Jens Greinert
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1683–1698, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1683-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1683-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study links the occurrence and persistence of density stratification in the southern North Sea to the increased number of extreme marine heat waves. The study further identified the role of the cold spells at the early stage of a year to the intensity of thermal stratification in summer. In a broader context, the research will have fundamental significance for further discussion of the secondary effects of heat wave events, such as in ecosystems, fisheries, and sediment dynamics.
Raquel P. Felix, Judith A. Hubbard, Kyle E. Bradley, Karen H. Lythgoe, Linlin Li, and Adam D. Switzer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1665–1682, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1665-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1665-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Flores Thrust lies along the north coasts of Bali and Lombok. We model how an earthquake on this fault could trigger a tsunami that would impact the regional capital cities of Mataram and Denpasar. We show that for 3–5 m of slip on the fault (a Mw 7.5–7.9+ earthquake), the cities would experience a wave ca. 1.6–2.7 and ca. 0.6–1.4 m high, arriving in < 9 and ca. 23–27 min, respectively. They would also experience subsidence of 20–40 cm, resulting in long-term exposure to coastal hazards.
Keighobad Jafarzadegan, David F. Muñoz, Hamed Moftakhari, Joseph L. Gutenson, Gaurav Savant, and Hamid Moradkhani
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1419–1435, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1419-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1419-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The high population settled in coastal regions and the potential damage imposed by coastal floods highlight the need for improving coastal flood hazard assessment techniques. This study introduces a topography-based approach for rapid estimation of flood hazard areas in the Savannah River delta. Our validation results demonstrate that, besides the high efficiency of the proposed approach, the estimated areas accurately overlap with reference flood maps.
Kenta Tozato, Shinsuke Takase, Shuji Moriguchi, Kenjiro Terada, Yu Otake, Yo Fukutani, Kazuya Nojima, Masaaki Sakuraba, and Hiromu Yokosu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1267–1285, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1267-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1267-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel framework for rapid tsunami force predictions through the application of mode-decomposition-based surrogate modeling with 2D–3D coupled numerical simulations. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework to one of the tsunami-affected areas during the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011.
Yuchen Wang, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Kenji Satake, and Gui Hu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1073–1082, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tsunami waveforms contain the features of its source, propagation path, and local topography. On 4 March 2021, two tsunamis were generated by earthquakes in the Kermadec Islands, New Zealand, within 2 h. This rare case gives us a valuable opportunity to study the characteristics of two tsunamis. We analyzed the records of two tsunamis at tide gauges with spectral analysis tools. It is found that two tsunamis superpose during the few hours after the arrival of the second tsunami.
Shuyun Dong, Wayne J. Stephenson, Sarah Wakes, Zhongyuan Chen, and Jianzhong Ge
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 931–945, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-931-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-931-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mesoscale simulation provides a general approach that could be implemented to fulfill the purpose of planning and has relatively low requirements for computation time and data while still providing reasonable accuracy. The method is generally applicable to all coastal cities around the world for examining the effect of future climate change on typhoon-generated storm surge even where historical observed data are inadequate or not available.
Chatuphorn Somphong, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Tsuyoshi Nagasawa, Yuya Narita, Ryunosuke Tawatari, Shohei Iwai, Yukio Mabuchi, Saneiki Fujita, Shuji Moriguchi, Kenjiro Terada, Cipta Athanasius, and Fumihiko Imamura
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 891–907, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-891-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-891-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The majority of past research used hypothesized landslides to simulate tsunamis, but they were still unable to properly explain the observed data. In this study, submarine landslides were simulated by using a slope-failure-theory-based numerical model for the first time. The findings were verified with post-event field observational data. They indicated the potential presence of submarine landslide sources in the southern part of the bay and were consistent with the observational tsunamis.
Lea Uebelhoer, William Koon, Mitchell D. Harley, Jasmin C. Lawes, and Robert W. Brander
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 909–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-909-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-909-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Beachgoers at unpatrolled Australian beaches were surveyed to gain an understanding of their demographics, beach safety knowledge, and behaviour. Most visited unpatrolled beaches out of convenience and because they wanted to visit a quiet location. Despite being infrequent beachgoers, with poor swimming and hazard identification skills, most intended to enter the water. Authorities should go beyond the
swim between the flagssafety message, as people will always swim at unpatrolled beaches.
Ryuichi Kanai, Masashi Kamogawa, Toshiyasu Nagao, Alan Smith, and Serge Guillas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 849–868, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-849-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-849-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The air pressure created by a tsunami causes a depression in the electron density in the ionosphere. The depression is measured at sparsely distributed, moving GPS satellite locations. We provide an estimate of the volume of the depression. When applied to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake in Japan, our method can warn of a tsunami event within 15 min of the earthquake, even when using only 5 % of the data. Thus satellite-based warnings could be implemented across the world with our approach.
Milla M. Johansson, Jan-Victor Björkqvist, Jani Särkkä, Ulpu Leijala, and Kimmo K. Kahma
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 813–829, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed the correlation of sea level and wind waves at a coastal location in the Gulf of Finland using tide gauge data, wave measurements, and wave simulations. The correlation was positive for southwesterly winds and negative for northeasterly winds. Probabilities of high total water levels (sea level + wave crest) are underestimated if sea level and waves are considered independent. Suitably chosen copula functions can account for the dependence.
Jairo E. Cueto, Luis J. Otero Díaz, Silvio R. Ospino-Ortiz, and Alec Torres-Freyermuth
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 713–728, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-713-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-713-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the importance of morphodynamics on flooding estimation during storms with sea level rise conditions on a microtidal beach. XBeach and SWAN were the numerical models used to test several case studies. The results indicate that numerical modeling of flooding should be approached by considering morphodynamics; ignoring them can underestimate flooding by ~ 15 %. Moreover, beach erosion and flooding are intensified by sea level rise and high tides in ~ 69 % and ~ 65 %, respectively.
Matthew W. Hayward, Colin N. Whittaker, Emily M. Lane, William L. Power, Stéphane Popinet, and James D. L. White
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 617–637, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-617-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-617-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions can produce tsunamis through multiple mechanisms. We present validation cases for a numerical method used in simulating waves caused by submarine explosions: a laboratory flume experiment and waves generated by explosions at field scale. We then demonstrate the use of the scheme for simulating analogous volcanic eruptions, illustrating the resulting wavefield. We show that this scheme models such dispersive sources more proficiently than standard tsunami models.
Ryota Wada, Jeremy Rohmer, Yann Krien, and Philip Jonathan
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 431–444, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Characterizing extreme wave environments caused by tropical cyclones in the Caribbean Sea near Guadeloupe is difficult because cyclones rarely pass near the location of interest. STM-E (space-time maxima and exposure) model utilizes wave data during cyclones on a spatial neighbourhood. Long-duration wave data generated from a database of synthetic tropical cyclones are used to evaluate the performance of STM-E. Results indicate STM-E provides estimates with small bias and realistic uncertainty.
Manuel Andres Diaz Loaiza, Jeremy D. Bricker, Remi Meynadier, Trang Minh Duong, Rosh Ranasinghe, and Sebastiaan N. Jonkman
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 345–360, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-345-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-345-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Extratropical cyclones are one of the major causes of coastal floods in Europe and the world. Understanding the development process and the flooding of storm Xynthia, together with the damages that occurred during the storm, can help to forecast future losses due to other similar storms. In the present paper, an analysis of shallow water variables (flood depth, velocity, etc.) or coastal variables (significant wave height, energy flux, etc.) is done in order to develop damage curves.
Sunna Kupfer, Sara Santamaria-Aguilar, Lara van Niekerk, Melanie Lück-Vogel, and Athanasios T. Vafeidis
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 187–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In coastal regions, flooding can occur from combined tides, storms, river discharge, and waves. Effects of waves are commonly neglected when assessing flooding, although these may strongly contribute to extreme water levels. We find that waves combined with tides and river discharge at Breede Estuary, South Africa, increased flood extent and depth and caused earlier flooding than when waves were neglected. This highlights the need to consider all major flood drivers in future flood assessments.
Hanqing Xu, Zhan Tian, Laixiang Sun, Qinghua Ye, Elisa Ragno, Jeremy Bricker, Ganquan Mao, Jinkai Tan, Jun Wang, Qian Ke, Shuai Wang, and Ralf Toumi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-26, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-26, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Taking a hydrodynamic model and copula methodology to set up joint distribution of peak water level and inland rainfall during the TC period, and to calculate the marginal contribution of the individual drivers. It indicates the relative sea level rise has significantly amplified the peak water level. The astronomic tide is the leading driver, followed by the contribution of storm surge.
Xin Liu, Insa Meinke, and Ralf Weisse
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 97–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-97-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-97-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges represent a threat to low-lying coastal areas. In the aftermath of severe events, it is often discussed whether the events were unusual. Such information is not readily available from observations but needs contextualization with long-term statistics. An approach that provides such information in near real time was developed and implemented for the German coast. It is shown that information useful for public and scientific debates can be provided in near real time.
Christopher H. Lashley, Sebastiaan N. Jonkman, Jentsje van der Meer, Jeremy D. Bricker, and Vincent Vuik
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Many coastlines around the world have shallow foreshores (e.g. salt marshes and mudflats) that reduce storm waves and the risk of coastal flooding. However, most of the studies that tried to quantify this effect have excluded the influence of very long waves, which often dominate in shallow water. Our newly developed framework addresses this oversight and suggests that safety along these coastlines may be overestimated, since these very long waves are largely neglected in flood risk assessments.
Changbin Lim, Tae Kon Kim, Sahong Lee, Yoon Jeong Yeon, and Jung Lyul Lee
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3827–3842, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3827-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3827-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study aimed to quantitatively assess erosion risk. Methods for assessing each potential were proposed, and the corresponding erosion risk was calculated by introducing a combined potential erosion risk curve presenting the erosion consequence. In addition the method for verifying the risk was examined for the east coast of South Korea. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature and plays a key role in identifying methods that prevent erosion.
Gaia Mattei, Diana Di Luccio, Guido Benassai, Giorgio Anfuso, Giorgio Budillon, and Pietro Aucelli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3809–3825, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3809-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the characteristics of a destructive marine storm in the strongly inhabited coastal area of the Gulf of Naples, along the Italian coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, which is highly vulnerable to marine storms due to the accelerated relative sea level rise trend and the increased anthropogenic impact on the coastal area. Finally, a first assessment of the return period of this event was evaluated using local press reports on damage to urban furniture and port infrastructures.
Dimitra M. Salmanidou, Joakim Beck, Peter Pazak, and Serge Guillas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3789–3807, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3789-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3789-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The potential of large-magnitude earthquakes in Cascadia poses a significant threat over a populous region of North America. We use statistical emulation to assess the probabilistic tsunami hazard from such events in the region of the city of Victoria, British Columbia. The emulators are built following a sequential design approach for information gain over the input space. To predict the hazard at coastal locations of the region, two families of potential seabed deformation are considered.
Tom Howard and Simon David Paul Williams
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3693–3712, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3693-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3693-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use a computer model to simulate storm surges around the coast of the United Kingdom. The model is based on the physics of the atmosphere and oceans. We hope that this will help us to better quantify extreme events: even bigger than those that have been seen in the tide gauge record. Our model simulates events which are comparable to the catastrophic 1953 storm surge. Model simulations have the potential to reduce the uncertainty in inferences of the most extreme surge return levels.
Balkis Samah Kohila, Laurent Dezileau, Soumaya Boussetta, Tarek Melki, and Nejib Kallel
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3645–3661, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3645-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3645-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Tunisian coast has been historically affected by extreme marine submersion events resulting from storms or tsunamis. To establish adaptation and mitigation strategies, it is essential to study these events in terms of spatial and temporal variability. Using a geological archive (sediment cores and surface sediments) retrieved from this coastal area of Tunisia, we present a reconstruction of past marine submersion events over the last 2500 years.
Riccardo A. Mel
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3629–3644, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3629-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3629-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The present study investigates the hydrodynamics of the Venice lagoon if a partial use of the Mo.S.E. system (i.e. by closing the Lido inlet only) will be adopted.
A linear relationship is obtained between the seaward tidal amplitude and the reduction of the sea level peak at Venice, Burano, and Chioggia. Tidal period and wind have been accounted for. Two-thirds of the flood events can be effectively mitigated by such an operation under relative sea level rise scenarios up to +0.4 m.
Juan Camilo Gomez-Zapata, Nils Brinckmann, Sven Harig, Raquel Zafrir, Massimiliano Pittore, Fabrice Cotton, and Andrey Babeyko
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3599–3628, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3599-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3599-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present variable-resolution boundaries based on central Voronoi tessellations (CVTs) to spatially aggregate building exposure models and physical vulnerability assessment. Their geo-cell sizes are inversely proportional to underlying distributions that account for the combination between hazard intensities and exposure proxies. We explore their efficiency and associated uncertainties in risk–loss estimations and mapping from decoupled scenario-based earthquakes and tsunamis in Lima, Peru.
Elke M. I. Meyer, Ralf Weisse, Iris Grabemann, Birger Tinz, and Robert Scholz
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-325, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-325, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
The severe storm tide of 13.03.1906 is still one of the most severe storm events for the region of the East Frisian coast. Water levels from this event are considered for designing dike lines. For the first time, we investigate this event with a hydrodynamic model by forcing with atmospheric data from 147 ensemble members from century reanalysis projects and a manual reconstruction of the synoptic situation. Water levels were notably high due to a coincidence of high spring tides and high surge.
Tien-Chi Liu, Tso-Ren Wu, and Shu-Kun Hsu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-346, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-346, 2021
Revised manuscript under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
The findings from historical reports and numerical studies suggest the 1781 Jiateng Harbor Flooding and the 1782 Tsunami should be two independent incidents. Local tsunamis generated in southwest Taiwan could be responsible for the 1781 Jiateng Harbor Flooding while the existence of the 1782 Tsunami remains doubtful. Together with the documents of a storm event on 22 May 1782, the possibility that the significant water level of the 1782 Tsunami caused by storm surges could not be ignored.
Jean Roger, Bernard Pelletier, Maxime Duphil, Jérôme Lefèvre, Jérôme Aucan, Pierre Lebellegard, Bruce Thomas, Céline Bachelier, and David Varillon
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3489–3508, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3489-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3489-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study deals with the 5 December 2018 tsunami in New Caledonia and Vanuatu (southwestern Pacific) triggered by a Mw 7.5 earthquake that occurred southeast of Maré, Loyalty Islands, and was widely felt in the region. Numerical modeling results of the tsunami using a non-uniform and a uniform slip model compared to real tide gauge records and observations are globally well correlated for the uniform slip model, especially in far-field locations.
Md Jamal Uddin Khan, Fabien Durand, Kerry Emanuel, Yann Krien, Laurent Testut, and A. K. M. Saiful Islam
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-329, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-329, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Storm-surge induced coastal inundation constitutes a substantial threat to lives and properties along the vast coastline of the Bengal delta. We present here a robust probabilistic estimate of the storm surge hazard from a combination of numerical storm and storm-surge modelling. The estimated water level extremes vary with well-defined regional patterns. Our assessment shows that one-tenth of the coastal population in the Bengal delta is exposed to a once in a 50-year flooding.
Paulo Victor N. Araújo, Venerando E. Amaro, Leonlene S. Aguiar, Caio C. Lima, and Alexandre B. Lopes
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3353–3366, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3353-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3353-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The approach of this work is a tidal flood risk mapping methodology for climate change scenarios in a semi-arid region with a strong environmental and social appeal. The study area has been suffering severe consequences from flooding by tides in recent years. High-geodetic-precision data, together with tidal return period statistics and data from current sea level rise scenarios, were used. This case study can serve as a basis for future management actions and as a model to be copied.
Julia Rulent, Lucy M. Bricheno, J. A. Mattias Green, Ivan D. Haigh, and Huw Lewis
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3339–3351, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3339-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3339-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High coastal total water levels (TWLs) can lead to flooding and hazardous conditions for coastal communities and environment. In this research we are using numerical models to study the interactions between the three main components of the TWL (waves, tides, and surges) on UK and Irish coasts during winter 2013/14. The main finding of this research is that extreme waves and surges can indeed happen together, even at high tide, but they often occurred simultaneously 2–3 h before high tide.
Myung-Seok Kim, Seung-Buhm Woo, Hyunmin Eom, and Sung Hyup You
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3323–3337, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3323-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3323-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present spatial and temporal trends of meteotsunami occurrence in the eastern Yellow Sea over the past decade (2010–2019). Also, the improved meteotsunami monitoring/warning system was proposed based on occurrence characteristics of an air pressure disturbance and meteotsunami on the classified meteotsunami events. The guidance regarding the operation period, potential hot spot, and risk level of the meteotsunamis will be helpful to monitoring/warning system operators.
Mika Rantanen, Kirsti Jylhä, Jani Särkkä, Jani Räihä, and Ulpu Leijala
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-314, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-314, 2021
Revised manuscript under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Using sea level and precipitation observations, we analysed the meteorological characteristics of days when heavy precipitation and high sea level occur simultaneously in Finland. We found that around 5 % of all heavy precipitation and high sea level events on the Finnish coast are so called compound events when they both occur simultaneously, and these events were associated with close passages of mid-latitude cyclones. Our results act as a basis for compound flooding research in Finland.
Hira Ashfaq Lodhi, Shoaib Ahmed, and Haider Hasan
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3085–3096, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3085-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3085-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The study summarizes historical accounts, eyewitness accounts and newspaper items to report the impact of the 1945 tsunami along the Makran coast of Pakistan. A field survey conducted in Gwadar, Pasni and Ormara quantifies inundation parameters in the three cities, using the landmarks reported in eyewitness accounts and newspaper items. The quantification of runup and inundation extents is based either on the field survey or on old maps.
Davide Zanchettin, Sara Bruni, Fabio Raicich, Piero Lionello, Fanny Adloff, Alexey Androsov, Fabrizio Antonioli, Vincenzo Artale, Eugenio Carminati, Christian Ferrarin, Vera Fofonova, Robert J. Nicholls, Sara Rubinetti, Angelo Rubino, Gianmaria Sannino, Giorgio Spada, Rémi Thiéblemont, Michael Tsimplis, Georg Umgiesser, Stefano Vignudelli, Guy Wöppelmann, and Susanna Zerbini
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2643–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Relative sea level in Venice rose by about 2.5 mm/year in the past 150 years due to the combined effect of subsidence and mean sea-level rise. We estimate the likely range of mean sea-level rise in Venice by 2100 due to climate changes to be between about 10 and 110 cm, with an improbable yet possible high-end scenario of about 170 cm. Projections of subsidence are not available, but historical evidence demonstrates that they can increase the hazard posed by climatically induced sea-level rise.
Piero Lionello, David Barriopedro, Christian Ferrarin, Robert J. Nicholls, Mirko Orlić, Fabio Raicich, Marco Reale, Georg Umgiesser, Michalis Vousdoukas, and Davide Zanchettin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2705–2731, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2705-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2705-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this review we describe the factors leading to the extreme water heights producing the floods of Venice. We discuss the different contributions, their relative importance, and the resulting compound events. We highlight the role of relative sea level rise and the observed past and very likely future increase in extreme water heights, showing that they might be up to 160 % higher at the end of the 21st century than presently.
Georg Umgiesser, Marco Bajo, Christian Ferrarin, Andrea Cucco, Piero Lionello, Davide Zanchettin, Alvise Papa, Alessandro Tosoni, Maurizio Ferla, Elisa Coraci, Sara Morucci, Franco Crosato, Andrea Bonometto, Andrea Valentini, Mirko Orlić, Ivan D. Haigh, Jacob Woge Nielsen, Xavier Bertin, André Bustorff Fortunato, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Denis Paradis, Didier Jourdan, Audrey Pasquet, Baptiste Mourre, Joaquín Tintoré, and Robert J. Nicholls
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2679–2704, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The city of Venice relies crucially on a good storm surge forecast to protect its population and cultural heritage. In this paper, we provide a state-of-the-art review of storm surge forecasting, starting from examples in Europe and focusing on the Adriatic Sea and the Lagoon of Venice. We discuss the physics of storm surge, as well as the particular aspects of Venice and new techniques in storm surge modeling. We also give recommendations on what a future forecasting system should look like.
Piero Lionello, Robert J. Nicholls, Georg Umgiesser, and Davide Zanchettin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2633–2641, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Venice is an iconic place, and a paradigm of huge historical and cultural value is at risk. The threat posed by floods has dramatically increased in recent decades and is expected to continue to grow – and even accelerate – through this century. There is a need to better understand the future evolution of the relative sea level and its extremes and to develop adaptive planning strategies appropriate for present uncertainty, which might not be substantially reduced in the near future.
Sang-Guk Yum, Hsi-Hsien Wei, and Sung-Hwan Jang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2611–2631, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2611-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2611-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Developed statistical models to predict the non-exceedance probability of extreme storm surge-induced typhoons. Various probability distribution models were applied to find the best fitting to empirical storm-surge data.
Md. Jamal Uddin Khan, Fabien Durand, Xavier Bertin, Laurent Testut, Yann Krien, A. K. M. Saiful Islam, Marc Pezerat, and Sazzad Hossain
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2523–2541, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2523-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2523-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Bay of Bengal is well known for some of the deadliest cyclones in history. At the same time, storm surge forecasting in this region is physically involved and computationally costly. Here we show a proof of concept of a real-time, computationally efficient, and physically consistent forecasting system with an application to the recent Supercyclone Amphan. While challenges remain, our study paves the path forward to the improvement of the quality of localized forecast and disaster management.
Iva Tojčić, Cléa Denamiel, and Ivica Vilibić
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2427–2446, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2427-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2427-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the performance of the Croatian meteotsunami early warning system (CMeEWS) composed of a network of air pressure and sea level observations developed in order to help coastal communities prepare for extreme events. The system would have triggered the warnings for most of the observed events but also set off some false alarms if it was operational during the multi-meteotsunami event of 11–19 May 2020 in the eastern Adriatic. Further development of the system is planned.
Rémi Thiéblemont, Gonéri Le Cozannet, Jérémy Rohmer, Alexandra Toimil, Moisés Álvarez-Cuesta, and Iñigo J. Losada
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2257–2276, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2257-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2257-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level rise and its acceleration are projected to aggravate coastal erosion over the 21st century. Resulting shoreline projections are deeply uncertain, however, which constitutes a major challenge for coastal planning and management. Our work presents a new extra-probabilistic framework to develop future shoreline projections and shows that deep uncertainties could be drastically reduced by better constraining sea level projections and improving coastal impact models.
Takenori Shimozono
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2093–2108, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2093-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2093-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Tsunamis are a major threat to low-lying coastal communities. Suddenly generated from their sources in deep water, tsunamis occasionally undergo tremendous amplification in shallow water. There is a need for efficient ways of predicting coastal tsunami transformation during different disaster management phases. The study proposed a novel and rigorous method based on kernel convolution for fast prediction of onshore tsunami waveforms from the observed/simulated wave data away from the coast.
Elias de Korte, Bruno Castelle, and Eric Tellier
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2075–2091, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2075-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2075-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use a statistical model to address the controls and interactions of environmental (wave, tide, weather, beach morphology) data on surf zone injuries along a sandy coast where shore-break and rip-current hazards co-exist. Although fair but limited predictive life-risk skill is found, the approach provides new insight into the environmental controls, their interactions and their respective contribution to hazard and exposure, with implications for the development of public education messaging.
Paula Camus, Ivan D. Haigh, Ahmed A. Nasr, Thomas Wahl, Stephen E. Darby, and Robert J. Nicholls
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2021–2040, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2021-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2021-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In coastal regions, floods can arise through concurrent drivers, such as precipitation, river discharge, storm surge, and waves, which exacerbate the impact. In this study, we identify hotspots of compound flooding along the southern coast of the North Atlantic Ocean and the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. This regional assessment can be considered a screening tool for coastal management that provides information about which areas are more predisposed to experience compound flooding.
Constance Ting Chua, Adam D. Switzer, Anawat Suppasri, Linlin Li, Kwanchai Pakoksung, David Lallemant, Susanna F. Jenkins, Ingrid Charvet, Terence Chua, Amanda Cheong, and Nigel Winspear
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1887–1908, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1887-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1887-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Port industries are extremely vulnerable to coastal hazards such as tsunamis. Despite their pivotal role in local and global economies, there has been little attention paid to tsunami impacts on port industries. For the first time, tsunami damage data are being extensively collected for port structures and catalogued into a database. The study also provides fragility curves which describe the probability of damage exceedance for different port industries given different tsunami intensities.
Scott Curtis, Kelley DePolt, Jamie Kruse, Anuradha Mukherji, Jennifer Helgeson, Ausmita Ghosh, and Philip Van Wagoner
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1759–1767, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1759-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1759-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surge flooding can challenge rescue and recovery operations, especially over large estuaries and populated barrier islands. Understanding the relationship between storm and tidal characteristics and surge timing is important for proper resourcing prior to an event. Here we compare the concurrency of maximum observed surge and areal extent of effective hazard operations for hurricanes Matthew and Florence in eastern North Carolina, USA. Matthew was a more spatially compounded surge event.
Fei Ye, Wei Huang, Yinglong J. Zhang, Saeed Moghimi, Edward Myers, Shachak Pe'eri, and Hao-Cheng Yu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1703–1719, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1703-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1703-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Compound flooding is caused by multiple mechanisms contributing to elevated water level simultaneously, which poses higher risks than conventional floods. This study uses a holistic approach to simulate the processes on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales that contributed to the compound flooding during Hurricane Florence in 2018. Sensitivity tests are used to isolate the contribution from each mechanism and identify the region experiencing compound effects, thus supporting management.
Rimali Mitra, Hajime Naruse, and Shigehiro Fujino
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1667–1683, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1667-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1667-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A case study on the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was conducted at the Phra Thong island, Thailand, using a deep neural network (DNN) inverse model. The model estimated tsunami characteristics from the deposits at Phra Thong island. The uncertainty quantification of the result was evaluated. The predicted flow conditions and the depositional characteristics were compared with the reported observed values. This DNN model can serve as an essential tool for tsunami hazard mitigation at coastal cities.
Cited articles
Aburaya, T. and Imamura, F.: The proposal of a tsunami run-up simulation using combined equivalent roughness, Annual Journal of Coastal Engineering, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 49, 276–280, 2002.
Aida, I.: Reliability of a tsunami source model derived from fault parameters, J. Phys. Earth, 26, 57–73, https://doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.26.57, 1978.
Akaike, H.: A new look at the statistical model identification, IEEE T. Automat. Contr., 19, 716–723, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705, 1974.
Ammon, C. J., Ji, C., Thio, H.-K., Robinson, D., Ni, S., Hjorleifsdottir, V., Kanamori, H., Lay, T., Das, S., and Helmberger, D.: Rupture process of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, Science, 308, 1133–1139, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112260, 2005.
Arikawa, T., Muhari, A., Okumura, Y., Dohi, Y., Afriyanto, B., Sujatmiko, K. A., and Imamura, F.: Coastal subsidence induced several tsunamis during the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake, Journal of Disaster Research, 13, 1–3, https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.sc20181204, 2018.
Asian Disaster Preparedness Center: The economic impact of
the 26 December 2004 earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami in
Thailand, available at:
https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/economic-impact-26-december-2004-earthquake-and-indian-ocean-tsunami-thailand
(last access: 15 February 2020), 2007.
Attary, N., Van de Lindt, J. W., Unnikrishnan, V. U.,
Barbosa, A. R., and Cox, D. T.: Methodology for development of
physics-based tsunami fragilities, J. Struct. Eng., 143, 04016223, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001715, 2017.
Carvajal, M., Araya-Cornejo, C., Sepúlveda, I., Melnick, D., and Haase, J. S.: Nearly instantaneous tsunamis following the Mw 7.5 2018 Palu earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 5117–5126, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082578, 2019.
Chakrabarti, S.: Handbook of Offshore Engineering
(2-volume set), Elsevier, Plainfield, Illinois, USA, 2005.
Charvet, I., Ioannou, I., Rossetto, T., Suppasri, A., and Imamura, F.: Empirical fragility assessment of buildings affected by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami using improved statistical models, Nat. Hazards, 73, 951–973, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1118-3, 2014.
Darma, Y. and Sulistyantara, B.: Analysis of landscape
impact on post-earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction disasters in
Palu City, Central Sulawesi, in: IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, vol. 501, p. 012003, IOP Publishing, Bogor, Indonesia, 2020.
Day, S. J.: Volcanic tsunamis, in: The Encyclopedia of
Volcanoes, Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., McNutt, S., Rymer, H., and
Stix, J. (Eds.), 993–1009, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2015.
DEMNAS: Seamless Digital Elevation Model (DEM) dan Batimetri Nasional, [data], available at: http://tides.big.go.id/DEMNAS/index.html, last access: 1 February 2020.
De Risi, R., Goda, K., Yasuda, T., and Mori, N.: Is flow velocity important in tsunami empirical fragility modeling?, Earth-Sci. Rev., 166, 64–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.015, 2017.
Dogan, G. G., Annunziato, A., Hidayat, R., Husrin, S., Prasetya, G., Kongko, W., Zaytsev, A., Pelinovsky, E., Imamura, F., and Yalciner, A. C.: Numerical simulations of December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau tsunami and examination of possible submarine landslide scenarios, Pure Appl. Geophys., 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02641-7, 2021.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): Coastal
construction manual, FEMA 55, USA, 296 pp., 2003.
Foytong, P. and Ruangrassamee, A.: Fragility curves of
reinforced-concrete buildings damaged by a tsunami for tsunami risk
analysis, in: The Twentieth KKCNN Symposium on Civil Engineering, October 2007, Jeju, Korea, 4–5, 2007.
Frederik, M. C. G., Udrekh, Adhitama, R., Hananto, N. D., Asrafil, Sahabuddin, S., Irfan, M., Moefti, O., Putra, D. B., and Riyalda, B. F.: First results of a bathymetric survey of Palu Bay, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia following the tsunamigenic earthquake of 28 September 2018, Pure Appl. Geophys., 176, 3277–3290, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02280-7, 2019.
Ghobarah, A., Saatcioglu, M., and Nistor, I.: The impact of the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami on structures and infrastructure, Eng. Struct., 28, 312–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.09.028, 2006.
Goda, K., Mori, N., Yasuda, T., Prasetyo, A., Muhammad, A., and Tsujio, D.: Cascading geological hazards and risks of the 2018 Sulawesi Indonesia earthquake and sensitivity analysis of tsunami inundation simulations, Front. Earth Sci., 7, 261, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00261, 2019.
Gokon, H., Koshimura, S., Matsuoka, M., and Namegaya, Y.: Developing tsunami fragility curves due to the 2009 tsunami disaster in American Samoa, Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering), 67, 1321–1325, https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.67.I_1321, 2011.
Grezio, A., Babeyko, A., Baptista, M. A., Behrens, J., Costa, A., Davies, G., Geist, E. L., Glimsdal, S., González, F. I., Griffin, J., Harbitz, C. B., LeVeque, R. J., Lorito, S., Løvholt, F., Omira, R., Mueller, C., Paris, R., Parsons, T., Polet, J., Power, W., Selva, J., Sørensen, M. B., and Thio, H. K.: Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis: multiple sources and global applications, Rev. Geophys., 55, 1158–1198, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017RG000579, 2017.
Grilli, S. T., Tappin, D. R., Carey, S., Watt, S. F. L., Ward, S. N., Grilli, A. R., Engwell, S. L., Zhang, C., Kirby, J. T., Schambach, L., and Muin, M.: Modelling of the tsunami from the December 22, 2018 lateral collapse of Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Straits, Indonesia, Sci. Rep.-UK, 9, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48327-6, 2019.
Gusman, A. R., Supendi, P., Nugraha, A. D., Power, W., Latief, H., Sunendar, H., Widiyantoro, S., Wiyono, S. H., Hakim, A., and Muhari, A.: Source model for the tsunami inside palu bay following the 2018 palu earthquake, Indonesia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 8721–8730, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl082717, 2019.
Heidarzadeh, M., Muhari, A., and Wijanarto, A. B.: Insights on the source of the 28 September 2018 Sulawesi tsunami, Indonesia based on spectral analyses and numerical simulations, Pure Appl. Geophys., 176, 25–43, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2065-9, 2019.
Heidarzadeh, M., Ishibe, T., Sandanbata, O., Muhari, A., and Wijanarto, A. B.: Numerical modeling of the subaerial landslide source of the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatoa volcanic tsunami, Indonesia, Ocean Eng., 195, 106733, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106733, 2020.
Imamura, F. and Imteaz, M. A.: Long waves in two layers: governing equations and numerical model, Science of Tsunami Hazards, 13, 3–24, 1995.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE): Tsunami
assessment method for nuclear power plants in Japan, Japan Society
of Civil Engineers Tokyo, available at:
https://www.jsce.or.jp/committee/ceofnp/Tsunami/eng/JSCE_Tsunami_060519.pdf
(last access: 28 January 2020), 2002.
Karlsson, J. M., Skelton, A., Sandén, M., Ioualalen, M., Kaewbanjak, N., Pophet, N., Asavanant, J., and Von Matern, A.: Reconstructions of the coastal impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in the Khao Lak area, Thailand, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114, C10023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005516, 2009.
Kijewski-Correa, T. and Robertson, I.: StEER: structural
extreme event reconnaissance network: Palu earthquake and tsunami,
Sulawesi, Indonesia field assessment Team 1 (FAT-1), early access
reconnaissance report (EARR), 2018.
Koshimura, S., Oie, T., Yanagisawa, H., and Imamura, F.: Developing fragility functions for tsunami damage estimation using numerical model and post-tsunami data from Banda Aceh, Indonesia, Coast. Eng. J., 51, 243–273, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0578563409002004, 2009a.
Koshimura, S., Namegaya, Y., and Yanagisawa, H.: Tsunami fragility – A new measure to identify tsunami damage, Journal of Disaster Research, 4, 479–488, https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0479, 2009b.
Kotani, M.: Tsunami run-up simulation and damage estimation using GIS, Pacific Coast Engineering, Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), 45, 356–360, 1998.
Krüger, F. and Ohrnberger, M.: Spatio-temporal source characteristics of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra earthquake as imaged by teleseismic broadband arrays, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24312, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023939, 2005.
Lauterjung, J., Münch, U., and Rudloff, A.: The challenge of installing a tsunami early warning system in the vicinity of the Sunda Arc, Indonesia, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 641–646, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-641-2010, 2010.
Lavigne, F., Paris, R., Grancher, D., Wassmer, P., Brunstein, D., Vautier, F., Leone, F., Flohic, F., De Coster, B., Gunawan, T., Gomez, C., Setiawan, A., Cahyadi, R., and Fachrizal: Reconstruction of tsunami inland propagation on December 26, 2004 in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, through field investigations, Pure Appl. Geophys., 166, 259–281, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-008-0431-8, 2009.
Lay, T., Kanamori, H., Ammon, C. J., Nettles, M., Ward, S. N., Aster, R. C., Beck, S. L., Bilek, S. L., Brudzinski, M. R., and Butler, R.: The great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004, Science, 308, 1127–1133, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112250, 2005.
Løvholt, F., Bungum, H., Harbitz, C. B., Glimsdal, S., Lindholm, C. D., and Pedersen, G.: Earthquake related tsunami hazard along the western coast of Thailand, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 979–997, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-979-2006, 2006.
Macabuag, J., Rossetto, T., and Lloyd, T.: Sensitivity
analyses of a framed structure under several tsunami design-guidance
loading regimes, in: 2nd European Conference on Earthquake
Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, Turkey, available at:
http://www.eaee.org/Media/Default/2ECCES/2ecces_eaee/295.pdf (last access: 3 March 020), 2014.
Macabuag, J., Rossetto, T., Ioannou, I., Suppasri, A., Sugawara, D., Adriano, B., Imamura, F., Eames, I., and Koshimura, S.: A proposed methodology for deriving tsunami fragility functions for buildings using optimum intensity measures, Nat. Hazards, 84, 1257–1285, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2485-8, 2016.
Macías, J., Vázquez, J. T., Fernández-Salas, L. M., González-Vida, J. M., Bárcenas, P., Castro, M. J., Díaz-del-Río, V., and Alonso, B.: The Al-Borani submarine landslide and associated tsunami. A modelling approach, Mar. Geol., 361, 79–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.12.006, 2015.
Marfai, M. A., King, L., Singh, L. P., Mardiatno, D., Sartohadi, J., Hadmoko, D. S., and Dewi, A.: Natural hazards in Central Java Province, Indonesia: an overview, Environ. Geol., 56, 335–351, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1169-9, 2008.
Mas, E., Koshimura, S., Suppasri, A., Matsuoka, M., Matsuyama, M., Yoshii, T., Jimenez, C., Yamazaki, F., and Imamura, F.: Developing Tsunami fragility curves using remote sensing and survey data of the 2010 Chilean Tsunami in Dichato, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2689–2697, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2689-2012, 2012.
Mas, E., Paulik, R., Pakoksung, K., Adriano, B., Moya, L., Suppasri, A., Muhari, A., Khomarudin, R., Yokoya, N., Matsuoka, M., and Koshimura, S.: Characteristics of tsunami fragility functions developed using different sources of damage data from the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami, Pure Appl. Geophys., 177, 2437–2455, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02501-4, 2020.
McCloskey, J., Antonioli, A., Piatanesi, A., Sieh, K., Steacy, S., Nalbant, S., Cocco, M., Giunchi, C., Huang, J., and Dunlop, P.: Tsunami threat in the Indian Ocean from a future megathrust earthquake west of Sumatra, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 265, 61–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.034, 2008.
Muhari, A., Imamura, F., Arikawa, T., Hakim, A. R., and
Afriyanto, B.: Solving the puzzle of the September 2018 Palu,
Indonesia, tsunami mystery: clues from the tsunami waveform and the
initial field survey data, Journal of Disaster Research,
13(Scientific Communication), sc20181108,
https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.sc20181108, 2018.
Muhari, A., Heidarzadeh, M., Susmoro, H., Nugroho, H. D., Kriswati, E., Supartoyo, Wijanarto, A. B., Imamura, F., and Arikawa, T.: The December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano tsunami as inferred from post-tsunami field Surveys and Spectral Analysis, Pure Appl. Geophys., 176, 5219–5233, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02358-2, 2019.
Murao, O. and Nakazato, H.: Development of fragility curves for buildings based on damage survey data in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, 75, 1021–1027, https://doi.org/10.3130/aijs.75.1021, 2010.
Nalbant, S. S., Steacy, S., Sieh, K., Natawidjaja, D., and McCloskey, J.: Earthquake risk on the Sunda trench, Nature, 435, 756–757, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature435756a, 2005.
National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB): The Sunda Strait tsunami, available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-sunda-strait-tsunami-dg-echo-bnpb-ocha-ifrc-media-echo-daily-flash-23 (last access: 5 March 2020), 2018.
Omira, R. and Ramalho, I.: Evidence-calibrated numerical model of December 22, 2018, Anak Krakatau flank collapse and tsunami, Pure Appl. Geophys., 177, 3059–3071, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02532-x, 2020.
Omira, R., Dogan, G. G., Hidayat, R., Husrin, S., Prasetya, G., Annunziato, A., Proietti, C., Probst, P., Paparo, M. A., Wronna, M., Zaytsev, A., Pronin, P., Giniyatullin, A., Putra, P. S., Hartanto, D., Ginanjar, G., Kongko, W., Pelinovsky, E., and Yalciner, A. C.: The September 28th, 2018, tsunami in Palu-Sulawesi, Indonesia: a post-event field survey, Pure Appl. Geophys., 176, 1379–1395, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02145-z, 2019.
Otake, T., Chua, C. T., Suppasri, A., and Imamura, F.: Justification of possible casualty-reduction countermeasures based on global tsunami hazard assessment for tsunami-prone regions over the past 400 years, Journal of Disaster Research, 15, 490–502, https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0490, 2020.
Pakoksung, K., Suppasri, A., and Imamura, F.: Systematic evaluation of different infrastructure systems for tsunami defense in Sendai City, Geosciences, 8, 173, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8050173, 2018.
Pakoksung, K., Suppasri, A., Imamura, F., Athanasius, C., Omang, A., and Muhari, A.: Simulation of the submarine landslide tsunami on 28 September 2018 in Palu Bay, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, using a two-layer model, Pure Appl. Geophys., 176, 3323–3350, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02235-y, 2019.
Pakoksung, K., Suppasri, A., Muhari, A., Syamsidik, and Imamura, F.: Global optimization of a numerical two-layer model using observed data: a case study of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami, Geoscience Letters, 7, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-020-00165-5, 2020.
Paris, A., Heinrich, P., Paris, R., and Abadie, S.: The December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau, Indonesia, landslide and tsunami: preliminary modeling results, Pure Appl. Geophys., 177, 571–590, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02394-y, 2020.
Paulik, R., Gusman, A., Williams, J. H., Pratama, G. M., Lin, S., Prawirabhakti, A., Sulendra, K., Zachari, M. Y., Fortuna, Z. E. D., Layuk, N. B. P., and Suwarni, N. W. I.: Tsunami hazard and built environment damage observations from Palu City after the September 28 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami, Pure Appl. Geophys., 176, 3305–3321, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02254-9, 2019.
Prasetya, G., Borrero, J., de Lange, W., Black, K., and Healy, T.: Modeling of inundation dynamics on Banda Aceh, Indonesia during the great Sumatra tsunamis December 26, 2004, Nat. Hazards, 58, 1029–1055, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9710-7, 2011.
Puspito, N. T. and Gunawan, I.: Tsunami sources in the sumatra region, Indonesia and simulation of the 26 December 2004 Aceh tsunami, ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 42, 4, 2005.
Rastogi, B.: A historical account of the earthquakes and tsunamis in the Indian Ocean, in: The Indian Ocean Tsunami, 3–18, Taylor & Francis, London, 2007.
Reese, S., Cousins, W. J., Power, W. L., Palmer, N. G., Tejakusuma, I. G., and Nugrahadi, S.: Tsunami vulnerability of buildings and people in South Java – field observations after the July 2006 Java tsunami, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 573–589, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-573-2007, 2007.
Rossetto, T., Peiris, N., Pomonis, A., Wilkinson, S. M., Del Re, D., Koo, R., and Gallocher, S.: The Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26, 2004: observations in Sri Lanka and Thailand, Nat. Hazards, 42, 105–124, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-9064-3, 2007.
Rossetto, T., Ioannou, I., and Grant, D. N.: Existing empirical fragility and vulnerability relationships: compendium and guide for selection, GEM Fundation, Pavia, 2013.
Rossetto, T., Ioannou, I., Grant, D., and Maqsood, T.: Guidelines for the empirical vulnerability assessment, available at: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1449624/1/Rossetto_ULN-MOD-Empirical-vulnerability-201411-v01.pdf (last access: 16 February 2020), 2014.
Ruangrassamee, A., Yanagisawa, H., Foytong, P., Lukkunaprasit, P., Koshimura, S., and Imamura, F.: Investigation of tsunami-induced damage and fragility of buildings in Thailand after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Earthq. Spectra, 22, 377–401, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2208088, 2006.
Saatcioglu, M., Ghobarah, A., and Nistor, I.: Performance of structures in Indonesia during the December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami, Earthq. Spectra, 22, 295–319, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2209171, 2006.
Sassa, S. and Takagawa, T.: Liquefied gravity flow-induced tsunami: first evidence and comparison from the 2018 Indonesia Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami disasters, Landslides, 16, 195–200, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1114-x, 2019.
Socquet, A., Hollingsworth, J., Pathier, E., and Bouchon, M.: Evidence of supershear during the 2018 magnitude 7.5 Palu earthquake from space geodesy, Nat. Geosci., 12, 192–199, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0296-0, 2019.
Song, J., De Risi, R., and Goda, K.: Influence of flow velocity on tsunami loss estimation, Geosciences, 7, 114, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences7040114, 2017.
Sumer, B. M., Ansal, A., Cetin, K. O., Damgaard, J., Gunbak, A. R., Hansen, N.-E. O., Sawicki, A., Synolakis, C. E., Yalciner, A. C., Yuksel, Y., and Zen, K.: Earthquake-induced liquefaction around marine structures, J. Waterw. Port C., 133, 55–82, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2007)133:1(55), 2007.
Supendi, P., Nugraha, A. D., Widiyantoro, S., Abdullah, C. I., Puspito, N. T., Palgunadi, K. H., Daryono, D., and Wiyono, S. H.: Hypocenter relocation of the aftershocks of the Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake (September 28, 2018) and swarm earthquakes of Mamasa, Sulawesi, Indonesia, using the BMKG network data, Geoscience Letters, 6, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-019-0148-9, 2019.
Suppasri, A., Koshimura, S., and Imamura, F.: Developing tsunami fragility curves based on the satellite remote sensing and the numerical modeling of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 173–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-173-2011, 2011.
Suppasri, A., Mas, E., Koshimura, S., Imai, K., Harada, K., and Imamura, F.: Developing tsunami fragility curves from the surveyed data of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami in Sendai and Ishinomaki Plains, Coast. Eng. J., 54, 1250008-1–1250008-16, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0578563412500088, 2012.
Suppasri, A., Mas, E., Charvet, I., Gunasekera, R., Imai, K., Fukutani, Y., Abe, Y., and Imamura, F.: Building damage characteristics based on surveyed data and fragility curves of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami, Nat. Hazards, 66, 319–341, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0487-8, 2013.
Suppasri, A., Charvet, I., Imai, K., and Imamura, F.: Fragility curves based on data from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami in Ishinomaki city, with discussion of parameters influencing building damage, Earthq. Spectra, 31, 841–868, 2015.
Suppasri, A., Syamsidik, Pakoksung, K., Latcharote, P.,
Miyamoto, R., and Imamura, F.: Fragility functions of buildings
under only tsunami load in Indonesia: a case study of the 2018 Sunda
Strait tsunami, in: 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,
17WCEE, September 2020, Sendai, Japan, 2020.
Sutikno, S.: Earthquake disaster of Yogyakarta and Central Java, and disaster reduction, Indonesia, Forum Geografi, 21, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v21i1.1823, 2016.
Syamsidik, S., Benazir, B., and Luthfi, M.: Tsunami flow depths, building damages, and tsunami boulders measured from the December 22, 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami around Western Java and Southern Lampung of Indonesia, Mendeley Data, available at: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/yyyvmxh8vg/1 (last access: 20 February 2020), 2019.
Syamsidik, Benazir, Luthfi, M., Suppasri, A., and Comfort, L. K.: The 22 December 2018 Mount Anak Krakatau volcanogenic tsunami on Sunda Strait coasts, Indonesia: tsunami and damage characteristics, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 549–565, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-549-2020, 2020.
Tsuji, Y., Namegaya, Y., Matsumoto, H., Iwasaki, S.-I., Kanbua, W., and Sriwichai, Mongkonkorn Meesuk, V.: The 2004 Indian tsunami in Thailand: surveyed runup heights and tide gauge records, Earth Planets Space, 58, 223–232, 2006.
Ulrich, T., Vater, S., Madden, E. H., Behrens, J., van Dinther, Y., van Zelst, I., Fielding, E. J., Liang, C., and Gabriel, A. A.: Coupled, physics-based modeling reveals earthquake displacements are critical to the 2018 Palu, Sulawesi tsunami, Pure Appl. Geophys., 176, 4069–4109, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02290-5, 2019.
Ward, S. N.: Landslide tsunami, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 106, 11201–11215, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900450, 2001.
Watkinson, I. M. and Hall, R.: Impact of communal irrigation on the 2018 Palu earthquake-triggered landslides, Nat. Geosci., 12, 940–945, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0448-x, 2019.
Williams, R., Rowley, P., and Garthwaite, M. C.: Reconstructing the Anak Krakatau flank collapse that caused the December 2018 Indonesian tsunami, Geology, 47, 973–976, https://doi.org/10.1130/G46517.1, 2019.
Short summary
In Indonesia, tsunamis represent a significant risk to coastal communities and buildings. Therefore, it is fundamental to deeply understand the tsunami source impact on buildings and infrastructure. This work provides a novel understanding of the relationship between wave period, ground shaking, liquefaction events, and potential building damage using tsunami fragility curves. This study represents the first investigation of colossal impacts increasing building damage.
In Indonesia, tsunamis represent a significant risk to coastal communities and buildings....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint