Articles | Volume 24, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3519-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3519-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Oct 2024
Research article |
| 14 Oct 2024
| 14 Oct 2024
Estimating ground motion intensities using simulation-based estimates of local crustal seismic response
Himanshu Agrawal
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
John McCloskey
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
deceased
Cited articles
Abrahamson, N. A., Silva, W. J., and Kamai, R.: Summary of the ASK14 ground motion relation for active crustal regions, Earthq. Spectra, 30, 1025–1055, https://doi.org/10.1193/070913EQS198M, 2014.
Agrawal, H.: Supplementary code to “Estimating ground motion intensities using simulation-based estimates of local crustal seismic response” (v1.0.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13884828, 2024.
Aki, K.: Local site effects on weak and strong ground motion, Tectonophysics, 218, 93–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90262-I, 1993.
Ancheta, T. D., Darragh, R. B., Stewart, J. P., Seyhan, E., Silva, W. J., Chiou, B. S. J., Wooddell, K. E., Graves, R. W., Kottke, A. R., Boore, D. M., Kishida, T., and Donahue, J. L.: NGA-West2 database, Earthq. Spectra, 30, 989–1005, https://doi.org/10.1193/070913EQS197M, 2014.
Anderson, J. G. and Brune, J. N.: Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis without the ergodic assumption, Seismol. Res. Lett., 70, 19–28, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.70.1.19, 1999.
Ansal, A., Kurtuluş, A., and Tönük, G.: Seismic microzonation and earthquake damage scenarios for urban areas, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 30, 1319–1328, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.06.004, 2010.
Asimaki, D., Ledezma, C., Montalva, G. A., Tassara, A., Mylonakis, G., and Boroschek, R.: Site effects and damage patterns, Earthq. Spectra, 28, S55–S74, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000029, 2012.
Asimaki, D., Mohammadi, K., Mason, H. B., Adams, R. K., Rajaure, S., and Khadka, D.: Observations and Simulations of Basin Effects in the Kathmandu Valley during the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake Sequence, Earthq. Spectra, 33, S35–S53, https://doi.org/10.1193/013117EQS022M, 2017.
Atkinson, G. M. and Boore, D. M.: Earthquake Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for Eastern North America, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96, 2181–2205, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050245, 2006.
Baker, J. W., Bradley, B. A., and Stafford, P. J.: Probabilistic seismic hazard and risk analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108425056, 2021.
Bazzurro, P. and Cornell, C. A.: Nonlinear soil-site effects in probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 94, 2110–2123, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030216, 2004.
Bielak, J., Xu, J., and Ghattas, O.: Earthquake Ground Motion and Structural Response in Alluvial Valleys, J. Geotech. Geoenviron., 125, 413–423, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:5(413), 1999.
Borcherdt, R. D. and Glassmoyer, G.: On the characteristics of local geology and their influence on ground motions generated by the Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Franciso Bay region, California, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 82, 603–641, https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0820020603, 1992.
Bradley, B. A.: A framework for validation of seismic response analyses using seismometer array recordings, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 31, 512–520, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.11.008, 2011.
Bradley, B. A.: Systematic ground motion observations in the Canterbury earthquakes and region-specific non-ergodic empirical ground motion modeling, Earthq. Spectra, 31, 1735–1761, https://doi.org/10.1193/053013EQS137M, 2015.
Bradley, B. A.: On-going challenges in physics-based ground motion prediction and insights from the 2010–2011 Canterbury and 2016 Kaikoura, New Zealand earthquakes, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 124, 354–364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.04.042, 2019.
Brocher, T. M.: Empirical relations between elastic wavespeeds and density in the Earth's crust, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 95, 2081–2092, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050077, 2005.
Brocher, T. M.: Compressional and shear-wave velocity versus depth relations for common rock types in northern California, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 98, 950–968, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060403, 2008.
Cadet, H., Macau, A., Benjumea, B., Bellmunt, F., and Figueras, S.: From ambient noise recordings to site effect assessment: The case study of Barcelona microzonation, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 31, 271–281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.07.005, 2011.
Campbell, K. W. and Bozorgnia, Y.: NGA-West2 ground motion model for the average horizontal components of PGA, PGV, and 5 % damped linear acceleration response spectra, Earthq. Spectra, 30, 1087–1114, https://doi.org/10.1193/062913EQS175M, 2014.
Castellaro, S. and Musinu, G.: Resonance versus Shape of Sedimentary Basins, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 113, 745–761, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120210277, 2023.
Castellaro, S., Mulargia, F., and Rossi, P. L.: Vs30: Proxy for seismic amplification?, Seismol. Res. Lett., 79, 540–543, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.79.4.540, 2008.
Chiou, B. S. J. and Youngs, R. R.: Update of the Chiou and Youngs NGA model for the average horizontal component of peak ground motion and response spectra, Earthq. Spectra, 30, 1117–1153, https://doi.org/10.1193/072813EQS219M, 2014.
Cramer, C. H.: Site-specific seismic-hazard analysis that is completely probabilistic, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 93, 1841–1846, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020206, 2003.
Cremen, G., Galasso, C., McCloskey, J., Barcena, A., Creed, M., Filippi, M. E., Gentile, R., Jenkins, L. T., Kalaycioglu, M., Mentese, E. Y., Muthusamy, M., Tarbali, K., and Trogrlić, R. Š.: A state-of-the-art decision-support environment for risk-sensitive and pro-poor urban planning and design in Tomorrow's cities, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 85, 103400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103400, 2023.
Day, S. M., Graves, R., Bielak, J., Dreger, D., Larsen, S., Olsen, K. B., Pitarka, A., and Ramirez-Guzman, L.: Model for Basin Effects on Long-Period Response Spectra in Southern California:, Earthq. Spectra, 24, 257–277, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2857545, 2008.
De Hoop, A. T.: Representation theorems for the displacement in an elastic solid and their application to elastodynamic diffraction theory, Technische Hogeschoo, Delft, Netherlands, https://repository.tudelft.nl/record/uuid:4678f6dc-23c2-4705-b6b8-d22bbc4921e1 (last access: 3 October 2024), 1958.
Der Kiureghian, A. and Ditlevsen, O.: Aleatory or epistemic? Does it matter?, Struct. Saf., 31, 105–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.06.020, 2009.
Dolce, M., Masi, A., Marino, M., and Vona, M.: Earthquake damage scenarios of the building stock of Potenza (Southern Italy) including site effects, B. Earthq. Eng., 1, 115–140, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024809511362, 2003.
Douglas, J.: Ground motion prediction equations 1964–2019 (December 2019), SED Rep. SED/ENSI/R/01/20140911, 651 pp., https://www.linkedin.com/posts/john-douglas-glasgow_gmpe-groundmotionmodel-seismichazard-activity-7233422061291929600-Rp5m?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop (last access: 3 October 2024), 2017.
Douglas, J. and Aochi, H.: A survey of techniques for predicting earthquake ground motions for engineering purposes, Surv. Geophys., 29, 187–220, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-008-9046-y, 2008.
Douglas, J. and Edwards, B.: Recent and future developments in earthquake ground motion estimation, Earth-Sci. Rev., 160, 203–219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.07.005, 2016.
Foti, S., Aimar, M., Ciancimino, A., and Passeri, F.: Recent developments in seismic site response evaluation and microzonation, in: Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Reykjavik, Iceland, 1–6 September 2019, ECSMGE 2019, https://doi.org/10.32075/17ECSMGE-2019-1117, 2019.
Frankel, A.: Three-dimensional simulations of ground motions in the San Bernardino Valley, California, for hypothetical earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 83, 1020–1041, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0830041020, 1993.
Freddi, F., Galasso, C., Cremen, G., Dall'Asta, A., Di Sarno, L., Giaralis, A., Gutiérrez-Urzúa, F., Málaga-Chuquitaype, C., Mitoulis, S. A., Petrone, C., Sextos, A., Sousa, L., Tarbali, K., Tubaldi, E., Wardman, J., and Woo, G.: Innovations in earthquake risk reduction for resilience: Recent advances and challenges, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 60, 102267, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102267, 2021.
García-Pérez, T., Ferreira, A. M. G., Yáñez, G., Iturrieta, P., and Cembrano, J.: Effects of topography and basins on seismic wave amplification: The Northern Chile coastal cliff and intramountainous basins, Geophys. J. Int., 227, 1143–1167, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab259, 2021.
Geli, L., Bard, P. Y., and Jullien, B.: The effect of topography on earthquake ground motion: A review and new results, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 78, 42–63, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0780010042, 1988.
Gentile, R., Cremen, G., Galasso, C., Jenkins, L. T., Manandhar, V., Mentese, E. Y., Guragain, R., and McCloskey, J.: Scoring, selecting, and developing physical impact models for multi- hazard risk assessment, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 82, 103365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103365, 2022.
Graves, R. W. and Pitarka, A.: Broadband ground-motion simulation using a hybrid approach, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100, 2095–2123, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120100057, 2010.
Graves, R. W., Pitarka, A., and Somerville, P. G.: Ground-motion amplification in the Santa Monica area: Effects of shallow basin-edge structure, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 88, 1224–1242, https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880051224, 1998.
Hough, S. E. and Anderson, J. G.: High-frequency Spectra Observed at Anza, California: Implications for Q Structure, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 78, 692–707, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0780020692, 1988.
Hough, S. E., Martin, S. S., Gahalaut, V., Joshi, A., Landes, M., and Bossu, R.: A comparison of observed and predicted ground motions from the 2015 MW 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake, Nat. Hazards, 84, 1661–1684, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2505-8, 2016.
Jenkins, L. T., Creed, M. J., Tarbali, K., Muthusamy, M., Trogrlić, R. Š., Phillips, J. C., Watson, C. S., Sinclair, H. D., Galasso, C., and McCloskey, J.: Physics-based simulations of multiple natural hazards for risk-sensitive planning and decision-making in expanding urban regions, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 84, 103338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103338, 2023.
Kaklamanos, J., Bradley, B. A., Thompson, E. M., and Baise, L. G.: Critical parameters affecting bias and variability in site-response analyses using KiK-net downhole array data, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 103, 1733–1749, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120166, 2013.
Kamai, R., Abrahamson, N. A., and Silva, W. J.: VS30 in the NGA GMPEs: Regional differences and suggested practice, Earthq. Spectra, 32, 2083–2108, https://doi.org/10.1193/072615EQS121M, 2016.
Knopoff, L.: Diffraction of Elastic Waves, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 28, 217–229, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1908247, 1956.
Kramer, S. L.: Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Pearson Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, https://faculty.washington.edu/kramer/GEEbook.pdf (last access: 3 October 2024), 1996.
Kramer, S. L. and Mitchell, R. A.: Ground motion intensity measures for liquefaction hazard evaluation, Earthq. Spectra, 22, 413–438, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2194970, 2006.
Kuehn, N. M., Abrahamson, N. A., and Walling, M. A.: Incorporating Nonergodic Path Effects into the NGA-West2 Ground-Motion Prediction Equations, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 109, 575–585, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120180260, 2019.
Landwehr, N., Kuehn, N. M., Scheffer, T., and Abrahamson, N.: A Nonergodic Ground-Motion Model for California with Spatially Varying Coefficients, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 6, 2574–2583, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160118, 2016.
Lee, S. J., Komatitsch, D., Huang, B. S., and Tromp, J.: Effects of topography on seismic-wave propagation: An example from Northern Taiwan, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 99, 314–325, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080020, 2009.
Liu, P., Archuleta, R. J., and Hartzell, S. H.: Prediction of broadband ground-motion time histories: Hybrid low/high-frequency method with correlated random source parameters, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96, 2118–2130, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060036, 2006.
Marafi, N. A., Eberhard, M. O., Berman, J. W., Wirth, E. A., and Frankel, A. D.: Effects of deep basins on structural collapse during large subduction earthquakes, Earthq. Spectra, 33, 963–997, https://doi.org/10.1193/071916EQS114M, 2017.
Maufroy, E., Cruz-Atienza, V. M., and Gaffet, S.: A robust method for assessing 3-D topographic site effects: A case study at the LSBB underground laboratory, France, Earthq. Spectra, 28, 1097–1115, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000050, 2012.
Mazzieri, I., Stupazzini, M., Guidotti, R., and Smerzini, C.: SPEED: SPectral elements in elastodynamics with discontinuous galerkin: A non-conforming approach for 3d multi-scale problems, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 95, 991–1010, https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.4532, 2013 (code available at: https://speed.mox.polimi.it/download/, last access: 3 October 2024).
McGuire, R. K.: Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis: Early history, Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 37, 329–338, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.765, 2008.
Menteşe, E. Y., Cremen, G., Gentile, R., Galasso, C., Filippi, E. M., and McCloskey, J.: Future exposure modelling for risk-informed decision making in urban planning, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 90, 103651, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103651, 2023.
Mucciarelli, M. and Gallipoli, M. R.: Comparison between Vs30 and other estimates of site amplification in Italy, in: First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland, 3–8 September 2006, 270, http://hdl.handle.net/2122/1945 (last access: 3 October 2024), 2006.
Nath, S. K. and Thingbaijam, K. K. S.: Peak ground motion predictions in India: an appraisal for rock sites, J. Seismol., 15, 295–315, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-010-9224-5, 2011.
Ohsumi, T., Mukai, Y., and Fujitani, H.: Investigation of Damage in and Around Kathmandu Valley Related to the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake and Beyond, Geotech. Geol. Eng., 34, 1223–1245, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-016-0023-9, 2016.
Oral, E., Ayoubi, P., Ampuero, J. P., Asimaki, D., and Bonilla, L. F.: Kathmandu Basin as a local modulator of seismic waves: 2-D modelling of non-linear site response under obliquely incident waves, Geophys. J. Int., 231, 1996–2008, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac302, 2022.
Paolucci, R., Mazzieri, I., Smerzini, C., and Stupazzini, M.: Physics-Based Earthquake Ground Shaking Scenarios in Large Urban Areas, in: Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 34, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 331–359, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07118-3_10, 2014.
Pilz, M., Parolai, S., Stupazzini, M., Paolucci, R., and Zschau, J.: Modelling basin effects on earthquake ground motion in the Santiago de Chile basin by a spectral element code, Geophys. J. Int., 187, 929–945, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05183.x, 2011.
Pitilakis, K., Riga, E., Anastasiadis, A., Fotopoulou, S., and Karafagka, S.: Towards the revision of EC8: Proposal for an alternative site classification scheme and associated intensity dependent spectral amplification factors, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 126, 105137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.03.030, 2019.
Poursartip, B., Fathi, A., and Tassoulas, J. L.: Large-scale simulation of seismic wave motion: A review, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 129, 105909, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105909, 2020.
Rodriguez-Marek, A., Rathje, E. M., Bommer, J. J., Scherbaum, F., and Stafford, P. J.: Application of single-station sigma and site-response characterization in a probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis for a new nuclear site, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 104, 1601–1619, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130196, 2014.
Schmedes, J., Archuleta, R. J., and Lavalĺee, D.: A kinematic rupture model generator incorporating spatial interdependency of earthquake source parameters, Geophys. J. Int., 192, 1116–1131, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggs021, 2013.
Sebastiano, D., Francesco, P., Salvatore, M., Roberto, I., Antonella, P., Giuseppe, L., Pauline, G., and Daniela, F.: Ambient noise techniques to study near-surface in particular geological conditions: A brief review, in: Innovation in Near-Surface Geophysics: Instrumentation, Application, and Data Processing Methods, Elsevier Inc., 419–460, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812429-1.00012-X, 2019.
Semblat, J. F., Kham, M., Parara, E., Bard, P. Y., Pitilakis, K., Makra, K., and Raptakis, D.: Seismic wave amplification: Basin geometry vs soil layering, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 25, 529–538, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.11.003, 2005.
Sextos, A., De Risi, R., Pagliaroli, A., Foti, S., Passeri, F., Ausilio, E., Cairo, R., Capatti, M. C., Chiabrando, F., Chiaradonna, A., Dashti, S., De Silva, F., Dezi, F., Durante, M. G., Giallini, S., Lanzo, G., Sica, S., Simonelli, A. L., and Zimmaro, P.: Local site effects and incremental damage of buildings during the 2016 Central Italy Earthquake sequence, Earthq. Spectra, 34, 1639–1669, https://doi.org/10.1193/100317EQS194M, 2018.
Shi, J. and Asimaki, D.: From Stiffness to Strength: Formulation and Validation of a Hybrid Hyperbolic Nonlinear Soil Model for Site-Response Analyses, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 107, 1336–1355, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150287, 2017.
Smerzini, C. and Villani, M.: Broadband numerical simulations in complex near-field geological configurations: The case of the 2009 Mw 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 102, 2436–2451, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120002, 2012.
Smerzini, C., Paolucci, R., and Stupazzini, M.: Comparison of 3D, 2D and 1D numerical approaches to predict long period earthquake ground motion in the Gubbio plain, Central Italy, B. Earthq. Eng., 9, 2007–2029, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-011-9289-8, 2011.
Spudich, P., Bayless, J. R., Baker, J., Chiou, B. S. J., Rowshandel, B., Shahi, S., and Somerville, P.: Final Report of the NGA-West2 Directivity Working Group, Pacific Engineering Research Center Report, California, https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/final-report-of-the-nga-west2-directivity-working-group (last access: 3 October 2024), 2013.
Stewart, J. P., Afshari, K., and Goulet, C. A.: Non-ergodic site response in seismic hazard analysis, Earthq. Spectra, 33, 1385–1414, https://doi.org/10.1193/081716EQS135M, 2017.
Stirling, M. W.: The Continued Utility of Probabilistic Seismic-Hazard Assessment, in: Earthquake Hazard, Risk and Disasters, Elsevier Inc., 359–376, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394848-9.00013-4, 2014.
Stirling, M. W., McVerry, G., Gerstenberger, M., Litchfield, N., Van Dissen, R., Berryman, K., Barnes, P., Wallace, L., Villamor, P., Langridge, R., Lamarche, G., Nodder, S., Reyners, M., Bradley, B., Rhoades, D., Smith, W., Nicol, A., Pettinga, J., Clark, K., and Jacobs, K.: National seismic hazard model for New Zealand: 2010 update, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 102, 1514–1542, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110170, 2012.
Taborda, R. and Roten, D.: Physics-Based Ground-Motion Simulation, in: Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, 33 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5, 2014.
Taborda, R., Bielak, J., and Restrepo, D.: Earthquake Ground-Motion Simulation including Nonlinear Soil Effects under Idealized Conditions with Application to Two Case Studies, Seismol. Res. Lett., 83, 1047–1060, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220120079, 2012.
Torre, C. A. de la, Bradley, B. A., and Lee, R. L.: Modeling nonlinear site effects in physics-based ground motion simulations of the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence, Earthq. Spectra, 36, 856–879, https://doi.org/10.1177/8755293019891729, 2020.
Tsai, C. C., Kishida, T., and Lin, W. C.: Adjustment of site factors for basin effects from site response analysis and deep downhole array measurements in Taipei, Eng. Geol., 285, 106071, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106071, 2021.
UNISDR: Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030, Aust. J. Emerg. Manag., 30, 9–10, 2015.
United Nations: Envisaging the Future of Cities. World Cities report 2022, UN, 422 pp., https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2022/06/wcr_2022.pdf (last access: 3 October 2024), 2022.
Wang, C., Cremen, G., Gentile, R., and Galasso, C.: Design and assessment of pro-poor financial soft policies for expanding cities, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 85, 103500, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103500, 2023.
Wang, G., Du, C., Huang, D., Jin, F., Koo, R. C. H., and Kwan, J. S. H.: Parametric models for 3D topographic amplification of ground motions considering subsurface soils, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 115, 41–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.07.018, 2018.
Wells, D. L. and Coppersmith, K. J.: New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84, 974–1002, https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0840040974, 1994.
Yomogida, K. and Etgen, J. T.: 3-D wave propagation in the Los Angeles Basin for the Whittier-Narrows earthquake, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 83, 1325–1344, https://doi.org/10.1086/622062, 1993.
Zhu, C., Thambiratnam, D., and Gallage, C.: Statistical analysis of the additional amplification in deep basins relative to the 1D approach, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 104, 296–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.09.003, 2018.
Short summary
Rapidly expanding cities in earthquake-prone regions of the Global South often lack seismic event records, hindering accurate ground motion predictions for hazard assessment. Our study demonstrates that, despite these limitations, reliable predictions can be made using simulation-based methods for small (sub)urban units undergoing rapid development. High-resolution local geological data can reveal spatial variability in ground motions, aiding effective risk mitigation.
Rapidly expanding cities in earthquake-prone regions of the Global South often lack...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint