Articles | Volume 24, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-773-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-773-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Characteristics and mechanisms of near-surface negative atmospheric electric field anomalies preceding the 5 September 2022, Ms 6.8 Luding earthquake in China
Lixin Wu
School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
Laboratory of Geo-Hazards Perception, Cognition, and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
Xiao Wang
School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
Laboratory of Geo-Hazards Perception, Cognition, and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
Laboratory of Geo-Hazards Perception, Cognition, and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
Jingchen Lu
School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
Laboratory of Geo-Hazards Perception, Cognition, and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
Wenfei Mao
School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
Laboratory of Geo-Hazards Perception, Cognition, and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
Related authors
Rabia Rasheed, Biyan Chen, Yifan Ding, Ziqing Wang, Syed Amer Mahmood, and Lixin Wu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2310, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2310, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
High-magnitude earthquakes produce atmospheric and ionospheric precursors before rupture, though distinguishing true precursors from natural fluctuations remains challenging. Our Deviation-Time-Space-Frequency (DTSF) framework, tested on the 2023 Turkey earthquakes (Mw 7.8, 7.5), detected stress-to-ionosphere progression 2–15 days pre-event. DTSF achieved 89 % detection and 8 % false anomalies, 85 % better than previous methods, supporting probabilistic hazard assessment.
Shuai Chen, Zelang Miao, and Lixin Wu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2481, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2481, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a new seismic landslide hazard assessment method that synthesized the effects of earthquakes and rainfall on seismic landslide hazard, and method was then applied in Bomi, China for probabilistic seismic landslide hazard assessments. This research is important for the prevention and mitigation of seismic landslides in other mountainous regions threatened by strong earthquakes and heavy rainfall.
Lixin Wu, Yuan Qi, Wenfei Mao, Jingchen Lu, Yifan Ding, Boqi Peng, and Busheng Xie
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 231–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-231-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-231-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Multiple seismic anomalies were reported to be related to the 2015 Nepal earthquake. By sufficiently investigating both the space–time features and the physical models of the seismic anomalies, the coupling mechanisms of these anomalies in 3D space were revealed and an integrated framework to strictly root the sources of various anomalies was proposed. This study provides a practical solution for scrutinizing reliable seismic anomalies from diversified earthquake observations.
Rabia Rasheed, Biyan Chen, Yifan Ding, Ziqing Wang, Syed Amer Mahmood, and Lixin Wu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2310, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2310, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
High-magnitude earthquakes produce atmospheric and ionospheric precursors before rupture, though distinguishing true precursors from natural fluctuations remains challenging. Our Deviation-Time-Space-Frequency (DTSF) framework, tested on the 2023 Turkey earthquakes (Mw 7.8, 7.5), detected stress-to-ionosphere progression 2–15 days pre-event. DTSF achieved 89 % detection and 8 % false anomalies, 85 % better than previous methods, supporting probabilistic hazard assessment.
Shuai Chen, Zelang Miao, and Lixin Wu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2481, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2481, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a new seismic landslide hazard assessment method that synthesized the effects of earthquakes and rainfall on seismic landslide hazard, and method was then applied in Bomi, China for probabilistic seismic landslide hazard assessments. This research is important for the prevention and mitigation of seismic landslides in other mountainous regions threatened by strong earthquakes and heavy rainfall.
Lixin Wu, Yuan Qi, Wenfei Mao, Jingchen Lu, Yifan Ding, Boqi Peng, and Busheng Xie
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 231–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-231-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-231-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Multiple seismic anomalies were reported to be related to the 2015 Nepal earthquake. By sufficiently investigating both the space–time features and the physical models of the seismic anomalies, the coupling mechanisms of these anomalies in 3D space were revealed and an integrated framework to strictly root the sources of various anomalies was proposed. This study provides a practical solution for scrutinizing reliable seismic anomalies from diversified earthquake observations.
Cited articles
Chen, C. H., Sun, Y. Y., Lin, K., Zhou, C., Xu, R., Qing, H., Gao, Y., Chen, T., Wang, F., Yu, H., Han, P., Tang, C. C., Su, X., Zhang, X., Yuan, L., Xu, Y., and Liu, J.Y.: A new instrumental array in Sichuan, China, to monitor vibrations and perturbations of the lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere, Surv. Geophys., 42, 1425–1442, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-021-09665-1, 2021.
Chen, T., Wang, S. H., Li, L., Yang, M. P., Zhang, L. Q., Zhang, X. M., Huang, P. Q. Liu, J., Xiong, P., Ti, S., Wu, H., Song, J. J., Wang, C., Su, J. F., and Luo, J.: Analysis of abnormal signal of atmospheric electric field before the 2021-04-16 Luanzhou MS 4.3 Earthquake in Hebei Province, J. Geod. Geodynam., 42, 771–776, https://doi.org/10.14075/j.jgg.2022.08.001, 2022.
Davis, T. N. and Sugiura, M.: Auroral electrojet activity index AE and its universal time variations, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 785–801, 1966.
Ding, Y. F., Qi, Y., Wu, L. X., Mao, W. F., and Liu, Y. J.: Discriminating the multi-frequency microwave brightness temperature anomalies relating to 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol Zahab (Iran-Iraq border) earthquake, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 656216, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.656216, 2021.
Dobrovolsky, I. R., Zubkov, S. I., and Myachkin, V. I.: Estimation of the size of earthquake preparation zones, Pure Appl. Geophys., 117, 1025–1044, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876083, 1979.
Freund, F.: Time-resolved study of charge generation and propagation in igneous rocks, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 105, 11001–11019, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900423, 2000.
Freund, F.: Charge generation and propagation in igneous rocks, J. Geodyn., 33, 543–570, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900423, 2002.
Freund, F.: Toward a unified solid state theory for pre-earthquake signals, Acta Geophys., 58, 719-766, https://doi.org/10.2478/s11600-009-0066-x, 2010.
Freund, F.: Earthquake forewarning – A multidisciplinary challenge from the ground up to space, Acta Geophys., 61, 775–807, https://doi.org/10.2478/s11600-013-0130-4, 2013.
Freund, F., Takeuchi, A., and Lau, B. W. S.: Electric currents streaming out of stressed igneous rocks – A step towards understanding pre-earthquake low frequency EM emission, Phys. Chem. Earth Pt. A/B/C, 31, 389–396, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.02.027, 2006.
Freund, F., Takeuchi, A., Lau, B. W. S., Al-Manaseer, A., Fu, C. C., Bryant, N. A., and Ouzounovet, D.: Stimulated infrared emission from rocks: assessing a stress indicator, eEarth, 2, 7–16, 2007.
Freund, F., Ouillon, G., Scoville, J., and Sornette, D.: Earthquake precursors in the light of peroxy defects theory: Critical review of systematic observations, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top., 230, 7–46, https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-000243-x, 2021.
Hao, J. G.: Near-surface atmospheric electric field anomalies and earthquakes, Acta Seismol. Sin., 226, 206–212, 1988.
Harrison, R. G. and Nicoll, K. A.: Fair weather criteria for atmospheric electricity measurements, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 179, 239–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.07.008, 2018.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47, 2023.
Hobara, Y., Watanabe, M., Miyajima, R., Kikuchi, H., Tsuda, T., and Hayakawa, M.: On the Spatio-temporal dependence of anomalies in the atmospheric electric field just around the time of earthquakes, Atmosphere, 13, 1619, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101619, 2022.
Imaoka, K., Maeda, T., Kachi, M., Kasahara, M., Ito, N., and Nakagawa, K.: “Status of AMSR-2 Instrument on GCOM-W1”, in Earth Observing Missions and Sensors: Development, Implementation, and Characterization II, Int. Soc. Opt. Photon. Jpn., 8528, 852815, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.977774, 2012.
Israelsson, S. and Tammet, H.: Variation of fair weather atmospheric electricity at Marsta Observatory, Sweden, 1993–1998, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 63, 1693–1703, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(01)00049-9, 2001.
Ji, L. Y., Zhang, W. T., Liu, C. J., Zhu, L. Y., Xu, J., and Xu, X. X.: Characterizing interseismic deformation of the Xianshuihe fault, eastern Tibetan Plateau, using Sentinel-1 SAR images, Adv. Space Res., 66, 378–394, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.03.043, 2020.
Ji, Z. R.: FPGA-based design of an atmospheric electric field meter, MS thesis, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China, 73 pp., https://doi.org/10.27248/d.cnki.gnjqc.2022.000465, 2022.
Jin, X. B., Zhang, L., Bu, J. W., Qiu, G. L., Ma, L., Liu, C., and Li, Y. D.: Discussion on anomaly of atmospheric electrostatic field in Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake, J. Electrost., 104, 103423, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2020.103423, 2020.
Kleimenova, N. G., Kozyreva, O. V., Michnowski, S., and Kubicki, M.: Effect of magnetic storms in variations in the atmospheric electric field at midlatitudes, Geomag. Aeron., 48, 622–630, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793208050071, 2008.
Kondo, G.: The variation of the atmospheric electric field at the time of earthquake, Mem. Kakioka Magnet. Observ., 12, 11–23, 1966.
Li, Y. C., Zhao, D. Z., Shan, X. J., Gao, Z. Y., Huang, X., and Gong, W. Y.: Coseismic Slip Model of the 2022 Mw 6.7 Luding (Tibet) Earthquake: Pre-and Post-Earthquake Interactions With Surrounding Major Faults, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL102043, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL102043, 2022.
Li, Y. D., Zhang, L., Zhang, K., and Jin, X. B.: A study on the anomalies of near-surface atmospheric electric field before the “5.12” Wenchuan Earthquake, Plateau Mount. Meteorol. Res., 37, 49–53, 2017.
Li, L., Chen, T., Ti, S., Wang, S. H., Song, J. J., Cai, C. L., Liu, Y. H., Li, W., and Luo, J.: Fair-weather near-surface atmospheric electric field measurements at the Zhongshan Chinese Station in Antarctica, Appl. Sci., 12, 9248, https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189248, 2022.
Li, W., Thorne, R. M., Bortnik, J., Nishimura, Y., Angelopoulos, V., Chen, L., McFadden, J. P., and Bonnell, J. W.: Global distributions of suprathermal electrons observed on THEMIS and potential mechanisms for access into the plasmasphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 155, A00J10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015687, 2010.
Liu, S. J., Cui, Y., Wei, L. H., Liu, W. F., and Ji, M. Y.: Pre-earthquake MBT anomalies in the Central and Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their association to earthquakes, Remote Sens. Environ., 298, 113815, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113815, 2023.
Loewe, C. A. and Prölss, G. W.: Classification and mean behavior of magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 102, 14209–14213, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA04020, 1997.
Luo, B. X., Li, X. L., Temerin, M., and Liu, S. Q.: Prediction of the AU, AL, and AE indices using solar wind parameters, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 7683–7694, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019188, 2013.
Mao, W. F., Wu, L. X., Liu, S. J., Gao, X., Huang, J. W., Xu, Z. Y., and Qi, Y.: Additional microwave radiation from experimentally loaded granite covered with sand layers: Features and mechanisms, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 58, 5008–5022, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2020.2971465, 2020.
Omori, Y., Yasuoka, Y., Nagahama, H., Kawada, Y., Ishikawa, T., Tokonami, S., and Shinogi, M.: Anomalous radon emanation linked to preseismic electromagnetic phenomena, Nat. Hazard. Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 629–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-629-2007, 2007.
Qi, Y., Wu, L., He, M., and Mao, W.: Spatio-temporally weighted two step method for retrieving seismic MBT anomaly: May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake sequence being a case, IEEE J. Select. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens., 13, 382–391, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2019.2962719, 2020.
Qi, Y., Wu, L. X., Mao, W. F., Ding, Y. F., and He, M.: Discriminating possible causes of microwave brightness temperature positive anomalies related with May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake sequence, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 59, 1903–1916, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2020.3004404, 2021a.
Qi, Y., Wu, L., Ding, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, S., Wang, X., and Mao, W. F.: Extraction and discrimination of MBT anomalies possibly associated with the Mw 7.3 Maduo (Qinghai, China) Earthquake on 21 May 2021, Remote Sens., 13, 4726, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224726, 2021b.
Qi, Y., Wu, L. X., Ding, Y. F., and Mao, W. F.: Microwave brightness temperature anomalies associated with the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha and Mw 7.3 Dolakha earthquakes in Nepal, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 60, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2020.3036079, 2022.
Qi, Y., Wu, L. X., Mao, W. F., Ding, Y., Liu, Y., and Wang, X.: Characteristic background of microwave brightness temperature (MBT) and optimal microwave channels for searching seismic MBT anomaly in and around the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 61, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2023.3299643, 2023.
Qin, K., Wu, L. X., Zheng, S., and Liu, S. J.: A Deviation-Time-Space-Thermal (DTS-T) Method for Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)-Based Earthquake Anomaly Recognition: Criterions and Quantify Indices, Remote Sens., 5, 5143–5151, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5105143, 2013.
Rodell, M., Houser, P. R., Jambor, U. E. A., Gottschalck, J., Mitchell, K., Meng, C. J., Arsenault, K., Cosgrove, B., Radakovich, J., Bosilovich, M., Entin, J. K., Walker, J. P., Lohmann, D., and Toll, D.: The global land data assimilation system, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 381–394, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-3-381, 2004.
Rycroft, M. J., Israelsson, S., and Price, C.: The global atmospheric electric circuit, solar activity and climate change, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 62, 1563–1576, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00112-7, 2000.
Shan, B., Xiong, X., Zheng, Y., and Diao, F. Q.: Stress changes on major faults caused by Mw 7. 9 Wenchuan earthquake, May 12, 2008, Sci. China Ser. D, 52, 593–601, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0060-9, 2009.
Smirnov, S.: Negative anomalies of the earth's electric field as earthquake precursors, Geosciences, 10, 10, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10010010, 2019.
St-Laurent, F., Derr, J. S., and Freund, F. T.: Earthquake lights and the stress-activation of positive hole charge carriers in rocks, Phys. Chem. Earth Pt. A/B/C, 31, 305–321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.02.003, 2006.
Sun, J. Q.: Fundamentals of atmospheric electricity, China Meteorological Press, ISBN 7-5029-0014-4, 1987.
Tacza, J., Raulin, J. P., Mendonca, R. S., Makhmutov, V. S., Marun, A., and Fernandez, G.: Solar effects on the atmospheric electric field during 2010–2015 at low latitudes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 11970–11979, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029121, 2018.
Ulaby, F. T., Moore, R. K., and Fung, A. K.: Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, in: vol. 1, Addison-Wesley, New York, NY, USA, ISBN 7-03-000171-0, 1981.
Wright, M. D., Matthews, J. C., Silva, H. G., Bacak, A., Percival, C., and Shallcross, D. E.: The relationship between aerosol concentration and atmospheric potential gradient in urban environments, Sci. Total Environ., 716, 134959, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134959, 2020.
Wu, L. X. and Liu, S. J.: Remote Sensing Rock Mechanics and Earthquake Infrared Anomalies, in: Advances in Geosciences & Remote Sensing, edited by: Gary, J., InTech, Vukovar, Croatia, 709–741, https://doi.org/10.5772/8292, 2009.
Wu, L. X., Qin, K., and Liu, S. J.: GEOSS-based Thermal Parameters Analysis for Earthquake Anomaly Recognition, Proc. IEEE, 100, 2891–2907, https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2012.2184789, 2012.
Wu, L. X., Qi, Y., Mao, M. F., Lu, J. C., Ding, Y. F., Peng, B. Q., and Xie, B. S.: Scrutinizing and rooting the multiple anomalies of Nepal earthquake sequence in 2015 with the deviation–time–space criterion and homologous lithosphere–coversphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling physics, Nat. Hazard. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 231–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-231-2023, 2023.
Yang, W., Liu, J., Xie M. Y., Zang, Y., Meng, L. Y., and Zhang, X. M.: Study on relocation of the September 5, 2022 Luding Ms 6.8 earthquake, Earth Res. China, 38, 622–631, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-4683, 2022.
Short summary
The atmospheric electric field (AEF) is the bridge connecting the surface charges and atmospheric particle changes before an earthquake, which is essential for the study of the coupling process between the coversphere and atmosphere caused by earthquakes. This study discovers AEF anomalies before the Luding earthquake in 2022 and clarifies the relationship between the surface changes and atmosphere changes possibly caused by the earthquake.
The atmospheric electric field (AEF) is the bridge connecting the surface charges and...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint