Articles | Volume 22, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2981-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2981-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Sep 2022
Research article |
| 09 Sep 2022
| 09 Sep 2022
Global assessment and mapping of ecological vulnerability to wildfires
Fátima Arrogante-Funes
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of
Geography and Geology, Universidad de Alcalá, Colegios 2, 28801
Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Inmaculada Aguado
Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of
Geography and Geology, Universidad de Alcalá, Colegios 2, 28801
Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Emilio Chuvieco
Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of
Geography and Geology, Universidad de Alcalá, Colegios 2, 28801
Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Related authors
No articles found.
Elena Aragoneses, Mariano García, Michele Salis, Luís M. Ribeiro, and Emilio Chuvieco
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1287–1315, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1287-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1287-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new hierarchical fuel classification system with a total of 85 fuels that is useful for preventing fire risk at different spatial scales. Based on this, we developed a European fuel map (1 km resolution) using land cover datasets, biogeographic datasets, and bioclimatic modelling. We validated the map by comparing it to high-resolution data, obtaining high overall accuracy. Finally, we developed a crosswalk for standard fuel models as a first assignment of fuel parameters.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Joshua Lizundia-Loiola, Magí Franquesa, Martin Boettcher, Grit Kirches, M. Lucrecia Pettinari, and Emilio Chuvieco
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-399, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-399, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Magí Franquesa, Melanie K. Vanderhoof, Dimitris Stavrakoudis, Ioannis Z. Gitas, Ekhi Roteta, Marc Padilla, and Emilio Chuvieco
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3229–3246, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3229-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3229-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The article presents a database of reference sites for the validation of burned area products. We have compiled 2661 reference files from different international projects. The paper describes the methods used to generate and standardize the data. The Burned Area Reference Data (BARD) is publicly available and will facilitate the arduous task of validating burned area algorithms.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Matthias Forkel, Niels Andela, Sandy P. Harrison, Gitta Lasslop, Margreet van Marle, Emilio Chuvieco, Wouter Dorigo, Matthew Forrest, Stijn Hantson, Angelika Heil, Fang Li, Joe Melton, Stephen Sitch, Chao Yue, and Almut Arneth
Biogeosciences, 16, 57–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-57-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-57-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Weather, humans, and vegetation control the occurrence of fires. In this study we find that global fire–vegetation models underestimate the strong increase of burned area with higher previous-season plant productivity in comparison to satellite-derived relationships.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Emilio Chuvieco, Joshua Lizundia-Loiola, Maria Lucrecia Pettinari, Ruben Ramo, Marc Padilla, Kevin Tansey, Florent Mouillot, Pierre Laurent, Thomas Storm, Angelika Heil, and Stephen Plummer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 2015–2031, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2015-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2015-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new global burned area product, generated from MODIS information and thermal anomalies data, providing the highest spatial resolution (approx. 250 m) global product to date. The dataset comprises the 2001–2016 time series of the MODIS archive, and includes two types of BA products: monthly full-resolution continental tiles and biweekly global grid files at a degraded resolution of 0.25 °, supplemented with several auxiliary variables useful for different applications.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Matthias Forkel, Wouter Dorigo, Gitta Lasslop, Irene Teubner, Emilio Chuvieco, and Kirsten Thonicke
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4443–4476, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4443-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4443-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfires affect infrastructures, vegetation, and the atmosphere. However, it is unclear how fires should be accurately represented in global vegetation models. We introduce here a new flexible data-driven fire modelling approach that allows us to explore sensitivities of burned areas to satellite and climate datasets. Our results suggest combining observations with data-driven and process-oriented fire models to better understand the role of fires in the Earth system.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M. Lucrecia Pettinari and Emilio Chuvieco
Biogeosciences, 13, 2061–2076, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2061-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2061-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first global fuel data set, containing all the parameters required to be input in the Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS). It was developed from different spatial variables, both based on satellite Earth Observation products and fuel databases.
This data set could be used for different applications, including fire danger assessment, fire behavior estimations, fuel consumption calculations and emissions inventories.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
J. Martínez-Fernández, E. Chuvieco, and N. Koutsias
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 311–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-311-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-311-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Other Hazards (e.g., Glacial and Snow Hazards, Karst, Wildfires Hazards, and Medical Geo-Hazards)
Characterizing the rate of spread of large wildfires in emerging fire environments of northwestern Europe using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite active fire data
Evaluation of low-cost Raspberry Pi sensors for structure-from-motion reconstructions of glacier calving fronts
Temporal evolution of crack propagation characteristics in a weak snowpack layer: conditions of crack arrest and sustained propagation
A data-driven model for Fennoscandian wildfire danger
Equivalent hazard magnitude scale
Statistical modelling of air quality impacts from individual forest fires in New South Wales, Australia
Drivers of extreme burnt area in Portugal: fire weather and vegetation
Coupling wildfire spread simulations and connectivity analysis for hazard assessment: a case study in Serra da Cabreira, Portugal
Glacial lake outburst flood hazard under current and future conditions: worst-case scenarios in a transboundary Himalayan basin
Reduced order digital twin and latent data assimilation for global wildfire prediction
What weather variables are important for wet and slab avalanches under a changing climate in a low-altitude mountain range in Czechia?
Modelling ignition probability for human- and lightning-caused wildfires in Victoria, Australia
Automated snow avalanche release area delineation in data-sparse, remote, and forested regions
The 2017 Split wildfire in Croatia: evolution and the role of meteorological conditions
Progress and challenges in glacial lake outburst flood research (2017–2021): a research community perspective
The impact of terrain model source and resolution on snow avalanche modeling
A user perspective on the avalanche danger scale – Insights from North America
Travel and terrain advice statements in public avalanche bulletins: a quantitative analysis of who uses this information, what makes it useful, and how it can be improved for users
Data-driven automated predictions of the avalanche danger level for dry-snow conditions in Switzerland
On the correlation between a sub-level qualifier refining the danger level with observations and models relating to the contributing factors of avalanche danger
Automated avalanche hazard indication mapping on a statewide scale
Forecasting the regional fire radiative power for regularly ignited vegetation fires
Environmental factors affecting wildfire-burned areas in southeastern France, 1970–2019
Detrainment and braking of snow avalanches interacting with forests
Past and future trends in fire weather for the UK
Methodological and conceptual challenges in rare and severe event forecast verification
Multi-method monitoring of rockfall activity along the classic route up Mont Blanc (4809 m a.s.l.) to encourage adaptation by mountaineers
Wildfire–atmosphere interaction index for extreme-fire behaviour
How is avalanche danger described in textual descriptions in avalanche forecasts in Switzerland? Consistency between forecasters and avalanche danger
Data-based wildfire risk model for Mediterranean ecosystems – case study of the Concepción metropolitan area in central Chile
The mud volcanoes at Santa Barbara and Aragona (Sicily, Italy): a contribution to risk assessment
Impact of information presentation on interpretability of spatial hazard information: lessons from a study in avalanche safety
ABWiSE v1.0: toward an agent-based approach to simulating wildfire spread
Multi-decadal geomorphic changes of a low-angle valley glacier in the East Kunlun Mountains: remote sensing observations and detachment hazard assessment
Spatial and temporal subsidence characteristics in Wuhan (China), during 2015–2019, inferred from Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry
Formation, evolution, and drainage of short-lived glacial lakes in permafrost environments of the northern Teskey Range, Central Asia
Towards a compound-event-oriented climate model evaluation: a decomposition of the underlying biases in multivariate fire and heat stress hazards
Assessing the effect of lithological setting, block characteristics and slope topography on the runout length of rockfalls in the Alps and on the island of La Réunion
Evolution of surface deformation related to salt-extraction-caused sinkholes in Solotvyno (Ukraine) revealed by Sentinel-1 radar interferometry
Attribution of the Australian bushfire risk to anthropogenic climate change
Synoptic atmospheric circulation patterns associated with deep persistent slab avalanches in the western United States
A regional spatiotemporal analysis of large magnitude snow avalanches using tree rings
Examining the operational use of avalanche problems with decision trees and model-generated weather and snowpack variables
A classification scheme to determine wildfires from the satellite record in the cool grasslands of southern Canada: considerations for fire occurrence modelling and warning criteria
Assessments of land subsidence along the Rizhao–Lankao high-speed railway at Heze, China, between 2015 and 2019 with Sentinel-1 data
Tailings-flow runout analysis: examining the applicability of a semi-physical area–volume relationship using a novel database
Experimental assessment of the relationship between rainfall intensity and sinkholes caused by damaged sewer pipes
Non-stationary extreme value analysis of ground snow loads in the French Alps: a comparison with building standards
Sensitivity of modeled snow stability data to meteorological input uncertainty
Fire Weather Index: the skill provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ensemble prediction system
Adrián Cardíl, Victor M. Tapia, Santiago Monedero, Tomás Quiñones, Kerryn Little, Cathelijne R. Stoof, Joaquín Ramirez, and Sergio de-Miguel
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 361–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-361-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-361-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to unravel large-fire behavior in northwest Europe, a temperate region with a projected increase in wildfire risk. We propose a new method to identify wildfire rate of spread from satellites because it is important to know periods of elevated fire risk for suppression methods and land management. Results indicate that there is a peak in the area burned and rate of spread in the months of March and April, and there are significant differences for forest-type land covers.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Liam S. Taylor, Duncan J. Quincey, and Mark W. Smith
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 329–341, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-329-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-329-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hazards from glaciers are becoming more likely as the climate warms, which poses a threat to communities living beneath them. We have developed a new camera system which can capture regular, high-quality 3D models to monitor small changes in glaciers which could be indicative of a future hazard. This system is far cheaper than more typical camera sensors yet produces very similar quality data. We suggest that deploying these cameras near glaciers could assist in warning communities of hazards.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Bastian Bergfeld, Alec van Herwijnen, Grégoire Bobillier, Philipp L. Rosendahl, Philipp Weißgraeber, Valentin Adam, Jürg Dual, and Jürg Schweizer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 293–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-293-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-293-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
For a slab avalanche to release, the snowpack must facilitate crack propagation over large distances. Field measurements on crack propagation at this scale are very scarce. We performed a series of experiments, up to 10 m long, over a period of 10 weeks. Beside the temporal evolution of the mechanical properties of the snowpack, we found that crack speeds were highest for tests resulting in full propagation. Based on these findings, an index for self-sustained crack propagation is proposed.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sigrid Jørgensen Bakke, Niko Wanders, Karin van der Wiel, and Lena Merete Tallaksen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 65–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-65-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-65-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we developed a machine learning model to identify dominant controls of wildfire in Fennoscandia and produce monthly fire danger probability maps. The dominant control was shallow-soil water anomaly, followed by air temperature and deep soil water. The model proved skilful with a similar performance as the existing Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI). We highlight the benefit of using data-driven models jointly with other fire models to improve fire monitoring and prediction.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yi Victor Wang and Antonia Sebastian
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4103–4118, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-4103-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-4103-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this article, we propose an equivalent hazard magnitude scale and a method to evaluate and compare the strengths of natural hazard events across different hazard types, including earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, droughts, forest fires, tornadoes, cold waves, heat waves, and tropical cyclones. With our method, we determine that both the February 2021 North American cold wave event and Hurricane Harvey in 2017 were equivalent to a magnitude 7.5 earthquake in hazard strength.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michael A. Storey and Owen F. Price
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4039–4062, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-4039-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-4039-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Models are needed to understand and predict pollutant output from forest fires so fire agencies can reduce smoke-related risks to human health. We modelled air quality (PM2.5) based on fire area and weather variables. We found fire area and boundary layer height were influential on predictions, with distance, temperature, wind speed and relative humidity also important. The models predicted reasonably accurately in comparison to other existing methods but would benefit from further development.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tomás Calheiros, Akli Benali, Mário Pereira, João Silva, and João Nunes
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4019–4037, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-4019-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-4019-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fire weather indices are used to assess the effect of weather on wildfires. Fire weather risk was computed and combined with large wildfires in Portugal. Results revealed the influence of vegetation cover: municipalities with a prevalence of shrublands, located in eastern parts, burnt under less extreme conditions than those with higher forested areas, situated in coastal regions. These findings are a novelty for fire science in Portugal and should be considered for fire management.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ana C. L. Sá, Bruno Aparicio, Akli Benali, Chiara Bruni, Michele Salis, Fábio Silva, Martinho Marta-Almeida, Susana Pereira, Alfredo Rocha, and José Pereira
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3917–3938, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing landscape wildfire connectivity supported by wildfire spread simulations can improve fire hazard assessment and fuel management plans. Weather severity determines the degree of fuel patch connectivity and thus the potential to spread large and intense wildfires. Mapping highly connected patches in the landscape highlights patch candidates for prior fuel treatments, which ultimately will contribute to creating fire-resilient Mediterranean landscapes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Simon K. Allen, Ashim Sattar, Owen King, Guoqing Zhang, Atanu Bhattacharya, Tandong Yao, and Tobias Bolch
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3765–3785, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3765-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3765-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study demonstrates how the threat of a very large outburst from a future lake can be feasibly assessed alongside that from current lakes to inform disaster risk management within a transboundary basin between Tibet and Nepal. Results show that engineering measures and early warning systems would need to be coupled with effective land use zoning and programmes to strengthen local response capacities in order to effectively reduce the risk associated with current and future outburst events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Caili Zhang, Sibo Cheng, Matthew Kasoar, and Rossella Arcucci
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1167, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1167, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a digital twin fire model using machine learning techniques to improve the efficiency of global wildfire predictions. The proposed model also manages to efficiently adjust the prediction results thanks to data assimilation techniques. The proposed digital twin runs 500 times faster than the current state-of-the-art physics-based model.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Markéta Součková, Roman Juras, Kryštof Dytrt, Vojtěch Moravec, Johanna Ruth Blöcher, and Martin Hanel
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3501–3525, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3501-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3501-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Avalanches are natural hazards that threaten people and infrastructure. With climate change, avalanche activity is changing. We analysed the change in frequency and size of avalanches in the Krkonoše Mountains, Czechia, and detected important variables with machine learning tools from 1979–2020. Wet avalanches in February and March have increased, and slab avalanches have decreased and become smaller. The identified variables and their threshold levels may help in avalanche decision-making.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Annalie Dorph, Erica Marshall, Kate A. Parkins, and Trent D. Penman
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3487–3499, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3487-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3487-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfire spatial patterns are determined by fire ignition sources and vegetation fuel moisture. Fire ignitions can be mediated by humans (owing to proximity to human infrastructure) or caused by lightning (owing to fuel moisture, average annual rainfall and local weather). When moisture in dead vegetation is below 20 % the probability of a wildfire increases. The results of this research enable accurate spatial mapping of ignition probability to aid fire suppression efforts and future research.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
John Sykes, Pascal Haegeli, and Yves Bühler
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3247–3270, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3247-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3247-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Automated snow avalanche terrain mapping provides an efficient method for large-scale assessment of avalanche hazards, which informs risk management decisions for transportation and recreation. This research reduces the cost of developing avalanche terrain maps by using satellite imagery and open-source software as well as improving performance in forested terrain. The research relies on local expertise to evaluate accuracy, so the methods are broadly applicable in mountainous regions worldwide.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ivana Čavlina Tomašević, Kevin K. W. Cheung, Višnjica Vučetić, Paul Fox-Hughes, Kristian Horvath, Maja Telišman Prtenjak, Paul J. Beggs, Barbara Malečić, and Velimir Milić
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3143–3165, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3143-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3143-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
One of the most severe and impactful urban wildfire events in Croatian history has been reconstructed and analyzed. The study identified some important meteorological influences related to the event: the synoptic conditions of the Azores anticyclone, cold front, and upper-level shortwave trough all led to the highest fire weather index in 2017. A low-level jet, locally known as bura wind that can be explained by hydraulic jump theory, was the dynamic trigger of the event.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Adam Emmer, Simon K. Allen, Mark Carey, Holger Frey, Christian Huggel, Oliver Korup, Martin Mergili, Ashim Sattar, Georg Veh, Thomas Y. Chen, Simon J. Cook, Mariana Correas-Gonzalez, Soumik Das, Alejandro Diaz Moreno, Fabian Drenkhan, Melanie Fischer, Walter W. Immerzeel, Eñaut Izagirre, Ramesh Chandra Joshi, Ioannis Kougkoulos, Riamsara Kuyakanon Knapp, Dongfeng Li, Ulfat Majeed, Stephanie Matti, Holly Moulton, Faezeh Nick, Valentine Piroton, Irfan Rashid, Masoom Reza, Anderson Ribeiro de Figueiredo, Christian Riveros, Finu Shrestha, Milan Shrestha, Jakob Steiner, Noah Walker-Crawford, Joanne L. Wood, and Jacob C. Yde
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3041–3061, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3041-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3041-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) have attracted increased research attention recently. In this work, we review GLOF research papers published between 2017 and 2021 and complement the analysis with research community insights gained from the 2021 GLOF conference we organized. The transdisciplinary character of the conference together with broad geographical coverage allowed us to identify progress, trends and challenges in GLOF research and outline future research needs and directions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Aubrey Miller, Pascal Sirguey, Simon Morris, Perry Bartelt, Nicolas Cullen, Todd Redpath, Kevin Thompson, and Yves Bühler
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2673–2701, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2673-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2673-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Natural hazard modelers simulate mass movements to better anticipate the risk to people and infrastructure. These simulations require accurate digital elevation models. We test the sensitivity of a well-established snow avalanche model (RAMMS) to the source and spatial resolution of the elevation model. We find key differences in the digital representation of terrain greatly affect the simulated avalanche results, with implications for hazard planning.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Abby Morgan, Pascal Haegeli, Henry Finn, and Patrick Mair
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-764, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-764, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The avalanche danger scale is a critical component for communicating the severity of avalanche hazard conditions to the public. We examine how backcountry recreationists in North America understand and use the danger scale for planning trips into the backcountry. Our results provide an important user perspective on the strengths and weaknesses of the existing scale and highlight opportunities for future improvements.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kathryn C. Fisher, Pascal Haegeli, and Patrick Mair
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1973–2000, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1973-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1973-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Avalanche bulletins include travel and terrain statements to provide recreationists with tangible guidance about how to apply the hazard information. We examined which bulletin users pay attention to these statements, what determines their usefulness, and how they could be improved. Our study shows that reducing jargon and adding simple explanations can significantly improve the usefulness of the statements for users with lower levels of avalanche awareness education who depend on this advice.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cristina Pérez-Guillén, Frank Techel, Martin Hendrick, Michele Volpi, Alec van Herwijnen, Tasko Olevski, Guillaume Obozinski, Fernando Pérez-Cruz, and Jürg Schweizer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2031–2056, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2031-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2031-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A fully data-driven approach to predicting the danger level for dry-snow avalanche conditions in Switzerland was developed. Two classifiers were trained using a large database of meteorological data, snow cover simulations, and danger levels. The models performed well throughout the Swiss Alps, reaching a performance similar to the current experience-based avalanche forecasts. This approach shows the potential to be a valuable supplementary decision support tool for assessing avalanche hazard.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Frank Techel, Stephanie Mayer, Cristina Pérez-Guillén, Günter Schmudlach, and Kurt Winkler
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1911–1930, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Can the resolution of forecasts of avalanche danger be increased by using a combination of absolute and comparative judgments? Using 5 years of Swiss avalanche forecasts, we show that, on average, sub-levels assigned to a danger level reflect the expected increase in the number of locations with poor snow stability and in the number and size of avalanches with increasing forecast sub-level.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yves Bühler, Peter Bebi, Marc Christen, Stefan Margreth, Lukas Stoffel, Andreas Stoffel, Christoph Marty, Gregor Schmucki, Andrin Caviezel, Roderick Kühne, Stephan Wohlwend, and Perry Bartelt
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1825–1843, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1825-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1825-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To calculate and visualize the potential avalanche hazard, we develop a method that automatically and efficiently pinpoints avalanche starting zones and simulate their runout for the entire canton of Grisons. The maps produced in this way highlight areas that could be endangered by avalanches and are extremely useful in multiple applications for the cantonal authorities, including the planning of new infrastructure, making alpine regions more safe.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tero M. Partanen and Mikhail Sofiev
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1335–1346, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1335-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1335-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The presented method aims to forecast regional wildfire-emitted radiative power in a time-dependent manner several days in advance. The temporal fire radiative power can be converted to an emission production rate, which can be implemented in air quality forecasting simulations. It is shown that in areas with a high incidence of wildfires, the fire radiative power is quite predictable, but otherwise it is not.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christos Bountzouklis, Dennis M. Fox, and Elena Di Bernardino
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1181–1200, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1181-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1181-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The study addresses the evolution of burned areas in southeastern France from 1970 to 2019 through the scope of a firefighting policy shift in 1994 that resulted in a significant decrease in the burned area. Regions with large fires were particularly impacted, whereas, in other areas, the fires remained frequent and occurred closer to built-up zones. Environmental characteristics such as south-facing slopes and low vegetation (bushes) are increasingly associated with burned areas.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Louis Védrine, Xingyue Li, and Johan Gaume
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1015–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1015-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1015-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates how forests affect the behaviour of snow avalanches through the evaluation of the amount of snow stopped by the trees and the analysis of energy dissipation mechanisms. Different avalanche features and tree configurations have been examined, leading to the proposal of a unified law for the detrained snow mass. Outcomes from this study can be directly implemented in operational models for avalanche risk assessment and contribute to improved forest management strategy.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Matthew C. Perry, Emilie Vanvyve, Richard A. Betts, and Erika J. Palin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 559–575, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-559-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In the past, wildfires in the UK have occurred mainly in spring, with occasional events during hot, dry summers. Climate models predict a large future increase in hazardous fire weather conditions in summer. Wildfire can be considered an
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
emergent riskfor the UK, as past events have not had widespread major impacts, but this could change. The large increase in risk between the 2 °C and 4 °C levels of global warming highlights the importance of global efforts to keep warming below 2 °C.
Philip A. Ebert and Peter Milne
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 539–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-539-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-539-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
There is no consensus about how to assess the quality of binary (yes or no) rare and severe event forecasts, i.e. forecasts involving natural hazards like tornadoes or avalanches. We offer a comprehensive overview of the challenges we face when making such an assessment and provide a critical review of existing solutions. We argue against all but one existing solution to assess the quality of such forecasts and present practical consequences to improve forecasting services.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jacques Mourey, Pascal Lacroix, Pierre-Allain Duvillard, Guilhem Marsy, Marco Marcer, Emmanuel Malet, and Ludovic Ravanel
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 445–460, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-445-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-445-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
More frequent rockfalls in high alpine environments due to climate change are a growing threat to mountaineers. This hazard is particularly important on the classic route up Mont Blanc. Our results show that rockfalls are most frequent during snowmelt periods and the warmest hours of the day, and that mountaineers do not adapt to the local rockfall hazard when planning their ascent. Disseminating the knowledge acquired from our study caused management measures to be implemented for the route.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tomàs Artés, Marc Castellnou, Tracy Houston Durrant, and Jesús San-Miguel
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 509–522, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-509-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-509-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During the last 20 years extreme wildfires have challenged firefighting capabilities. Several fire danger indices are routinely used by firefighting services but are not suited to forecast convective extreme wildfire behaviour at the global scale. This article proposes a new fire danger index for deep moist convection, the extreme-fire behaviour index (EFBI), based on the analysis of the vertical profiles of the atmosphere above wildfires to use along with traditional fire danger indices.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Veronika Hutter, Frank Techel, and Ross S. Purves
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3879–3897, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3879-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3879-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
How is avalanche danger described in public avalanche forecasts? We analyzed 6000 textual descriptions of avalanche danger in Switzerland, taking the perspective of the forecaster. Avalanche danger was described rather consistently, although the results highlight the difficulty of communicating conditions that are neither rare nor frequent, neither small nor large. The study may help to refine the ways in which avalanche danger could be communicated to the public.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Edilia Jaque Castillo, Alfonso Fernández, Rodrigo Fuentes Robles, and Carolina G. Ojeda
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3663–3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3663-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3663-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfires pose risks to lives and livelihoods in many regions of the world. Particularly in Chile's central-south region, climate change, widespread land use change, and urban growth tend to increase the likelihood of fire occurrence. Our work focused on the Concepción metropolitan area, where we developed a model using machine learning in order to map wildfire risks. We found that the interface between urban areas and forestry plantations presents the highest risks.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alessandro Gattuso, Francesco Italiano, Giorgio Capasso, Antonino D'Alessandro, Fausto Grassa, Antonino Fabio Pisciotta, and Davide Romano
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3407–3419, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Santa Barbara and Aragona are affected by mud volcanism with episodic hazardous paroxysm events. Two potentially hazardous paroxysm exposed surfaces of 0.12 and 0.20 km2 were elaborated with DSMs and with historical information on the paroxysms that occurred in the past. This paper, in the end, could be a useful tool for civil protection authorities in order to take appropriate risk mitigation measurements for exposed people and for monitoring activities.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kathryn C. Fisher, Pascal Haegeli, and Patrick Mair
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3219–3242, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3219-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Avalanche warning services publish condition reports to help backcountry recreationists make informed decisions about when and where to travel in avalanche terrain. We tested how different graphic representations of terrain information can affect users’ ability to interpret and apply the provided information. Our study shows that a combined presentation of aspect and elevation information is the most effective. These results can be used to improve avalanche risk communication products.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jeffrey Katan and Liliana Perez
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3141–3160, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3141-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3141-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfires are an integral part of ecosystems worldwide, but they also pose a serious risk to human life and property. To further our understanding of wildfires and allow experimentation without recourse to live fires, this study presents an agent-based modelling approach to combine the complexity possible with physical models with the ease of computation of empirical models. Model calibration and validation show bottom-up simulation tracks the core elements of complexity of fire across scales.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xiaowen Wang, Lin Liu, Yan Hu, Tonghua Wu, Lin Zhao, Qiao Liu, Rui Zhang, Bo Zhang, and Guoxiang Liu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2791–2810, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2791-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2791-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the multi-decadal geomorphic changes of a low-angle valley glacier in the East Kunlun Mountains and assessed the detachment hazard influence. The observations reveal a slow surge-like dynamic pattern of the glacier tongue. The maximum runout distances of two endmember avalanche scenarios were presented. This study provides a reference to evaluate the runout hazards of low-angle mountain glaciers prone to detachment.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xuguo Shi, Shaocheng Zhang, Mi Jiang, Yuanyuan Pei, Tengteng Qu, Jinhu Xu, and Chen Yang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2285–2297, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2285-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2285-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We mapped the subsidence of Wuhan using Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired during 2015–2019. Overall subsidence coincides with the distribution of engineered geological regions with soft soils, while the subsidence centers shifted with urban construction activities. Correlation between karst subsidence and concentrated rainfall was identified in Qingling–Jiangdi. Results indicate that interferometric SAR can be employed to routinely monitor and identify geohazards.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mirlan Daiyrov and Chiyuki Narama
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2245–2256, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2245-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2245-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the Teskey Range of the Tien Shan (Kyrgyz Republic), four outburst flood disasters from short-lived glacial lakes in 2006, 2008, 2013, and 2014 caused severe damages in the downstream part. Short-lived glacial lakes grow rapidly and drain within a few months, due to closure and opening of an outlet ice tunnel in an ice-cored moraine complex at the glacier front. We investigated how short-lived glacial lakes store and drain water over short periods based on field survey and satellite data.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Roberto Villalobos-Herrera, Emanuele Bevacqua, Andreia F. S. Ribeiro, Graeme Auld, Laura Crocetti, Bilyana Mircheva, Minh Ha, Jakob Zscheischler, and Carlo De Michele
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1867–1885, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1867-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1867-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Climate hazards may be caused by events which have multiple drivers. Here we present a method to break down climate model biases in hazard indicators down to the bias caused by each driving variable. Using simplified fire and heat stress indicators driven by temperature and relative humidity as examples, we show how multivariate indicators may have complex biases and that the relationship between driving variables is a source of bias that must be considered in climate model bias corrections.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kerstin Wegner, Florian Haas, Tobias Heckmann, Anne Mangeney, Virginie Durand, Nicolas Villeneuve, Philippe Kowalski, Aline Peltier, and Michael Becht
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1159–1177, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In mountainous regions rockfall is a common geomorphic process. We selected four study sites that feature different rock types. High-resolution terrestrial laser scanning data were acquired to measure the block size and block shape (axial ratio) of rockfall particles on the scree deposits. Laser scanning data were also used to characterize the morphology of these landforms. Our results show that hill slope and rock particle properties govern rock particle runout in a complex manner.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Eszter Szűcs, Sándor Gönczy, István Bozsó, László Bányai, Alexandru Szakacs, Csilla Szárnya, and Viktor Wesztergom
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 977–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-977-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-977-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sinkhole formation and post-collapse deformation in the Solotvyno salt mining area was studied where the salt dissolution due to water intrusion poses a significant risk. Based on a Sentinel-1 data set, remarkable surface deformation with a maximum rate of 5 cm/yr was revealed, and it was demonstrated that the deformation process has a linear characteristic although the mining activity was ended more than 10 years ago.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Folmer Krikken, Sophie Lewis, Nicholas J. Leach, Flavio Lehner, Kate R. Saunders, Michiel van Weele, Karsten Haustein, Sihan Li, David Wallom, Sarah Sparrow, Julie Arrighi, Roop K. Singh, Maarten K. van Aalst, Sjoukje Y. Philip, Robert Vautard, and Friederike E. L. Otto
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 941–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-941-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-941-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Southeastern Australia suffered from disastrous bushfires during the 2019/20 fire season, raising the question whether these have become more likely due to climate change. We found no attributable trend in extreme annual or monthly low precipitation but a clear shift towards more extreme heat. However, this shift is underestimated by the models. Analysing fire weather directly, we found that the chance has increased by at least 30 %, but due to the underestimation it could well be higher.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Andrew R. Schauer, Jordy Hendrikx, Karl W. Birkeland, and Cary J. Mock
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 757–774, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-757-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-757-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our research links upper atmospheric circulation patterns to a destructive and difficult-to-predict type of snow avalanche in the western United States. At each of our study sites, we find unique circulation patterns that tend to occur at the beginning of the winter season during years with major avalanche activity. We also find specific patterns that occur frequently in the days leading to major avalanche events. This work will enable practitioners to better anticipate these challenging events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Erich Peitzsch, Jordy Hendrikx, Daniel Stahle, Gregory Pederson, Karl Birkeland, and Daniel Fagre
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 533–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-533-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-533-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We sampled 647 trees from 12 avalanche paths to investigate large snow avalanches over the past 400 years in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Sizable avalanches occur approximately every 3 years across the region. Our results emphasize the importance of sample size, scale, and spatial extent when reconstructing avalanche occurrence across a region. This work can be used for infrastructure planning and avalanche forecasting operations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Simon Horton, Moses Towell, and Pascal Haegeli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3551–3576, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3551-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3551-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate patterns in how avalanche forecasters characterize snow avalanche hazard with avalanche problem types. Decision tree analysis was used to investigate both physical influences based on weather and on snowpack variables and operational practices. The results highlight challenges with developing decision aids based on previous hazard assessments.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dan K. Thompson and Kimberly Morrison
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3439–3454, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3439-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3439-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We describe critically low relative humidity and high wind speeds above which only documented wildfires were seen to occur and where no agricultural fires were documented in southern Canada. We then applied these thresholds to the much larger satellite record from 2002–2018 to quantify regional differences in both the rate of observed burning and the number of days with critical weather conditions to sustain a wildfire in this grassland and agricultural region.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Chuanguang Zhu, Wenhao Wu, Mahdi Motagh, Liya Zhang, Zongli Jiang, and Sichun Long
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3399–3411, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the contemporary ground deformation along the RLHR-HZ using Sentinel-1 data and find that the RLHR-HZ runs through two main subsidence areas. A total length of 35 km of the RLSR-HZ is affected by the two subsidence basins. Considering the previous investigation coupled with information on human activities, we conclude that the subsidence is mainly caused by extraction of groundwater and underground mining.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Negar Ghahramani, Andrew Mitchell, Nahyan M. Rana, Scott McDougall, Stephen G. Evans, and W. Andy Take
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3425–3438, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3425-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3425-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Tailings flows result from the breach of tailings dams. These flows contain waste products of the mineral processing operations and can travel substantial distances, causing significant loss of life, environmental damage, and economic costs. This paper establishes a new tailings-flow runout classification system, describes a new database of events that have been mapped in detail using the new system, and examines the applicability of a semi-physical area–volume relationship using the new data.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tae-Young Kwak, Sang-Inn Woo, Choong-Ki Chung, and Joonyoung Kim
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3343–3359, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3343-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3343-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, model tests were used to analyze the effects of rainfall intensity on the formation of the eroded zone and the occurrence of sinkholes due to groundwater infiltration through pipe defects. The model tests were conducted to simulate the actual site conditions considering the soil used around sewer pipe networks and the sewer pipe landfill standards. The groundwater level was applied to the model tests by setting three hydraulic heads based on heavy-rainfall characteristics.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Erwan Le Roux, Guillaume Evin, Nicolas Eckert, Juliette Blanchet, and Samuel Morin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2961–2977, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2961-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2961-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To minimize the risk of structure collapse due to extreme snow loads, structure standards rely on 50-year return levels of ground snow load (GSL), i.e. levels exceeded once every 50 years on average, that do not account for climate change. We study GSL data in the French Alps massifs from 1959 and 2019 and find that these 50-year return levels are decreasing with time between 900 and 4800 m of altitude, but they still exceed return levels of structure standards for half of the massifs at 1800 m.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Bettina Richter, Alec van Herwijnen, Mathias W. Rotach, and Jürg Schweizer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2873–2888, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2873-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2873-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the sensitivity of modeled snow instability to uncertainties in meteorological input, typically found in complex terrain. The formation of the weak layer was very robust due to the long dry period, indicated by a widespread avalanche problem. Once a weak layer has formed, precipitation mostly determined slab and weak layer properties and hence snow instability. When spatially assessing snow instability for avalanche forecasting, accurate precipitation patterns have to be known.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Francesca Di Giuseppe, Claudia Vitolo, Blazej Krzeminski, Christopher Barnard, Pedro Maciel, and Jesús San-Miguel
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2365–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2365-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2365-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Forecasting of daily fire weather indices driven by the ECMWF ensemble prediction system is shown to have a good skill up to 10 d ahead in predicting flammable conditions in most regions of the world. The availability of these forecasts through the Copernicus Emergency Management Service can extend early warnings by up to 1–2 weeks, allowing for greater proactive coordination of resource-sharing and mobilization within and across countries.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
Abson, D. J., Dougill, A. J., and Stringer, L. C.: Using Principal Component
Analysis for information-rich socio-ecological vulnerability mapping in
Southern Africa, Appl. Geogr., 35, 515–524,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.08.004, 2012.
Alcasena, F. J., Salis, M., Nauslar, N. J., Aguinaga, A. E., and
Vega-García, C.: Quantifying economic losses from wildfires in black
pine afforestations of northern Spain, For. Policy Econ., 73, 153–167,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016.09.005, 2016.
Aponte, C., de Groot, W. J., and Wotton, B. M.: Forest fires and climate change: causes, consequences and management options, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 25, i–ii, 2016.
Aretano, R., Semeraro, T., Petrosillo, I., De Marco, A., Pasimeni, M. R.,
and Zurlini, G.: Mapping ecological vulnerability to fire for effective
conservation management of natural protected areas, Ecol. Modell., 295,
163–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.09.017, 2015.
Arrogante-Funes, P., Bruzón, A. G., Arrogante-Funes, F., Ramos-Bernal,
R. N., and Vázquez-Jiménez, R.: Integration of vulnerability and
hazard factors for landslide risk assessment, Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub.
He., 18, 11987, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211987, 2021.
Baeza, A. M. J., Valdecantos, A., Alloza, J. A., Vallejo, V. R., Centro, I.,
Ambientales, D. E., Darwin, C. C. R., and Tecnoldgico, P.: Human Disturbance
and Environmental Factors as Drivers of Long-Term Post-Fire Regeneration
Patterns in Mediterranean Forests, J. Veg. Sci., 18, 243–252, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4499220 (last access: 16 March 2021), 2007.
Bajocco, S., Salvati, L., and Ricotta, C.: Land degradation versus fire: A
spiral process?, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 35, 3–18,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133310380768, 2011.
Barrio, M., Loureiro, M., and Chas, M. L.: Aproximación a las
pérdidas económicas ocasionadas a corto plazo por los incendios
forestales en Galicia en 2006, Econ. Agrar. Recur. Nat., 7, 45,
https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2007.14.03, 2011.
Berry, P. M., Rounsevell, M. D. A., Harrison, P. A., and Audsley, E.:
Assessing the vulnerability of agricultural land use and species to climate
change and the role of policy in facilitating adaptation, Environ. Sci.
Policy, 9, 189–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2005.11.004, 2006.
Bond, W. J., Woodward, F. I., and Midgley, G. F.: The global distribution of
ecosystems in a world without fire, New Phytol., 165, 525–538,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01252.x, 2005.
Borrelli, P., Robinson, D. A., Fleischer, L. R., Lugato, E., Ballabio, C.,
Alewell, C., Meusburger, K., Modugno, S., Schütt, B., Ferro, V.,
Bagarello, V., Oost, K. Van, Montanarella, L., and Panagos, P.: An
assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil
erosion, Nat. Commun., 8, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02142-7, 2017.
Borrero, S. and Henao, F.: Can managers be really objective? Bias in
multicriteria decision analysis, Acad. Strateg. Manag. J., 16, 244–260,
2017.
Bowman, D. M. J. S., Balch, J. K., Artaxo, P., Bond, W. J., Carlson, J. M.,
Cochrane, M. A., D'Antonio, C. M., DeFries, R. S., Doyle, J. C., Harrison,
S. P., Johnston, F. H., Keeley, J. E., Krawchuk, M. A., Kull, C. A.,
Marston, J. B., Moritz, M. A., Prentice, I. C., Roos, C. I., Scott, A. C.,
Swetnam, T. W., Van Der Werf, G. R., and Pyne, S. J.: Fire in the earth
system, Science, 324, 481–484, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1163886, 2009.
Buhk, C., Meyn, A., and Jentsch, A.: The challenge of plant regeneration
after fire in the Mediterranean Basin: Scientific gaps in our knowledge on
plant strategies and evolution of traits, Plant Ecol., 192, 1–19,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-006-9224-2, 2007.
Burgess, N., Hales, J. D. A., Ricketts, T. H., and Dinerstein, E.: Factoring
species, non-species values and threats into biodiversity prioritisation
across the ecoregions of Africa and its islands, Biol. Conserv., 127,
383–401, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.08.018, 2006.
Burgess, N., de Lima, M. G., Kingston, N., Blythe, S., Tompkins, I., Coad, L., and Leverington, F.: Protected Area Management Effectiveness in WWF Global Priority Places, Cambridge, UNEP-WCMC. Así, está citado en otros artículos, 2014.
Caprio, A. C. and Graber, D. M.: Returning fire to the mountains: can we
successfully restore the ecological role of pre-Euroamerican fire regimes to
the Sierra Nevada, edited by: Cole, D., McCool, S., and O'Loughlin, J., in:
Wilderness science in a time of change conference, Ogden, UT, USA, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Proceedings RMRS, 5, 233–241, 2000.
Chuvieco, E., Aguado, I., Yebra, M., Nieto, H., Martín, M. P., Vilar,
L., Martínez, J., Padrón, D., Martín, S., and Salas, J.:
Cartografía del peligro de incendios forestales mediante
Teledetección y SIG, Teledetección – Hacia un Mejor entendimiento la
dinámica global y regional, Madrid, Editorial Martín, Glob. Reg., 19–26, 2007.
Chuvieco, E., Aguado, I., Yebra, M., Nieto, H., Salas, J., Martín, M.
P., Vilar, L., Martínez, J., Martín, S., Ibarra, P., de la Riva,
J., Baeza, J., Rodríguez, F., Molina, J. R., Herrera, M. A., and
Zamora, R.: Development of a framework for fire risk assessment using remote
sensing and geographic information system technologies, Ecol. Model., 221,
46–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.11.017, 2010.
Chuvieco, E., Martínez, S., Román, M. V., Hantson, S., and
Pettinari, M. L.: Integration of ecological and socio-economic factors to
assess global vulnerability to wildfire, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 23,
245–258, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12095, 2014.
Cinner, J. E., McClanahan, T. R., Graham, N. A. J., Daw, T. M., Maina, J.,
Stead, S. M., Wamukota, A., Brown, K., and Bodin, O.: Vulnerability of
coastal communities to key impacts of climate change on coral reef
fisheries, Global Environ. Chang., 22, 12–20,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.018, 2012.
Clavijo, A. U., Delgado, M. G., and González, P. B.: Análisis de
Sensibilidad aplicado a modelos de crecimiento urbano basados en
autómatas celulares de estructura irregular, Cuad. Geográficos, 58,
326–348, 2019.
Cochrane, M. A. and Laurance, W. F.: Fire as a large-scale edge effect in
Amazonian forests, J. Trop. Ecol., 18, 311–325,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467402002237, 2002.
Collinge, S. K.: Ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation:
Implications for landscape architecture and planning, Landscape Urban Plan.,
36, 59–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(96)00341-6, 1996.
Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J., and Shirley, W. L.: Social vulnerability to
environmental hazards, Soc. Sci. Q., 84, 242–261,
https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.8402002, 2003.
De Groot, W. J. B., Goldammer, J. G., Keenan, T., Brady, M. A., Lynham, T.
J., Justice, C. O., Csiszar, I. A., and O'Loughlin, K.: Developing a global
early warning system for wildland fire, V Int. Conf. For. Fire Res., 234, S10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.025, 2006.
Díaz-Delgado, R., Lloret, F., Pons, X., and Terradas, J.: Satellite
evidence of decreasing resilience in mediterranean plant communities after
recurrent wildfires, Ecology, 83, 2293–2303,
https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2293:SEODRI]2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Dinerstein, E., Olson, D., Graham, D., Webster, A., Pimm, S., Bookbinder,
M., and Ledec, G.: A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean, World Wildlife Fund and World Bank, Washington, DCFAO (2003), USA, FAOs global estimate of mangroves, https://www.fao.org/home/en/ (last access: 20 January 2021), 1995.
Duguy, B. and Vallejo, V. R.: Land-use and fire history effects on post-fire
vegetation dynamics in eastern Spain, J. Veg. Sci., 19, 97–108, 2008.
Duguy, B., Alloza, J. A., Baeza, M. J., De La Riva, J., Echeverría, M.,
Ibarra, P., Llovet, J., Cabello, F. P., Rovira, P., and Vallejo, R. V.:
Modelling the ecological vulnerability to forest fires in mediterranean
ecosystems using geographic information technologies, Environ. Manage., 50,
1012–1026, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9933-3, 2012.
Duro, D. C., Coops, N. C., Wulder, M. A., and Han, T.: Development of a
large area biodiversity monitoring system driven by remote sensing, Prog.
Phys. Geogr., 31, 235–260, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133307079054, 2007.
FAO/UNEP/UNESCO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations): A provisional methodology for soil degradation assessment, United Nations, Rome, Food Agric. Organ., 75, 1979.
Flannigan, M. D., Krawchuk, M. A., De Groot, W. J., Wotton, B. M., and
Gowman, L. M.: Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire,
Int. J. Wildland Fire, 18, 483–507, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF08187, 2009.
Freudenberger, L., Hobson, P. R., Schluck, M., and Ibisch, P. L.: A global
map of the functionality of terrestrial ecosystems, Ecol. Complex., 12,
13–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2012.08.002, 2012.
El Gibari, S., Gómez, T., and Ruiz, F.: Building composite indicators
using multicriteria methods: a review, J. Bus. Econ., 89, 1–24,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-018-0902-z, 2019.
Giovannini, G. and Lucchesi, S.: Modifications induced in soil
physico-chemical parameters by experimental fires at different intensities,
Soil Sci., 162, 479–486, 1997.
Gómez-Delgado, M. and Tarantola, S.: GLOBAL sensitivity analysis, GIS
and multi-criteria evaluation for a sustainable planning of a hazardous
waste disposal site in Spain, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci., 20, 449–466,
https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810600607709, 2006.
González, J. R., Kolehmainen, O., and Pukkala, T.: Using expert
knowledge to model forest stand vulnerability to fire, Comput. Electron.
Agric., 55, 107–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2006.12.005, 2007.
Gonzalez, P. B., Aguilera-Benavente, F., and Gomez-Delgado, M.: Partial
validation of cellular automata based model simulations of urban growth: An
approach to assessing factor influence using spatial methods, Environ.
Model. Softw., 69, 77–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.03.008, 2015.
Goodchild, M. F., Steyaert, L. T., Parks, B. O., Johnston, C., Maidment, D., Crane, M., and Glendinning, S.: GIS and environmental modeling: progress and research issues, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 318–331, ISBN 9780470236772, 1996.
Gouveia, C., DaCamara, C. C., and Trigo, R. M.: Post-fire vegetation recovery in Portugal based on spot/vegetation data, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 673–684, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-673-2010, 2010.
Guyette, R. P., Muzika, R. M., and Dey, D. C.: Dynamics of an Anthropogenic
Fire Regime, Ecosystems, 6, 326–335, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0115-7, 2002.
Hämäläinen, R. P. and Alaja, S.: The threat of weighting biases
in environmental decision analysis, Ecol. Econ., 68, 556–569,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.05.025, 2008.
Heuvelink, G. B.: Error propagation in environmental modelling with GIS, CRC
Press, 105 p., ISBN 9780748407439, 1998.
Heuvelink, G. B., Burrough, P. A., and Stein, A.: Propagation of errors in
spatial modelling with GIS, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst., 3, 303–322, 1989.
Higuera, P. E., Brubaker, L. B., Anderson, P. M., Hu, F. S., and Brown, T.
A.: Vegetation mediated the impacts of postglacial climate change on fire
regimes in the south-central Brooks Range, Alaska, Ecol. Monogr., 79,
201–219, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2019.1, 2009.
Hilton-Taylor, C. and Brackett, D.: 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, IUCN, Gland,
Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, xviii, 61 p., ISBN 9782831705644, 2000.
Hobson, K. A. and Schieck, J.: Changes in bird communities in boreal
mixedwood forest: Harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years, Ecol. Appl.,
9, 849–863,
https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0849:CIBCIB]2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Hoekstra, J. M., Molnar, J. L., Jennings, M., Revenga, C., Spalding, M. D.,
Boucher, T. M., Robertson, J. C., Heibel, T. J., and Ellison, K.: The Atlas
of global conservation: changes, challenges, and opportunities to make a
difference, J. L. Molnar. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1–272, https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.48-0280, 2010.
Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y. D. J. G., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der
Linden, P. J. Dai, X., and Johnson, C. A.: Climate change 2001: the
scientific basis, The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, Contribution of Working Group I to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom and New York, USA, 881 pp., ISBN 0521807670, 2001.
Ippolito, A., Sala, S., Faber, J. H., and Vighi, M.: Ecological
vulnerability analysis: A river basin case study, Sci. Total Environ., 408,
3880–3890, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.002, 2010.
IUCN and UNEP-WCMC: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Ambridge (UK): UNEP 826 World Conservation Monitoring Centre, https://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/12 (last access: 27 January 2021), 2020.
Kier, G., Mutke, J., Dinerstein, E., Ricketts, T. H., Küper, W., Kreft,
H., and Barthlott, W.: Global patterns of plant diversity and floristic
knowledge, J. Biogeogr., 32, 1107–1116,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01272.x, 2005.
Kier, G., Kreft, H., Tien, M. L., Jetz, W., Ibisch, P. L., Nowicki, C.,
Mutke, J., and Barthlott, W.: A global assessment of endemism and species
richness across island and mainland regions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 9322–9327, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810306106, 2009.
Kirkman, L. K., Mitchell, R. J., Helton, R. C., and Drew, M. B.:
Productivity and species richness across an environmental gradient in a
fire-dependent ecosystem, Am. J. Bot., 88, 2119–2128,
https://doi.org/10.2307/3558437, 2001.
Kodandapani, N., Cochrane, M. A., and Sukumar, R.: A comparative analysis of
spatial, temporal, and ecological characteristics of forest fires in
seasonally dry tropical ecosystems in the Western Ghats, India, For. Ecol.
Manage., 256, 607–617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.006, 2008.
Krinner, G., Viovy, N., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Ogée, J., Polcher,
J., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., and Prentice, I. C.: A dynamic
global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere
system, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, 1–33,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002199, 2005.
Landesmann, J. B., Gowda, J. H., Garibaldi, L. A., and Kitzberger, T.:
Survival, growth and vulnerability to drought in fire refuges: implications
for the persistence of a fire-sensitive conifer in northern Patagonia,
Oecologia, 179, 1111–1122, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3431-2, 2015.
Lindner, M., Maroschek, M., Netherer, S., Kremer, A., Barbati, A.,
Garcia-Gonzalo, J., Seidl, R., Delzon, S., Corona, P., Kolström, M.,
Lexer, M. J., and Marchetti, M.: Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity,
and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems, Forest Ecol. Manage., 259,
698–709, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.023, 2010.
Mace, G. M. and Lande, R.: Assessing extinction threats: towards a
reassessment of IUCN endangered species categories, Conserv. Biol., 5,
148–157, 1991.
Martínez Vega, J., Romero Calcerrada, R., and Echavarría, P.:
Valoración paisajística y ecológica de la Comunidad de Madrid:
su integración en un índice sintético de riesgo de incendios
forestales, Rev. Teledetección, 28, 43–60, 2007.
Midgley, G. F. and Bond, W. J.: Future of African terrestrial biodiversity
and ecosystems under anthropogenic climate change, Nat. Clim. Change, 5,
823–829, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2753, 2015.
Moreira, F., Viedma, O., Arianoutsou, M., Curt, T., Koutsias, N., Rigolot,
E., Barbati, A., Corona, P., Vaz, P., Xanthopoulos, G., Mouillot, F., and
Bilgili, E.: Landscape – wildfire interactions in southern Europe:
Implications for landscape management, J. Environ. Manage., 92, 2389–2402,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.028, 2011.
Moreno, A. and Becken, S.: A climate change vulnerability assessment
methodology for coastal tourism, J. Sustain. Tour., 17, 473–488,
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802651681, 2009.
Moreno-Martínez, Á., Camps-Valls, G., Kattge, J., Robinson, N.,
Reichstein, M., van Bodegom, P., Kramer, K., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Reich,
P., Bahn, M., Niinemets, Ü., Peñuelas, J., Craine, J. M.,
Cerabolini, B. E. L., Minden, V., Laughlin, D. C., Sack, L., Allred, B.,
Baraloto, C., Byun, C., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., and Running, S. W.: A
methodology to derive global maps of leaf traits using remote sensing and
climate data, Remote Sens. Environ., 218, 69–88,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.09.006, 2018.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A., and
Kent, J.: Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities, Nature, 468,
895, https://doi.org/10.1038/468895a, 2010.
Nagendra, H. and Rocchini, D.: High resolution satellite imagery for
tropical biodiversity studies: The devil is in the detail, Biodivers.
Conserv., 17, 3431–3442, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9479-0, 2008.
Nitschke, C. R. and Innes, J. L.: Potential effect of climate change on
observed fire regimes in the Cordilleran forests of South-Central Interior,
British Columbia, Clim. Change, 116, 579–591,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0522-5, 2013.
Olson, D. M. and Dinerstein, E.: The Global 200: Priority Ecoregions for
Global Conservation, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 89, 199,
https://doi.org/10.2307/3298564, 2002.
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell,
G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E.,
Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y.,
Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P., and Kassem, K. R.: Terrestrial
Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth, Bioscience, 51, 933,
https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:teotwa]2.0.co;2, 2001.
Pausas, J. G. and Ribeiro, E.: Fire and plant diversity at the global scale,
Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 26, 889–897, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12596,
2017.
Pausas, J. G., Carreras, J., Ferré, A., and Font, X.: Coarse-scale plant
species richness in relation to environmental heterogeneity, J. Veg. Sci.,
14, 661–668, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02198.x, 2003.
Pereira, H. M., Rosa, I. M. D., Martins, I. S., and Al, E.: Supplementary
Materials for “Global trends in biodiversity and ecosystem services from 1900
to 2050”, BioRxiv, Science, 1, 1–5, 2020.
Poos, M. S., Walker, S. C., and Jackson, D. A.: Functional-diversity indices
can be driven by methodological choices and species richness, Ecology, 90,
341–347, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1638.1, 2009.
Potapov, P., Yaroshenko, A., Turubanova, S., Dubinin, M., Laestadius, L.,
Thies, C., Aksenov, D., Egorov, A., Yesipova, Y., Glushkov, I.,
Karpachevskiy, M., Kostikova, A., Manisha, A., Tsybikova, E., and
Zhuravleva, I.: Mapping the world's intact forest landscapes by remote
sensing, Ecol. Soc., 13, 51, https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02670-130251, 2008.
Preston, B. L., Yuen, E. J., and Westaway, R. M.: Putting vulnerability to
climate change on the map: A review of approaches, benefits, and risks,
Sustain. Sci., 6, 177–202, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-011-0129-1, 2011.
Richards, D. and Rowe, W. D.: Decision-making with heterogeneous sources of
information, Risk Anal., 19, 69–81, 1999.
Ricketts, T. H., Dinerstein, E., Olson, D., Loucks, C. J., Eichbaum, W.,
DellaSala, D., Kavanagh, K., Hedao, P., Hurley, P. T., Carney, K. M., Abell,
R., and Walters, S.: Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation
Assessment, Island Press, Washington DC, 485 pp., ISBN 9781559637220, 1999a.
Ricketts, T. H., Dinerstein, E., Olson, D. M., and Loucks, C.: Who's Where
in North Patterns of species richness and the utility of indicator taxa,
Bioscience, 49, 369–381, 1999b.
Rosenzweig, M. L.: Species Diversity in Space and Time, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623387, 1995.
Saltelli, A., Chan, K., and Scott, M.: Sensitivity Analysis John Wiley & Sons publishers, LTD, England, Probability and Statistics series, 2000.
Scott, D. F. and Van Wyk, D. B.: The effects of wildfire on soil wettability
and hydrological behaviour of an afforested catchment, J. Hydrol., 121,
239–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90234-O, 1990.
Semeraro, T., Mastroleo, G., Aretano, R., Facchinetti, G., Zurlini, G., and
Petrosillo, I.: GIS Fuzzy Expert System for the assessment of ecosystems
vulnerability to fire in managing Mediterranean natural protected areas, J.
Environ. Manage., 168, 94–103,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.053, 2016.
Shlisky, A., Waugh, J., Gonzalez, P., Gonzalez, M., Manta, M., Santoso, H.,
Alvarado, E., Ainuddin, A., Rodríguez-trejo, D. A., Swaty, R., Schmidt,
D., Kaufmann, M., Myers, R., Alencar, A., Kearns, F., Johnson, D., Smith,
J., and Zollner, D.: Fire, ecosystems and people: threats and strategies for global biodiversity conservation, Arlington: The Nature Conservancy, GFI Technical Report 2007-2, Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy Glob. Fire Initiat. Tech. Rep., 17, 2007.
Stephens, S. L., Agee, J. K., Fule, P. Z., North, M. P., Romme, W. H., Swetnam, T. W., and Turner, M. G.: Managing forests and fire in changing climates, Science, 342, 41–42, 2013.
Turner, B. L., Kasperson, R. E., Matsone, P. A., McCarthy, J. J., Corell, R.
W., Christensene, L., Eckley, N., Kasperson, J. X., Luers, A., Martello, M.
L., Polsky, C., Pulsipher, A., and Schiller, A.: A framework for
vulnerability analysis in sustainability science, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 8074–8079, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1231335100, 2003.
UNISDIR: Making disaster risk reduction gender sensitive: Policy and practical guidelines, 2009.
Williams, L. R. R. and Kapustka, L. A.: Ecosystem vulnerability: A complex
interface with technical components, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 19,
1055–1058, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190435, 2000.
World Wildlife Fund: WildFinder: Online database of species distributions, https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/wildfinder-database (last access: 20 January 2021), 2006.
Xing, Y., and Ree, R. H.: Uplift-driven diversification in the Hengduan Mountains, a temperate biodiversity hotspot, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, E3444–E3451, 2017.
Short summary
We show that ecological value might be reduced by 50 % due to fire perturbation in ecosystems that have not developed in the presence of fire and/or that present changes in the fire regime. The biomes most affected are tropical and subtropical forests, tundra, and mangroves. Integration of biotic and abiotic fire regime and regeneration factors resulted in a powerful way to map ecological vulnerability to fire and develop assessments to generate adaptation plans of management in forest masses.
We show that ecological value might be reduced by 50 % due to fire perturbation in ecosystems...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint