Articles | Volume 22, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2879-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2879-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Invited perspectives
| 
01 Sep 2022
Invited perspectives |
| 01 Sep 2022
| 01 Sep 2022
Invited perspectives: Managed realignment as a solution to mitigate coastal flood risks – optimizing success through knowledge co-production
Department of Geography, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
Hannah L. Mossman
Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, United Kingdom
Harriet E. Moore
Department of Geography, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
Elizabeth Christie
Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom
Joshua Kiesel
Department of Geography, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Publisher's note: Elizabeth Christie was added as co-author to this paper on 6 October 2022. They originally contributed to the manuscript but were missing in the author list upon publication.
Related authors
No articles found.
Joshua Kiesel, Claudia Wolff, and Marvin Lorenz
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3841–3849, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3841-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3841-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In October 2023, one of the strongest storm surges on record hit the southwestern Baltic Sea coast, causing severe impacts in the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, including dike failures. Recent studies on coastal flooding from the same region align well with the October 2023 surge, with differences in peak water levels of less than 30 cm. This rare coincidence is used to assess current capabilities and limitations of coastal flood modelling and derive key areas for future research.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Joshua Kiesel, Marvin Lorenz, Marcel König, Ulf Gräwe, and Athanasios T. Vafeidis
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2961–2985, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Among the Baltic Sea littoral states, Germany is anticipated to experience considerable damage as a result of increased coastal flooding due to sea-level rise (SLR). Here we apply a new modelling framework to simulate how flooding along the German Baltic Sea coast may change until 2100 if dikes are not upgraded. We find that the study region is highly exposed to flooding, and we emphasise the importance of current plans to update coastal protection in the future.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
ABPmer: OMReg – A database of completed coastal habitat creation schemes
and other adaptation projects, https://www.omreg.net/, last access: 17 November 2021.
Adnitt, C., Vural, M., Yamashita, H., and Preston, J.: Legislation, in:
Saltmarsh Restoration Handbook – UK & Ireland, edited by: Hudson, R.,
Kenworthy, J., and Best, M., Environment Agency, Bristol, UK, 37–49, https://catchmentbasedapproach.org/learn/saltmarsh-restoration-handbook (last access: 23 February 2022), 2021.
Bergold, J. and Thomas, S.: Participatory Research Methods: A Methodological
Approach in Motion, Hist. Soc. Res., 37, 191–222, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-13.1.1801, 2012.
Blunkell, C. T.: Local participation in coastal adaptation decisions in the UK: between promise and reality, Local Environ., 22, 492–507, https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2016.1233525, 2017.
Burgess-Gamble, L., Ngai, R., Wilkinson, M., Nisbet, T., Pontee, N., Harvey,
R., Kipling, K., Addy, S., Rose, S., Maslen, S., Jay, H., Nicholson, A.,
Page, T., Jonczyk, J., and Quinn, P.: Working with Natural Processes –
Evidence Directory, Environment Agency, Bristol, UK, https://www.gov.uk/flood-and-coastal-erosion-risk-management-research-reports/working-with-natural-processes-to-reduce-flood-risk#reports (last access: 30 November 2021), 2017.
Burston, J.: Report to the Secretary of State for Transport, Report DPI/D2510/18/9, The Planning Inspectorate, https://www.kingschambers.com/assets/files/Donna Nook Inspector's Report.pdf (last access: 10 February 2022), 2018.
Chambers, R.: Forward, in: Who changes? Institutionalizing participation in
development, edited by: Blackburn, J. and Holland, J., Intermediate
Technology, London, UK, ISBN 978-1853394201, 1998.
Chirol, C., Haigh, I. D., Pontee, N., Thompson, C. E., and Gallop, S. L.:
Parametrizing tidal creek morphology in mature saltmarshes using semi-automated extraction from lidar, Proc. SPIE, 209, 291–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.11.012, 2018.
Christie, E., Möller, I., Spencer, T., and Yates, M.: Modeling wave
attenuation due to saltmarsh vegetation using a modified SWAN model, Coast.
Eng. Proc., 1, 73, https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.73, 2018.
Coleman, D. J., Schuerch, M., Temmerman, S., Guntenspergen, G., Smith, C. G.
and Kirwan, M. L.: Reconciling models and measurements of marsh vulnerability to sea level rise, Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett., 7, 140–149, https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10230, 2022.
Cornwall, A.: Historical perspectives on participation in development, Commonw. Comp. Polit., 44, 62–83, https://doi.org/10.1080/14662040600624460, 2006.
Cox, T., Maris, T., De Vleeschauwer, P., De Mulder, T., Soetaert, K., and
Meire, P.: Flood control areas as an opportunity to restore estuarine habitat, Ecol. Eng., 28, 55–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.04.001, 2006.
Dale J., Burgess, H. M., Burnside, N. G., Kilkie, P., Nash, D. J., and Cundy, A. B.: The evolution of embryonic creek systems in a recently inundated large open coast managed realignment site, Anthropocene Coasts, 1, 16–33, https://doi.org/10.1139/anc-2017-0005, 2018.
Dale, J., Burgess, H. M., Berg, M. J., Strong, C. J., and Burnside, N. G.:
Morphological evolution of a non-engineered managed realignment site
following tidal inundation, Estuar. Coast. Shelf. S., 260, 107510, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107510, 2021.
De Vriend, H. J., Wang, Z. B., Ysebaert, T., Herman, P. M. J., and Ding, P.:
Eco-Morphological Problems in the Yangtze Estuary and the Western Scheldt,
Wetlands, 31, 1033–1042, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-011-0239-7, 2011.
Doody, J. P.: Coastal squeeze and managed realignment in southeast England,
does it tell us anything about the future?, Ocean Coast. Manage., 79, 34–41,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.05.008, 2013.
Esteves, L. S.: Managed Realignment: A Viable Long-Term Coastal Management
Strategy?, Springer, Dordrecht, ISBN 978-9401790284, 2014.
Esteves, L. S. and Thomas, K.: Managed realignment in practice in the UK:
results from two independent surveys, J. Coast. R., 70, 407–413, https://doi.org/10.2112/si70-069.1, 2014.
Fagherazzi, S. and Wiberg, P. L.: Importance of wind conditions, fetch, and
water levels on wave-generated shear stresses in shallow intertidal basins,
J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 114, F03022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001139, 2009.
Fairchild, T. P., Bennett, W. G., Smith, G., Day, B., Skov, M. W., Möller, I., Beaumont, N., Karunarathna, H., and Griffin, J. N.: Coastal
wetlands mitigate storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries, Environ.
Res. Lett., 16, 074034, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac0c45, 2021.
Few, R., Brown, K., and Tompkins, E. L.: Public participation and climate
change adaptation: avoiding the illusion of inclusion, Clim. Policy, 7, 46–59, https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2007.9685637, 2007.
Fischbach, J. R., Johnson, D. R., and Groves, D. G.: Flood damage reduction
benefits and costs in Louisiana's 2017 Coastal Master Plan, Environ. Res.
Commun., 1, 111001, https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab4b25, 2019.
Foucault, M.: The Order of Things – An archaeology of the human sciences,
Travistock Publications, London, UK, ISBN 978-0415267373, 1970.
Fox-Kemper, B., Hewitt, H. T., Xiao, C., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.,
Drijfhout, S. S., Edwards, T. L., Golledge, N. R., Hemer, M., Kopp, R. E.,
Krinner, G., Mix, A., Notz, D., Nowicki, S., Nurhati, I. S., Ruiz, L.,
Sallée, J.-B., Slangen, A. B. A., and Yu, Y.: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea
Level Change, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis,
Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V.,
Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N.,
Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., E., L.,
Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R.,
and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 1211–1362, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.011, 2021.
French, J. R.: Hydrodynamic Modelling of Estuarine Flood Defence Realignment
as an Adaptive Management Response to Sea-Level Rise, J. Coast. R., 24,
1–12, https://doi.org/10.2112/05-0534.1, 2008.
Gedan, K. B., Silliman, B. R., and Bertness, M. D.: Centuries of Human-Driven Change in Salt Marsh Ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 117–141, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163930, 2009.
Goeldner-Gianella, L.: Perceptions and Attitudes Toward De-polderisation in
Europe: A Comparison of Five Opinion Surveys in France and the UK, J. Coast. R., 23, 1218–1230, https://doi.org/10.2112/04-0416R.1, 2007.
Gourgue, O., van Belzen, J., Schwarz, C., Vandenbruwaene, W., Vanlede, J.,
Belliard, J. P., Fagherazzi, S., Bouma, T. J., van de Koppel, J., and
Temmerman, S.: Biogeomorphic modeling to assess the resilience of tidal-marsh restoration to sea level rise and sediment supply, Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 531–553, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-531-2022, 2022.
Hinkel, J., Lincke, D., Vafeidis, A. T., Perrette, M., Nicholls, R. J., Tol,
R. S. J., Marzeion, B., Fettweis, X., Ionescu, C., and Levermann, A.: Coastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st century sea-level rise, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 3292–3297, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222469111, 2014.
Hofstede, J. L. A.: On the feasibility of managed retreat in the Wadden Sea
of Schleswig-Holstein, J. Coast. Conserv., 23, 1069–1079, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-019-00714-x, 2019.
Hood, W. G.: Predicting the number, orientation and spacing of dike breaches
for tidal marsh restoration, Ecol. Eng., 83, 319–327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.07.002, 2015.
Huguet, J.-R., Bertin, X., and Arnaud, G.: Managed realignment to mitigate
storm-induced flooding: A case study in La Faute-sur-mer, France, Coast. Eng., 134, 168–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.08.010, 2018.
Iwaniec, D. M., Cook, E. M., Davidson, M. J., Berbés-Blázquez, M.,
Georgescu, M., Krayenhoff, E. S., Middel, A., Sampson, D. A., and Grimm, N. B.: The co-production of sustainable future scenarios, Landsc. Urban Plan., 197, 103744, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103744, 2020.
Kauffman, G. J.: Governance, Policy, and Economics of Intergovernmental
River Basin Management, Water Resour. Manage., 29, 5689–5712, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1141-5, 2015.
Kelly, R. and Kelly, U.: Community engagement on climate adaptation – an
evidence review, Environment Agency, Bristol, UK, ISBN 978-1849114295, 2017.
Kiesel, J., Schuerch, M., Möller, I., Spencer, T., and Vafeidis, A.:
Attenuation of high water levels over restored saltmarshes can be limited.
Insights from Freiston Shore, Lincolnshire, UK, Ecol. Eng., 136, 89–100,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.06.009, 2019.
Kiesel, J., Schuerch, M., Christie, E. K., Möller, I., Spencer, T., and
Vafeidis, A. T.: Effective design of managed realignment schemes can reduce
coastal flood risks, Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci., 242, 106844, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106844, 2020.
Kiesel, J., MacPherson, L. R., Schuerch, M., and Vafeidis, A. T.: Can Managed Realignment Buffer Extreme Surges? The Relationship Between Marsh Width, Vegetation Cover and Surge Attenuation, Estuar. Coast., 45, 345–362,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-021-00984-5, 2022.
Kirwan, M. L., Temmerman, S., Skeehan, E. E., Guntenspergen, G. R., and
Fagherazzi, S.: Overestimation of marsh vulnerability to sea level rise,
Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 253–260, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2909, 2016.
Leuven, J. R. F. W., Pierik, H. J., Vegt, M. v. d., Bouma, T. J., and
Kleinhans, M. G.: Sea-level-rise-induced threats depend on the size of
tide-influenced estuaries worldwide, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 986–992, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0608-4, 2019.
Liski, A. H., Ambros, P., Metzger, M. J., Nicholas, K. A., Wilson, A. M. W.,
and Krause, T.: Governance and stakeholder perspectives of managed re-alignment: adapting to sea level rise in the Inner Forth estuary, Scotland, Reg. Environ. Change, 19, 2231–2243, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01505-8, 2019.
Liu, Z., Fagherazzi, S., and Cui, B.: Success of coastal wetlands restoration is driven by sediment availability, Commun. Earth Environ., 2, 44,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00117-7, 2021.
Loder, N. M., Irish, J. L., Cialone, M. A., and Wamsley, T. V.: Sensitivity
of hurricane surge to morphological parameters of coastal wetlands, Estuar.
Coast. Shelf Sci., 84, 625–636, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.07.036, 2009.
Lotze, H. K., Lenihan, H. S., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury, R. H., Cooke, R. G.,
Kay, M. C., Kidwell, S. M., Kirby, M. X., Peterson, C. H., and Jackson, J. B. C.: Depletion, Degradation, and Recovery Potential of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, Science, 312, 1806–1809, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128035, 2006.
Luke, A., Sanders, B. F., Goodrich, K. A., Feldman, D. L., Boudreau, D.,
Eguiarte, A., Serrano, K., Reyes, A., Schubert, J. E., AghaKouchak, A.,
Basolo, V., and Matthew, R. A.: Going beyond the flood insurance rate map:
insights from flood hazard map co-production, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1097–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1097-2018, 2018.
MacDonald, M. A., de Ruyck, C., Field, R. H., Bedford, A., and Bradbury, R.
B.: Benefits of coastal managed realignment for society: Evidence from
ecosystem service assessments in two UK regions, Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci.,
244, 105609, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.09.007, 2020.
McInnes, R. J., Everard, M., and Yamashita, H.: People's perceptions towards
the Steart Marshes Creation Project through stakeholder interviews and
questionnaires, in: Coastal Wetlands Restoration, Routledge, New York, USA,
46–60, ISBN 978-036786309, 2021.
McKinley, E., Pagès, J. F., Alexander, M., Burdon, D., and Martino, S.
Uses and management of saltmarshes: A global survey. Estuar. Coast. Shelf
Sci., 243, 106840, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106840, 2020a.
McKinley, E., Pagès, J. F., Ballinger, R. C., and Beaumont, N. Forgotten
landscapes: Public attitudes and perceptions of coastal saltmarshes, Ocean
Coast. Manage., 187, 105117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105117, 2020b.
Mees, H., Alexander, M., Gralepois, M., Matczak, P., and Mees, H.: Typologies of citizen co-production in flood risk governance, Envion. Sci. Poliy, 89, 330–339, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.08.011, 2018.
Möller, I.: Quantifying saltmarsh vegetation and its effect on wave height dissipation: Results from a UK East coast saltmarsh, Estuar. Coast.
Shelf Sci., 69, 337–351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.003, 2006.
Möller, I.: Applying Uncertain Science to Nature-Based Coastal Protection: Lessons From Shallow Wetland-Dominated Shores, Front. Environ.
Sci., 7, 49, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00049, 2019.
Möller, I., Kudella, M., Rupprecht, F., Spencer, T., Paul, M., van Wesenbeeck, B. K., Wolters, G., Jensen, K., Bouma, T. J., Miranda-Lange, M., and Schimmels, S.: Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm
surge conditions, Nat. Geosci., 7, 727–731, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2251, 2014.
Morris, R. K. A.: Managed realignment as a tool for compensatory habitat
creation – A re-appraisal, Ocean Coast. Manage., 73, 82–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.12.013, 2013.
Mossman, H. L., Davy, A. J., and Grant, A.: Does managed coastal realignment
create saltmarshes with `equivalent biological characteristics' to natural
reference sites?, J. Appl. Ecol., 49, 1446–1456,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02198.x, 2012.
Myatt, L. B., Scrimshaw, M. D., and Lester, J. N.: Public perceptions and
attitudes towards a forthcoming managed realignment scheme: Freiston Shore,
Lincolnshire, UK, Ocean Coast. Manage., 46, 565–582, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00035-8, 2003a.
Myatt, L. B., Scrimshaw, M. D., and Lester, J. N.: Public Perceptions and
Attitudes Towards a Current Managed Realignment Scheme: Brancaster West Marsh, North Norfolk, U.K., J. Coast. Res., 19, 278–286, 2003b.
Myatt-Bell, L. B., Scrimshaw, M. D., Lester, J. N., and Potts, J. S.: Public
perception of managed realignment: Brancaster West Marsh, North Norfolk, UK,
Mar. Policy, 26, 45–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-597X(01)00033-1, 2002.
Norström, A. V., Cvitanovic, C., Löf, M. F., West, S., Wyborn, C.,
Balvanera, P., Bednarek, A. T., Bennett, E. M., Biggs, R., de Bremond, A.,
Campbell, B. M., Canadell, J. G., Carpenter, S. R., Folke, C., Fulton, E.
A., Gaffney, O., Gelcich, S., Jouffray, J.-B., Leach, M., Le Tissier, M.,
Martín-López, B., Louder, E., Loutre, M.-F., Meadow, A. M., Nagendra, H., Payne, D., Peterson, G. D., Reyers, B., Scholes, R., Speranza, C. I., Spierenburg, M., Stafford-Smith, M., Tengö, M., van der Hel, S., van Putten, I., and Österblom, H.: Principles for knowledge co-production in sustainability research, Nat. Sustain., 3, 182–190,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0448-2, 2020.
Nursey-Bray, M. J., Vince, J., Scott, M., Haward, M., O'Toole, K., Smith,
T., Harvey, N., and Clarke, B.: Science into policy? Discourse, coastal
management and knowledge, Environ. Sci. Policy, 38, 107–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.10.010, 2014.
Oliver, S.: Land Abandoned to the Sea: The Managed Realignment of Coastal
Area, Bloomsbury Publishing, London, UK, ISBN 978-1788310857, 2021.
Oosterlee, L., Cox, T. J. S., Temmerman, S., and Meire, P.: Effects of tidal
re-introduction design on sedimentation rates in previously embanked tidal
marshes, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 244, 106428, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106428, 2020.
Owens, S.: Siting, sustainable development and social priorities, J. Risk
Res., 7, 101–114, https://doi.org/10.1080/1366987042000158686, 2004.
Pain, R. and Francis, P.: Reflections on Participatory Research, Area, 35,
46–54, https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4762.00109, 2003.
Park, P.: The discovery of participatory research as a new scientific paradigm: Personal and intellectual accounts, Am. Sociol., 23, 29–42,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02691929, 1992.
Paquier, A.-E., Haddad, J., Lawler, S., and Ferreira, C. M.: Quantification of the Attenuation of Storm Surge Components by a Coastal Wetland of the US Mid Atlantic, Estuar. Coasts, 40, 930–946, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-016-0190-1, 2017.
Pasquier, U., Few, R., Goulden, M. C., Hooton, S., He, Y., and Hiscock, K.
M.: “We can't do it on our own!” – Integrating stakeholder and scientific
knowledge of future flood risk to inform climate change adaptation planning in a coastal region, Environ. Sci. Policy, 103, 50–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.10.016, 2020.
Pétillon, J., Erfanzadeh, R., Garbutt, A., Maelfait, J.-P., and Hoffmann, M.: Inundation Frequency Determines the Post-Pioneer Successional Pathway in a Newly Created Salt Marsh, Wetlands, 30, 1097–1105, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-010-0115-x, 2010.
Pimbert, M.: Natural resources, people and participation, in: Participatory
Learning and Action 50: Critical reflections, future directions, edited by:
Chambers, R., Kenton, N., and Ashley, H., Institute for Environment and
Development, 131–139, https://pubs.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/9440IIED.pdf (last access: 9 July 2022), 2004.
Pollard, J., Spencer, T., and Brooks, S.: The interactive relationship
between coastal erosion and flood risk, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 43, 574–585, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133318794498, 2019.
Pontee, N.: Defining coastal squeeze: A discussion, Ocean Coast. Manage., 84,
204–207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.07.010, 2013.
Pontee, N. I.: Impact of managed realignment design on estuarine water levels, P. I. Civ. Eng.-Mar. En., 168, 48–61, https://doi.org/10.1680/jmaen.13.00016,
2015.
Reed, D., van Wesenbeeck, B., Herman, P. M. J., and Meselhe, E.: Tidal
flat-wetland systems as flood defenses: Understanding biogeomorphic controls, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 213, 269–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.08.017, 2018.
Reed, M. S., Graves, A., Dandy, N., Posthumus, H., Hubacek, K., Morris, J.,
Prell, C., Quinn, C. H., and Stringer, L. C.: Who's in and why? A typology
of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management, J. Environ.
Manage., 90, 1933–1949, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.001, 2009.
Resio, D. T. and Westerink, J. J.: Modeling the physics of storm surges, Phys. Today, 61, 33–38, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2982120, 2008.
Roca, E. and Villares, M.: Public perceptions of managed realignment strategies: The case study of the Ebro Delta in the Mediterranean basin,
Ocean Coast. Manage., 60, 38–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.01.002, 2012.
Rupp-Armstrong, S. and Nicholls, R. J.: Coastal and Estuarine Retreat: A
Comparison of the Application of Managed Realignment in England and Germany,
J. Coast. R., 23, 1418–1430, https://doi.org/10.2112/04-0426.1, 2007.
Schernewski, G., Bartel, C., Kobarg, N., and Karnauskaite, D.: Retrospective
assessment of a managed coastal realignment and lagoon restoration measure:
the Geltinger Birk, Germany, J. Coast. Conserv., 22, 157–167, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-017-0496-6, 2018.
Schuerch, M., Spencer, T., Temmerman, S., Kirwan, M. L., Wolff, C., Lincke,
D., McOwen, C. J., Pickering, M. D., Reef, R., Vafeidis, A. T., Hinkel, J.,
Nicholls, R. J., and Brown, S.: Future response of global coastal wetlands to sea-level rise, Nature, 561, 231–234, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0476-5, 2018.
Shepard, C. C., Crain, C. M., and Beck, M. W.: The Protective Role of Coastal Marshes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, PLOS ONE, 6, e27374,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027374, 2011.
Singh, C., Iyer, S., New, M. G., Few, R., Kuchimanchi, B., Segnon, A. C., and Morchain, D.: Interrogating `effectiveness' in climate change adaptation: 11 guiding principles for adaptation research and practice, Clim. Dev., https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.1964937, in press, 2021.
Smolders, S., Plancke, Y., Ides, S., Meire, P., and Temmerman, S.: Role of
intertidal wetlands for tidal and storm tide attenuation along a confined
estuary: a model study, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1659–1675, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1659-2015, 2015.
Spencer, T., Friess, D. A., Möller, I., Brown, S. L., Garbutt, R. A., and French, J. R.: Surface elevation change in natural and re-created intertidal habitats, eastern England, UK, with particular reference to Freiston Shore, Wetl. Ecol. Manage., 20, 9–33, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-011-9238-y, 2012.
Stark, J., Van Oyen, T., Meire, P., and Temmerman, S.: Observations of tidal
and storm surge attenuation in a large tidal marsh, Limnol. Oceanogr., 60,
1371–1381, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10104, 2015.
Stark, J., Plancke, Y., Ides, S., Meire, P., and Temmerman, S.: Coastal flood protection by a combined nature-based and engineering approach: Modeling the effects of marsh geometry and surrounding dikes, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 175, 34–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.03.027, 2016.
Temmerman, S. and Kirwan, M. L.: Building land with a rising sea, Science,
349, 588–589, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac8312, 2015.
Temmerman, S., Meire, P., Bouma, T. J., Herman, P. M. J., Ysebaert, T., and
De Vriend, H. J.: Ecosystem-based coastal defence in the face of global change, Nature, 504, 79–83, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12859, 2013.
Tessler, Z. D., Vörösmarty, C. J., Grossberg, M., Gladkova, I., and
Aizenman, H.: A global empirical typology of anthropogenic drivers of environmental change in deltas, Sustain. Sci., 11, 525–537, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0357-5, 2016.
Tompkins, E. L., Few, R., and Brown, K.: Scenario-based stakeholder engagement: Incorporating stakeholders preferences into coastal planning for
climate change, J. Environ. Manage., 88, 1580–1592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.025, 2008.
Townend, I. and Pethick, J.: Estuarine flooding and managed retreat, Philos.
T. Roy. Soc. A, 360, 1477–1495, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2002.1011, 2002.
Vafeidis, A. T., Schuerch, M., Wolff, C., Spencer, T., Merkens, J. L., Hinkel, J., Lincke, D., Brown, S., and Nicholls, R. J.: Water-level attenuation in global-scale assessments of exposure to coastal flooding: a
sensitivity analysis, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 973–984, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-973-2019, 2019.
van Zelst, V. T. M., Dijkstra, J. T., van Wesenbeeck, B. K., Eilander, D.,
Morris, E. P., Winsemius, H. C., Ward, P. J., and de Vries, M. B.: Cutting
the costs of coastal protection by integrating vegetation in flood defences,
Nat. Commun., 12, 6533, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26887-4, 2021.
Vousdoukas, M. I., Ranasinghe, R., Mentaschi, L., Plomaritis, T. A.,
Athanasiou, P., Luijendijk, A., and Feyen, L.: Sandy coastlines under threat
of erosion, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 260–263, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0697-0,
2020.
Wamsley, T. V., Cialone, M. A., Smith, J. M., Ebersole, B. A., and Grzegorzewski, A. S.: Influence of landscape restoration and degradation on
storm surge and waves in southern Louisiana, Nat. Hazards, 51, 207–224,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9378-z, 2009.
Wamsley, T. V., Cialone, M. A., Smith, J. M., Atkinson, J. H., and Rosati, J. D.: The potential of wetlands in reducing storm surge, Ocean Eng., 37, 59–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2009.07.018, 2010.
Wolters, M., Garbutt, A., and Bakker, J. P.: Salt-marsh restoration: evaluating the success of de-embankments in north-west Europe, Biol. Conserv., 123, 249–268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.11.013, 2005.
Yamashita, H.: Studying social perceptions of risks and benefits of coastal
wetland restorations: Its importance and complexities, in: Coastal Wetlands
Restoration, Routledge, 1–16, ISBN 978-0367863081, 2021.
Yamashita, H., Mossman, H., McGrath, T., Taylor, E., Hayashi, A., Austin, W., and Maynard., C.: Communication and Engagement, in: Saltmarsh Restoration Handbook – UK & Ireland, edited by: Hudson, R., Kenworthy, J., and Best, M., Environment Agency, Bristol, UK, https://catchmentbasedapproach.org/learn/saltmarsh-restoration-handbook (last access: 23 February 2022), 2021.
Yang, S. L., Shi, B. W., Bouma, T. J., Ysebaert, T., and Luo, X. X.: Wave
Attenuation at a Salt Marsh Margin: A Case Study of an Exposed Coast on the
Yangtze Estuary, Estuar. Coast., 35, 169–182, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9424-4, 2012.
Download
Please read the editorial note first before accessing the article.
- Article
(2190 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
Coastal nature-based solutions to adapt to sea-level rise, such as managed realignments (MRs), are becoming increasingly popular amongst scientists and coastal managers. However, local communities often oppose these projects, partly because scientific evidence for their efficiency is limited. Here, we propose a framework to work with stakeholders and communities to define success variables of MR projects and co-produce novel knowledge on the projects’ efficiency to mitigate coastal flood risks.
Coastal nature-based solutions to adapt to sea-level rise, such as managed realignments (MRs),...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint