Articles | Volume 22, issue 2
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 617–637, 2022
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-617-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 617–637, 2022
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-617-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
25 Feb 2022
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 25 Feb 2022
Multilayer modelling of waves generated by explosive subaqueous volcanism
Matthew W. Hayward et al.
Related authors
No articles found.
Jean Roger, Bernard Pelletier, Aditya Gusman, William Power, Xiaoming Wang, David Burbidge, and Maxime Duphil
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-157, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-157, 2022
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
On 10 February 2021 a magnitude 7.7 earthquake occurring at the southernmost part of the Vanuatu subduction zone triggered a regional tsunami that was recorded on many coastal gauges and DART stations of the southwest Pacific region. Beginning with a review of the tectonic setup and its implication in terms of tsunami generation in the region, this study aims to show our ability to reproduce a small tsunami with different types of rupture model, and to discuss a larger magnitude 8.2 scenario.
Geoffroy Kirstetter, Olivier Delestre, Pierre-Yves Lagrée, Stéphane Popinet, and Christophe Josserand
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7117–7132, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7117-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7117-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The development of forecasting tools may help to limit the impacts of flash floods. Our purpose here is to demonstrate the possibility of using b-flood, which is a 2D tool based on shallow-water equations and adaptive mesh refinement.
James H. Williams, Thomas M. Wilson, Nick Horspool, Ryan Paulik, Liam Wotherspoon, Emily M. Lane, and Matthew W. Hughes
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 451–470, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-451-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-451-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Post-event field survey data from two tsunami events, the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami, Japan, and the 2015 Illapel tsunami, Chile, are used in this study to develop fragility functions for roads and bridges. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of supplementing post-event field surveys with remotely sensed data. The resulting fragility functions address a substantial research gap in tsunami impacts on infrastructure and include a range of subtleties in asset and hazard characteristics.
Marie D. Jackson, Magnús T. Gudmundsson, Tobias B. Weisenberger, J. Michael Rhodes, Andri Stefánsson, Barbara I. Kleine, Peter C. Lippert, Joshua M. Marquardt, Hannah I. Reynolds, Jochem Kück, Viggó T. Marteinsson, Pauline Vannier, Wolfgang Bach, Amel Barich, Pauline Bergsten, Julia G. Bryce, Piergiulio Cappelletti, Samantha Couper, M. Florencia Fahnestock, Carolyn F. Gorny, Carla Grimaldi, Marco Groh, Ágúst Gudmundsson, Ágúst T. Gunnlaugsson, Cédric Hamlin, Thórdís Högnadóttir, Kristján Jónasson, Sigurdur S. Jónsson, Steffen L. Jørgensen, Alexandra M. Klonowski, Beau Marshall, Erica Massey, Jocelyn McPhie, James G. Moore, Einar S. Ólafsson, Solveig L. Onstad, Velveth Perez, Simon Prause, Snorri P. Snorrason, Andreas Türke, James D. L. White, and Bernd Zimanowski
Sci. Dril., 25, 35–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-25-35-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-25-35-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Three new cored boreholes through Surtsey volcano, an isolated island in southeastern Iceland, provide fresh insights into understanding how explosive submarine volcanism and the earliest alteration of basaltic deposits proceed in a pristine oceanic environment. The still-hot volcano was first sampled through a drill core in 1979. The time-lapse drill cores record the changing geochemical, mineralogical, microbiological, and material properties of the basalt 50 years after eruptions terminated.
J. Antoon van Hooft, Stéphane Popinet, and Bas J. H. van de Wiel
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4727–4738, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4727-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4727-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this work the use of adaptive Cartesian meshes in atmospheric single-column models is explored. Results are presented for test scenarios based on the first two GEWEX ABL Study (GABLS) inter-comparison studies. Consistent with existing literature, we conclude that the method is promising and future atmospheric modelling efforts would warrant the extension of the present techniques to a three-dimensional grid.
M. D. Jackson, M. T. Gudmundsson, W. Bach, P. Cappelletti, N. J. Coleman, M. Ivarsson, K. Jónasson, S. L. Jørgensen, V. Marteinsson, J. McPhie, J. G. Moore, D. Nielson, J. M. Rhodes, C. Rispoli, P. Schiffman, A. Stefánsson, A. Türke, T. Vanorio, T. B. Weisenberger, J. D. L. White, R. Zierenberg, and B. Zimanowski
Sci. Dril., 20, 51–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-20-51-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-20-51-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A new drilling program at Surtsey Volcano, a 50-year-old oceanic island and UNESCO World Heritage site in Iceland, will undertake interdisciplinary investigations of rift zone volcanism, dynamic hydrothermal mineral assemblages in basaltic tephra, and subterrestrial microbial colonization and succession in altered tephra and hydrothermal fluids. Long-term monitoring of evolving hydrothermal and biological processes will occur through installation of a 200m deep Surtsey subsurface observatory.
G. Lamarche, S. Popinet, B. Pelletier, J. Mountjoy, J. Goff, S. Delaux, and J. Bind
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1763–1784, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1763-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1763-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The research investigates the tsunami hazard in the remote French territory of Wallis and Futuna, Southwest Pacific, using numerical computer modelling of tsunami generation, propagation and inundation. Wallis consists of the inhabited island of Uvéa that is surrounded by a lagoon delimited by a barrier reef, whereas Futuna and the island of Alofi form the Horn Archipelago located ca. 240 km east. Futuna and Alofi are surrounded by a narrow fringing reef and emerge from the North Fiji Transform.
Related subject area
Sea, Ocean and Coastal Hazards
Modelling the sequential earthquake–tsunami response of coastal road embankment infrastructure
Historical tsunamis of Taiwan in the 18th century: the 1781 Jiateng Harbor flooding and 1782 tsunami event
Multilevel multifidelity Monte Carlo methods for assessing uncertainty in coastal flooding
Reconstruction of wind and surge of the 1906 storm tide at the German North Sea coast
Developing a framework for the assessment of current and future flood risk in Venice, Italy
Storm surge hazard over Bengal delta: a probabilistic–deterministic modelling approach
Compound flood impact of water level and rainfall during tropical cyclone periods in a coastal city: the case of Shanghai
Generating reliable estimates of tropical-cyclone-induced coastal hazards along the Bay of Bengal for current and future climates using synthetic tracks
The role of heat wave events in the occurrence and persistence of thermal stratification in the southern North Sea
Tsunami hazard in Lombok and Bali, Indonesia, due to the Flores back-arc thrust
Real-time coastal flood hazard assessment using DEM-based hydrogeomorphic classifiers
Rapid tsunami force prediction by mode-decomposition-based surrogate modeling
Characteristics of two tsunamis generated by successive Mw 7.4 and Mw 8.1 earthquakes in the Kermadec Islands on 4 March 2021
Mesoscale simulation of typhoon-generated storm surge: methodology and Shanghai case study
Submarine landslide source modeling using the 3D slope stability analysis method for the 2018 Palu, Sulawesi, tsunami
Characteristics and beach safety knowledge of beachgoers on unpatrolled surf beaches in Australia
Robust uncertainty quantification of the volume of tsunami ionospheric holes for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake: towards low-cost satellite-based tsunami warning systems
A coupled modelling system to assess the effect of Mediterranean storms under climate change
Correlation of wind waves and sea level variations on the coast of the seasonally ice-covered Gulf of Finland
The role of morphodynamics in predicting coastal flooding from storms on a dissipative beach with sea level rise conditions
Time-dependent Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis for Western Sumatra, Indonesia, Using Space-Time Earthquake Rupture Modelling and Stochastic Source Scenarios
Statistical estimation of spatial wave extremes for tropical cyclones from small data samples: validation of the STM-E approach using long-term synthetic cyclone data for the Caribbean Sea
Development of damage curves for buildings near La Rochelle during storm Xynthia based on insurance claims and hydrodynamic simulations
Investigating the interaction of waves and river discharge during compound flooding at Breede Estuary, South Africa
Still normal? Near-real-time evaluation of storm surge events in the context of climate change
The influence of infragravity waves on the safety of coastal defences: a case study of the Dutch Wadden Sea
Assessment of potential beach erosion risk and impact of coastal zone development: a case study on Bongpo–Cheonjin Beach
Characteristics and coastal effects of a destructive marine storm in the Gulf of Naples (southern Italy)
Probabilistic, high-resolution tsunami predictions in northern Cascadia by exploiting sequential design for efficient emulation
Towards using state-of-the-art climate models to help constrain estimates of unprecedented UK storm surges
Review article: Extreme marine events revealed by lagoonal sedimentary records in Ghar El Melh during the last 2500 years in the northeast of Tunisia
Exploring the partial use of the Mo.S.E. system as effective adaptation to rising flood frequency of Venice
Variable-resolution building exposure modelling for earthquake and tsunami scenario-based risk assessment: an application case in Lima, Peru
The Mw 7.5 Tadine (Maré, Loyalty Islands) earthquake and related tsunami of 5 December 2018: seismotectonic context and numerical modeling
Tidal flood area mapping in the face of climate change scenarios: case study in a tropical estuary in the Brazilian semi-arid region
Distribution of coastal high water level during extreme events around the UK and Irish coasts
Occurrence of pressure-forced meteotsunami events in the eastern Yellow Sea during 2010–2019
Characteristics of joint heavy precipitation and high sea level events on the Finnish coast in 1961–2020
Partitioning the uncertainty contributions of dependent offshore forcing conditions in the probabilistic assessment of future coastal flooding at a macrotidal site
Tsunami heights and limits in 1945 along the Makran coast estimated from testimony gathered 7 decades later in Gwadar, Pasni and Ormara
Sea-level rise in Venice: historic and future trends (review article)
Extreme floods of Venice: characteristics, dynamics, past and future evolution (review article)
The prediction of floods in Venice: methods, models and uncertainty (review article)
Venice flooding and sea level: past evolution, present issues, and future projections (introduction to the special issue)
Estimation of the non-exceedance probability of extreme storm surges in South Korea using tidal-gauge data
Towards an efficient storm surge and inundation forecasting system over the Bengal delta: chasing the Supercyclone Amphan
Performance of the Adriatic early warning system during the multi-meteotsunami event of 11–19 May 2020: an assessment using energy banners
Characteristics of building fragility curves for seismic and non-seismic tsunamis: case studies of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi–Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis
Deep uncertainties in shoreline change projections: an extra-probabilistic approach applied to sandy beaches
Tsunami propagation kernel and its applications
Azucena Román-de la Sancha, Rodolfo Silva, Omar S. Areu-Rangel, Manuel Gerardo Verduzco-Zapata, Edgar Mendoza, Norma Patricia López-Acosta, Alexandra Ossa, and Silvia García
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2589–2609, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2589-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2589-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Transport networks in coastal urban areas are vulnerable to seismic events, with damage likely due to both ground motions and tsunami loading. The paper presents an approach that captures the earthquake–tsunami effects on transport infrastructure in a coastal area, taking into consideration the combined strains of the two events. The model is applied to a case in Manzanillo, Mexico, using ground motion records of the 1995 earthquake–tsunami event.
Tien-Chi Liu, Tso-Ren Wu, and Shu-Kun Hsu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2517–2530, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2517-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2517-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The findings from historical reports and numerical studies suggest the 1781 Jiateng Harbor flooding and the 1782 tsunami should be two independent incidents. Local tsunamis generated in southwest Taiwan could be responsible for the 1781 flooding, while the existence of the 1782 tsunami remains doubtful. With the documents of a storm event on 22 May 1782, the possibility that the significant water level of the 1782 tsunami was caused by storm surges or multiple hazards could not be ignored.
Mariana C. A. Clare, Tim W. B. Leijnse, Robert T. McCall, Ferdinand L. M. Diermanse, Colin J. Cotter, and Matthew D. Piggott
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2491–2515, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing uncertainty is computationally expensive because it requires multiple runs of expensive models. We take the novel approach of assessing uncertainty from coastal flooding using a multilevel multifidelity (MLMF) method which combines the efficiency of less accurate models with the accuracy of more expensive models at different resolutions. This significantly reduces the computational cost but maintains accuracy, making previously unfeasible real-world studies possible.
Elke Magda Inge Meyer, Ralf Weisse, Iris Grabemann, Birger Tinz, and Robert Scholz
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2419–2432, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2419-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2419-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The severe storm tide of 13 March 1906 is still one of the most severe storm events for the East Frisian coast. Water levels from this event are considered for designing dike lines. For the first time, we investigate this event with a hydrodynamic model by forcing with atmospheric data from 147 ensemble members from century reanalysis projects and a manual reconstruction of the synoptic situation. Water levels were notably high due to a coincidence of high spring tides and high surge.
Julius Schlumberger, Christian Ferrarin, Sebastiaan N. Jonkman, Manuel Andres Diaz Loaiza, Alessandro Antonini, and Sandra Fatorić
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2381–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2381-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2381-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Flooding has serious impacts on the old town of Venice. This paper presents a framework combining a flood model with a flood-impact model to support improving protection against future floods in Venice despite the recently built MOSE barrier. Applying the framework to seven plausible flood scenarios, it was found that individual protection has a significant damage-mediating effect if the MOSE barrier does not operate as anticipated. Contingency planning thus remains important in Venice.
Md Jamal Uddin Khan, Fabien Durand, Kerry Emanuel, Yann Krien, Laurent Testut, and A. K. M. Saiful Islam
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2359–2379, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2359-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2359-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cyclonic storm surges constitute a major threat to lives and properties along the vast coastline of the Bengal delta. From a combination of cyclone and storm surge modelling, we present a robust probabilistic estimate of the storm surge flooding hazard under the current climate. The estimated extreme water levels vary regionally, and the inland flooding is strongly controlled by the embankments. More than 1/10 of the coastal population is currently exposed to 50-year return period flooding.
Hanqing Xu, Zhan Tian, Laixiang Sun, Qinghua Ye, Elisa Ragno, Jeremy Bricker, Ganquan Mao, Jinkai Tan, Jun Wang, Qian Ke, Shuai Wang, and Ralf Toumi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2347–2358, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2347-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2347-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A hydrodynamic model and copula methodology were used to set up a joint distribution of the peak water level and the inland rainfall during tropical cyclone periods, and to calculate the marginal contributions of the individual drivers. The results indicate that the relative sea level rise has significantly amplified the peak water level. The astronomical tide is the leading driver, followed by the contribution from the storm surge.
Tim Willem Bart Leijnse, Alessio Giardino, Kees Nederhoff, and Sofia Caires
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1863–1891, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1863-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1863-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Deriving reliable estimates of design conditions resulting from tropical cyclones is a challenge of high relevance to coastal engineering. Here, having few historical observations is overcome by using the Tropical Cyclone Wind Statistical Estimation Tool (TCWiSE) to create thousands of synthetic realizations, representative of 1000 years of tropical cyclone activity for the Bay of Bengal. The use of synthetic tracks is shown to provide more reliable wind speed, storm surge and wave estimates.
Wei Chen, Joanna Staneva, Sebastian Grayek, Johannes Schulz-Stellenfleth, and Jens Greinert
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1683–1698, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1683-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1683-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study links the occurrence and persistence of density stratification in the southern North Sea to the increased number of extreme marine heat waves. The study further identified the role of the cold spells at the early stage of a year to the intensity of thermal stratification in summer. In a broader context, the research will have fundamental significance for further discussion of the secondary effects of heat wave events, such as in ecosystems, fisheries, and sediment dynamics.
Raquel P. Felix, Judith A. Hubbard, Kyle E. Bradley, Karen H. Lythgoe, Linlin Li, and Adam D. Switzer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1665–1682, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1665-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1665-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Flores Thrust lies along the north coasts of Bali and Lombok. We model how an earthquake on this fault could trigger a tsunami that would impact the regional capital cities of Mataram and Denpasar. We show that for 3–5 m of slip on the fault (a Mw 7.5–7.9+ earthquake), the cities would experience a wave ca. 1.6–2.7 and ca. 0.6–1.4 m high, arriving in < 9 and ca. 23–27 min, respectively. They would also experience subsidence of 20–40 cm, resulting in long-term exposure to coastal hazards.
Keighobad Jafarzadegan, David F. Muñoz, Hamed Moftakhari, Joseph L. Gutenson, Gaurav Savant, and Hamid Moradkhani
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1419–1435, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1419-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1419-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The high population settled in coastal regions and the potential damage imposed by coastal floods highlight the need for improving coastal flood hazard assessment techniques. This study introduces a topography-based approach for rapid estimation of flood hazard areas in the Savannah River delta. Our validation results demonstrate that, besides the high efficiency of the proposed approach, the estimated areas accurately overlap with reference flood maps.
Kenta Tozato, Shinsuke Takase, Shuji Moriguchi, Kenjiro Terada, Yu Otake, Yo Fukutani, Kazuya Nojima, Masaaki Sakuraba, and Hiromu Yokosu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1267–1285, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1267-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1267-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel framework for rapid tsunami force predictions through the application of mode-decomposition-based surrogate modeling with 2D–3D coupled numerical simulations. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework to one of the tsunami-affected areas during the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011.
Yuchen Wang, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Kenji Satake, and Gui Hu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1073–1082, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tsunami waveforms contain the features of its source, propagation path, and local topography. On 4 March 2021, two tsunamis were generated by earthquakes in the Kermadec Islands, New Zealand, within 2 h. This rare case gives us a valuable opportunity to study the characteristics of two tsunamis. We analyzed the records of two tsunamis at tide gauges with spectral analysis tools. It is found that two tsunamis superpose during the few hours after the arrival of the second tsunami.
Shuyun Dong, Wayne J. Stephenson, Sarah Wakes, Zhongyuan Chen, and Jianzhong Ge
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 931–945, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-931-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-931-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mesoscale simulation provides a general approach that could be implemented to fulfill the purpose of planning and has relatively low requirements for computation time and data while still providing reasonable accuracy. The method is generally applicable to all coastal cities around the world for examining the effect of future climate change on typhoon-generated storm surge even where historical observed data are inadequate or not available.
Chatuphorn Somphong, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Tsuyoshi Nagasawa, Yuya Narita, Ryunosuke Tawatari, Shohei Iwai, Yukio Mabuchi, Saneiki Fujita, Shuji Moriguchi, Kenjiro Terada, Cipta Athanasius, and Fumihiko Imamura
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 891–907, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-891-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-891-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The majority of past research used hypothesized landslides to simulate tsunamis, but they were still unable to properly explain the observed data. In this study, submarine landslides were simulated by using a slope-failure-theory-based numerical model for the first time. The findings were verified with post-event field observational data. They indicated the potential presence of submarine landslide sources in the southern part of the bay and were consistent with the observational tsunamis.
Lea Uebelhoer, William Koon, Mitchell D. Harley, Jasmin C. Lawes, and Robert W. Brander
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 909–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-909-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-909-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Beachgoers at unpatrolled Australian beaches were surveyed to gain an understanding of their demographics, beach safety knowledge, and behaviour. Most visited unpatrolled beaches out of convenience and because they wanted to visit a quiet location. Despite being infrequent beachgoers, with poor swimming and hazard identification skills, most intended to enter the water. Authorities should go beyond the
swim between the flagssafety message, as people will always swim at unpatrolled beaches.
Ryuichi Kanai, Masashi Kamogawa, Toshiyasu Nagao, Alan Smith, and Serge Guillas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 849–868, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-849-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-849-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The air pressure created by a tsunami causes a depression in the electron density in the ionosphere. The depression is measured at sparsely distributed, moving GPS satellite locations. We provide an estimate of the volume of the depression. When applied to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake in Japan, our method can warn of a tsunami event within 15 min of the earthquake, even when using only 5 % of the data. Thus satellite-based warnings could be implemented across the world with our approach.
Riccardo Alvise Mel, Teresa Lo Feudo, Massimo Miceli, Salvatore Sinopoli, and Mario Maiolo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-67, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-67, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we present a coupled modelling system to compute the wind climate and the hydrodynamic two-dimensional field in coastal areas, with particular reference to the Marine Experimental Station of Capo Tirone (Italy). We combined sea level rise and extreme storm projections with the most recent georeferenced territorial data.
Milla M. Johansson, Jan-Victor Björkqvist, Jani Särkkä, Ulpu Leijala, and Kimmo K. Kahma
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 813–829, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed the correlation of sea level and wind waves at a coastal location in the Gulf of Finland using tide gauge data, wave measurements, and wave simulations. The correlation was positive for southwesterly winds and negative for northeasterly winds. Probabilities of high total water levels (sea level + wave crest) are underestimated if sea level and waves are considered independent. Suitably chosen copula functions can account for the dependence.
Jairo E. Cueto, Luis J. Otero Díaz, Silvio R. Ospino-Ortiz, and Alec Torres-Freyermuth
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 713–728, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-713-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-713-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the importance of morphodynamics on flooding estimation during storms with sea level rise conditions on a microtidal beach. XBeach and SWAN were the numerical models used to test several case studies. The results indicate that numerical modeling of flooding should be approached by considering morphodynamics; ignoring them can underestimate flooding by ~ 15 %. Moreover, beach erosion and flooding are intensified by sea level rise and high tides in ~ 69 % and ~ 65 %, respectively.
Ario Muhammad, Katsuichiro Goda, and Maximilian J. Werner
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-59, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-59, 2022
Revised manuscript under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
This study develops a novel framework of time-dependent (TD) probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis (PTHA) combining a total of ≥ 100,000 spatiotemporal earthquakes (EQ) rupture models and 6,300 probabilistic tsunami simulations to evaluate the tsunami hazards and compare them with the time-independent (TI) PTHA results. The proposed model can capture the uncertainty of future TD tsunami hazards and produces slightly higher hazard estimates than the TI model for short-term periods (< 30 years).
Ryota Wada, Jeremy Rohmer, Yann Krien, and Philip Jonathan
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 431–444, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Characterizing extreme wave environments caused by tropical cyclones in the Caribbean Sea near Guadeloupe is difficult because cyclones rarely pass near the location of interest. STM-E (space-time maxima and exposure) model utilizes wave data during cyclones on a spatial neighbourhood. Long-duration wave data generated from a database of synthetic tropical cyclones are used to evaluate the performance of STM-E. Results indicate STM-E provides estimates with small bias and realistic uncertainty.
Manuel Andres Diaz Loaiza, Jeremy D. Bricker, Remi Meynadier, Trang Minh Duong, Rosh Ranasinghe, and Sebastiaan N. Jonkman
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 345–360, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-345-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-345-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Extratropical cyclones are one of the major causes of coastal floods in Europe and the world. Understanding the development process and the flooding of storm Xynthia, together with the damages that occurred during the storm, can help to forecast future losses due to other similar storms. In the present paper, an analysis of shallow water variables (flood depth, velocity, etc.) or coastal variables (significant wave height, energy flux, etc.) is done in order to develop damage curves.
Sunna Kupfer, Sara Santamaria-Aguilar, Lara van Niekerk, Melanie Lück-Vogel, and Athanasios T. Vafeidis
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 187–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In coastal regions, flooding can occur from combined tides, storms, river discharge, and waves. Effects of waves are commonly neglected when assessing flooding, although these may strongly contribute to extreme water levels. We find that waves combined with tides and river discharge at Breede Estuary, South Africa, increased flood extent and depth and caused earlier flooding than when waves were neglected. This highlights the need to consider all major flood drivers in future flood assessments.
Xin Liu, Insa Meinke, and Ralf Weisse
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 97–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-97-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-97-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges represent a threat to low-lying coastal areas. In the aftermath of severe events, it is often discussed whether the events were unusual. Such information is not readily available from observations but needs contextualization with long-term statistics. An approach that provides such information in near real time was developed and implemented for the German coast. It is shown that information useful for public and scientific debates can be provided in near real time.
Christopher H. Lashley, Sebastiaan N. Jonkman, Jentsje van der Meer, Jeremy D. Bricker, and Vincent Vuik
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Many coastlines around the world have shallow foreshores (e.g. salt marshes and mudflats) that reduce storm waves and the risk of coastal flooding. However, most of the studies that tried to quantify this effect have excluded the influence of very long waves, which often dominate in shallow water. Our newly developed framework addresses this oversight and suggests that safety along these coastlines may be overestimated, since these very long waves are largely neglected in flood risk assessments.
Changbin Lim, Tae Kon Kim, Sahong Lee, Yoon Jeong Yeon, and Jung Lyul Lee
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3827–3842, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3827-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3827-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study aimed to quantitatively assess erosion risk. Methods for assessing each potential were proposed, and the corresponding erosion risk was calculated by introducing a combined potential erosion risk curve presenting the erosion consequence. In addition the method for verifying the risk was examined for the east coast of South Korea. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature and plays a key role in identifying methods that prevent erosion.
Gaia Mattei, Diana Di Luccio, Guido Benassai, Giorgio Anfuso, Giorgio Budillon, and Pietro Aucelli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3809–3825, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3809-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the characteristics of a destructive marine storm in the strongly inhabited coastal area of the Gulf of Naples, along the Italian coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, which is highly vulnerable to marine storms due to the accelerated relative sea level rise trend and the increased anthropogenic impact on the coastal area. Finally, a first assessment of the return period of this event was evaluated using local press reports on damage to urban furniture and port infrastructures.
Dimitra M. Salmanidou, Joakim Beck, Peter Pazak, and Serge Guillas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3789–3807, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3789-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3789-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The potential of large-magnitude earthquakes in Cascadia poses a significant threat over a populous region of North America. We use statistical emulation to assess the probabilistic tsunami hazard from such events in the region of the city of Victoria, British Columbia. The emulators are built following a sequential design approach for information gain over the input space. To predict the hazard at coastal locations of the region, two families of potential seabed deformation are considered.
Tom Howard and Simon David Paul Williams
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3693–3712, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3693-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3693-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use a computer model to simulate storm surges around the coast of the United Kingdom. The model is based on the physics of the atmosphere and oceans. We hope that this will help us to better quantify extreme events: even bigger than those that have been seen in the tide gauge record. Our model simulates events which are comparable to the catastrophic 1953 storm surge. Model simulations have the potential to reduce the uncertainty in inferences of the most extreme surge return levels.
Balkis Samah Kohila, Laurent Dezileau, Soumaya Boussetta, Tarek Melki, and Nejib Kallel
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3645–3661, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3645-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3645-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Tunisian coast has been historically affected by extreme marine submersion events resulting from storms or tsunamis. To establish adaptation and mitigation strategies, it is essential to study these events in terms of spatial and temporal variability. Using a geological archive (sediment cores and surface sediments) retrieved from this coastal area of Tunisia, we present a reconstruction of past marine submersion events over the last 2500 years.
Riccardo A. Mel
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3629–3644, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3629-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3629-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The present study investigates the hydrodynamics of the Venice lagoon if a partial use of the Mo.S.E. system (i.e. by closing the Lido inlet only) will be adopted.
A linear relationship is obtained between the seaward tidal amplitude and the reduction of the sea level peak at Venice, Burano, and Chioggia. Tidal period and wind have been accounted for. Two-thirds of the flood events can be effectively mitigated by such an operation under relative sea level rise scenarios up to +0.4 m.
Juan Camilo Gomez-Zapata, Nils Brinckmann, Sven Harig, Raquel Zafrir, Massimiliano Pittore, Fabrice Cotton, and Andrey Babeyko
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3599–3628, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3599-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3599-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present variable-resolution boundaries based on central Voronoi tessellations (CVTs) to spatially aggregate building exposure models and physical vulnerability assessment. Their geo-cell sizes are inversely proportional to underlying distributions that account for the combination between hazard intensities and exposure proxies. We explore their efficiency and associated uncertainties in risk–loss estimations and mapping from decoupled scenario-based earthquakes and tsunamis in Lima, Peru.
Jean Roger, Bernard Pelletier, Maxime Duphil, Jérôme Lefèvre, Jérôme Aucan, Pierre Lebellegard, Bruce Thomas, Céline Bachelier, and David Varillon
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3489–3508, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3489-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3489-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study deals with the 5 December 2018 tsunami in New Caledonia and Vanuatu (southwestern Pacific) triggered by a Mw 7.5 earthquake that occurred southeast of Maré, Loyalty Islands, and was widely felt in the region. Numerical modeling results of the tsunami using a non-uniform and a uniform slip model compared to real tide gauge records and observations are globally well correlated for the uniform slip model, especially in far-field locations.
Paulo Victor N. Araújo, Venerando E. Amaro, Leonlene S. Aguiar, Caio C. Lima, and Alexandre B. Lopes
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3353–3366, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3353-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3353-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The approach of this work is a tidal flood risk mapping methodology for climate change scenarios in a semi-arid region with a strong environmental and social appeal. The study area has been suffering severe consequences from flooding by tides in recent years. High-geodetic-precision data, together with tidal return period statistics and data from current sea level rise scenarios, were used. This case study can serve as a basis for future management actions and as a model to be copied.
Julia Rulent, Lucy M. Bricheno, J. A. Mattias Green, Ivan D. Haigh, and Huw Lewis
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3339–3351, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3339-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3339-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High coastal total water levels (TWLs) can lead to flooding and hazardous conditions for coastal communities and environment. In this research we are using numerical models to study the interactions between the three main components of the TWL (waves, tides, and surges) on UK and Irish coasts during winter 2013/14. The main finding of this research is that extreme waves and surges can indeed happen together, even at high tide, but they often occurred simultaneously 2–3 h before high tide.
Myung-Seok Kim, Seung-Buhm Woo, Hyunmin Eom, and Sung Hyup You
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3323–3337, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3323-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3323-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present spatial and temporal trends of meteotsunami occurrence in the eastern Yellow Sea over the past decade (2010–2019). Also, the improved meteotsunami monitoring/warning system was proposed based on occurrence characteristics of an air pressure disturbance and meteotsunami on the classified meteotsunami events. The guidance regarding the operation period, potential hot spot, and risk level of the meteotsunamis will be helpful to monitoring/warning system operators.
Mika Rantanen, Kirsti Jylhä, Jani Särkkä, Jani Räihä, and Ulpu Leijala
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-314, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-314, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Using sea level and precipitation observations, we analysed the meteorological characteristics of days when heavy precipitation and high sea level occur simultaneously in Finland. We found that around 5 % of all heavy precipitation and high sea level events on the Finnish coast are so called compound events when they both occur simultaneously, and these events were associated with close passages of mid-latitude cyclones. Our results act as a basis for compound flooding research in Finland.
Jeremy Rohmer, Deborah Idier, Remi Thieblemont, Goneri Le Cozannet, and François Bachoc
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-271, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-271, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the influence of wave/wind characteristics, offshore water level and sea level rise (projected up to 2200) on the occurrence of flooding events at Gâvres town-French Atlantic coast. Our results outline the overwhelming influence of sea level rise over time compared to the others. By showing the robustness of our conclusions to the errors in the estimation procedure, our approach proves to be a valuable tool to explore and characterize uncertainties in assessments of future flooding.
Hira Ashfaq Lodhi, Shoaib Ahmed, and Haider Hasan
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3085–3096, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3085-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3085-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The study summarizes historical accounts, eyewitness accounts and newspaper items to report the impact of the 1945 tsunami along the Makran coast of Pakistan. A field survey conducted in Gwadar, Pasni and Ormara quantifies inundation parameters in the three cities, using the landmarks reported in eyewitness accounts and newspaper items. The quantification of runup and inundation extents is based either on the field survey or on old maps.
Davide Zanchettin, Sara Bruni, Fabio Raicich, Piero Lionello, Fanny Adloff, Alexey Androsov, Fabrizio Antonioli, Vincenzo Artale, Eugenio Carminati, Christian Ferrarin, Vera Fofonova, Robert J. Nicholls, Sara Rubinetti, Angelo Rubino, Gianmaria Sannino, Giorgio Spada, Rémi Thiéblemont, Michael Tsimplis, Georg Umgiesser, Stefano Vignudelli, Guy Wöppelmann, and Susanna Zerbini
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2643–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Relative sea level in Venice rose by about 2.5 mm/year in the past 150 years due to the combined effect of subsidence and mean sea-level rise. We estimate the likely range of mean sea-level rise in Venice by 2100 due to climate changes to be between about 10 and 110 cm, with an improbable yet possible high-end scenario of about 170 cm. Projections of subsidence are not available, but historical evidence demonstrates that they can increase the hazard posed by climatically induced sea-level rise.
Piero Lionello, David Barriopedro, Christian Ferrarin, Robert J. Nicholls, Mirko Orlić, Fabio Raicich, Marco Reale, Georg Umgiesser, Michalis Vousdoukas, and Davide Zanchettin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2705–2731, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2705-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2705-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this review we describe the factors leading to the extreme water heights producing the floods of Venice. We discuss the different contributions, their relative importance, and the resulting compound events. We highlight the role of relative sea level rise and the observed past and very likely future increase in extreme water heights, showing that they might be up to 160 % higher at the end of the 21st century than presently.
Georg Umgiesser, Marco Bajo, Christian Ferrarin, Andrea Cucco, Piero Lionello, Davide Zanchettin, Alvise Papa, Alessandro Tosoni, Maurizio Ferla, Elisa Coraci, Sara Morucci, Franco Crosato, Andrea Bonometto, Andrea Valentini, Mirko Orlić, Ivan D. Haigh, Jacob Woge Nielsen, Xavier Bertin, André Bustorff Fortunato, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Denis Paradis, Didier Jourdan, Audrey Pasquet, Baptiste Mourre, Joaquín Tintoré, and Robert J. Nicholls
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2679–2704, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The city of Venice relies crucially on a good storm surge forecast to protect its population and cultural heritage. In this paper, we provide a state-of-the-art review of storm surge forecasting, starting from examples in Europe and focusing on the Adriatic Sea and the Lagoon of Venice. We discuss the physics of storm surge, as well as the particular aspects of Venice and new techniques in storm surge modeling. We also give recommendations on what a future forecasting system should look like.
Piero Lionello, Robert J. Nicholls, Georg Umgiesser, and Davide Zanchettin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2633–2641, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Venice is an iconic place, and a paradigm of huge historical and cultural value is at risk. The threat posed by floods has dramatically increased in recent decades and is expected to continue to grow – and even accelerate – through this century. There is a need to better understand the future evolution of the relative sea level and its extremes and to develop adaptive planning strategies appropriate for present uncertainty, which might not be substantially reduced in the near future.
Sang-Guk Yum, Hsi-Hsien Wei, and Sung-Hwan Jang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2611–2631, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2611-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2611-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Developed statistical models to predict the non-exceedance probability of extreme storm surge-induced typhoons. Various probability distribution models were applied to find the best fitting to empirical storm-surge data.
Md. Jamal Uddin Khan, Fabien Durand, Xavier Bertin, Laurent Testut, Yann Krien, A. K. M. Saiful Islam, Marc Pezerat, and Sazzad Hossain
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2523–2541, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2523-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2523-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Bay of Bengal is well known for some of the deadliest cyclones in history. At the same time, storm surge forecasting in this region is physically involved and computationally costly. Here we show a proof of concept of a real-time, computationally efficient, and physically consistent forecasting system with an application to the recent Supercyclone Amphan. While challenges remain, our study paves the path forward to the improvement of the quality of localized forecast and disaster management.
Iva Tojčić, Cléa Denamiel, and Ivica Vilibić
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2427–2446, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2427-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2427-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the performance of the Croatian meteotsunami early warning system (CMeEWS) composed of a network of air pressure and sea level observations developed in order to help coastal communities prepare for extreme events. The system would have triggered the warnings for most of the observed events but also set off some false alarms if it was operational during the multi-meteotsunami event of 11–19 May 2020 in the eastern Adriatic. Further development of the system is planned.
Elisa Lahcene, Ioanna Ioannou, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Ryan Paulik, Syamsidik Syamsidik, Frederic Bouchette, and Fumihiko Imamura
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2313–2344, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2313-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2313-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In Indonesia, tsunamis represent a significant risk to coastal communities and buildings. Therefore, it is fundamental to deeply understand the tsunami source impact on buildings and infrastructure. This work provides a novel understanding of the relationship between wave period, ground shaking, liquefaction events, and potential building damage using tsunami fragility curves. This study represents the first investigation of colossal impacts increasing building damage.
Rémi Thiéblemont, Gonéri Le Cozannet, Jérémy Rohmer, Alexandra Toimil, Moisés Álvarez-Cuesta, and Iñigo J. Losada
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2257–2276, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2257-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2257-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level rise and its acceleration are projected to aggravate coastal erosion over the 21st century. Resulting shoreline projections are deeply uncertain, however, which constitutes a major challenge for coastal planning and management. Our work presents a new extra-probabilistic framework to develop future shoreline projections and shows that deep uncertainties could be drastically reduced by better constraining sea level projections and improving coastal impact models.
Takenori Shimozono
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2093–2108, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2093-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2093-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Tsunamis are a major threat to low-lying coastal communities. Suddenly generated from their sources in deep water, tsunamis occasionally undergo tremendous amplification in shallow water. There is a need for efficient ways of predicting coastal tsunami transformation during different disaster management phases. The study proposed a novel and rigorous method based on kernel convolution for fast prediction of onshore tsunami waveforms from the observed/simulated wave data away from the coast.
Cited articles
Abadie, S. M., Harris, J. C., Grilli, S. T., and Fabre, R.: Numerical modeling of tsunami waves generated by the flank collapse of the Cumbre Vieja Volcano (La Palma, Canary Islands): Tsunami source and near field effects, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C05030, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jc007646, 2012. a
Allan, A. S. R., Morgan, D. J., Wilson, C. J. N., and Millet, M.-A.: From mush to eruption in centuries: assembly of the super-sized Oruanui magma body, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 166, 143–164,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0869-2, 2013. a
Aman, Z., Wen-shan, Y., and Xiong-liang, Y.: Numerical simulation of underwater contact explosion, Appl. Ocean Res., 34, 10–20,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2011.07.009, 2012. a
Barker, S. J., Wilson, C. J. N., Smith, E. G. C., Charlier, B. L. A., Wooden,
J. L., Hiess, J., and Ireland, T. R.: Post-supereruption magmatic
reconstruction of Taupo volcano (New Zealand), as reflected in zircon ages
and trace elements, J. Petrol., 55, 1511–1533,
https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egu032, 2014. a, b
Barker, S. J., Van Eaton, A. R., Mastin, L. G., Wilson, C. J. N., Thompson,
M. A., Wilson, T. M., Davis, C., and Renwick, J. A.: Modeling ash dispersal
from future eruptions of Taupo supervolcano, Geochem. Geophy.
Geosy., 20, 3375–3401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gc008152, 2019. a
Barker, S. J., Wilson, C. J. N., Illsley-Kemp, F., Leonard, G. S., Mestel, E.
R. H., Mauriohooho, K., and Charlier, B. L. A.: Taupō: an overview of New
Zealand's youngest supervolcano, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 64, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2020.1792515, 2020. a
Bebbington, M. S.: Temporal-volume probabilistic hazard model for a
supervolcano: Taupo, New Zealand, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 536,
116141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116141, 2020. a
Belousov, A., Voight, B., Belousova, M., and Muravyev, Y.: Tsunamis generated
by subaquatic volcanic explosions: unique data from 1996 eruption in
Karymskoye Lake, Kamchatka, Russia, Pure Appl. Geophys., 157,
1135–1143, https://doi.org/10.1007/s000240050021, 2000. a
Berny, A., Deike, L., Séon, T., and Popinet, S.: Role of all jet drops in
mass transfer from bursting bubbles, Physical Review Fluids, 5, 033605,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.033605, 2020. a
Bibby, H. M., Caldwell, T. G., Davey, F. J., and Webb, T. H.: Geophysical
evidence on the structure of the Taupo Volcanic Zone and its hydrothermal
circulation, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 68, 29–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(95)00007-h, 1995. a
Cole, R. H.: Underwater Explosions, Princeton University Press, ISBN-13: 978-0486613840, 1948. a
Daramizadeh, A. and Ansari, M.: Numerical simulation of underwater explosion
near air–water free surface using a five-equation reduced model, Ocean
Eng., 110, 25–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.10.003, 2015. a
Davy, B. W. and Caldwell, T. G.: Gravity, magnetic and seismic surveys of the
caldera complex, Lake Taupo, North Island, New Zealand, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 81, 69–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(97)00074-7, 1998. a, b
de Ronde, C. E. J., Stoffers, P., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Christenson, B. W., Jones, B., Manconi, R., Browne, P. R. L., Hissmann, K., Botz, R., Davy, B. W., Schmitt, M., and Battershill, C. N.: Discovery of active hydrothermal venting in Lake Taupo, New Zealand, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 115, 257–275, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(01)00332-8, 2002. a
Dietz, R. S. and Sheehy, M. J.: Transpacific detection of Myojin volcanic
explosions by underwater sound, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 65, 941–956, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1954)65[941:tdomve]2.0.co;2, 1954. a
Dondin, F., Lebrun, J. F., Kelfoun, K., Fournier, N., and Randrianasolo, A.:
Sector collapse at Kick 'em Jenny submarine volcano (Lesser Antilles):
Numerical simulation and landslide behaviour, B. Volcanol., 74, 595–607, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0554-0, 2012. a
Duffy, D. G.: On the generation of oceanic surface waves by underwater volcanic explosions, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 50, 323–344,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(92)90100-r, 1992. a
Egorov, Y.: Tsunami wave generation by the eruption of underwater volcano, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 65–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-65-2007, 2007. a, b, c
Falvard, S., Paris, R., Belousova, M., Belousov, A., Giachetti, T., and Cuven, S.: Scenario of the 1996 volcanic tsunamis in Karymskoye Lake, Kamchatka, inferred from X-ray tomography of heavy minerals in tsunami deposits, Mar. Geol., 396, 160–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2017.04.011, 2018. a
Gelman, S. E., Deering, C. D., Gutierrez, F. J., and Bachmann, O.: Evolution of the Taupo Volcanic Center, New Zealand: petrological and thermal constraints from the Omega dacite, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 166,
1355–1374, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0932-z, 2013. a
Glasbergen, T.: Characterization of incoming tsunamis for the design of coastal structures: A numerical study using the SWASH model, master's thesis, published by Delft University of Technology, http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ad229966-5403-432d-9a13-84a9e7fdb5bc (last accessed: 17 February 2022), 2018. a
Grilli, S. T., Harris, J. C., Shi, F., Kirby, J. T., Bakhsh, T. S. T.,
Estibals, E., and Tehranirad, B.: Numerical modeling of coastal tsunami
impact dissipation and impact, Coastal Engineering Proceedings, 1,
https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.currents.9, 2012. a
Grilli, S. T., O’Reilly, C., Harris, J. C., Bakhsh, T. T., Tehranirad, B.,
Banihashemi, S., Kirby, J. T., Baxter, C. D. P., Eggeling, T., Ma, G., and Shi, F.: Modeling of SMF tsunami hazard along the upper US East Coast: detailed impact around Ocean City, MD, Nat. Hazards, 76, 705–746, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1522-8, 2015. a
Grilli, S. T., Tappin, D. R., Carey, S., Watt, S. F., Ward, S. N., Grilli,
A. R., Engwell, S. L., Zhang, C., Kirby, J. T., Schambach, L., and Muin, M.:
Modelling of the tsunami from the December 22, 2018 lateral collapse of Anak
Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Straits, Indonesia, Sci. Rep., 9,
1–13, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48327-6, 2019. a, b, c
Grilli, S. T., Zhang, C., Kirby, J. T., Grilli, A. R., Tappin, D. R., Watt, S. F. L., Hunt, J. E., Novellino, A., Engwell, S., Nurshal, M. E. M., Abdurrachman, M., Cassidy, M., Madden-Nadeau, A. L., and Day, S.: Modeling of the Dec. 22nd 2018 Anak Krakatau volcano lateral collapse and tsunami based on recent field surveys: Comparison with observed tsunami impact, Mar. Geol., 440, 106566, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106566, 2021. a
Hallquist, J. O.: LS-DYNA3D theoretical manual, Livermore software technology
corporation Livermore, Calif., 1994. a
Hammack, J. L.: A note on tsunamis: their generation and propagation in an
ocean of uniform depth, J. Fluid Mech., 60, 769–799,
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112073000479, 1973. a
Hammack, J. L. and Segur, H.: The Korteweg-de Vries equation and water waves.
Part 2. Comparison with experiments, J. Fluid Mech., 65,
289–314, https://doi.org/10.1017/s002211207400139x, 1974. a
Hammack, J. L. and Segur, H.: The Korteweg-de Vries equation and water waves.
Part 3. Oscillatory waves, J. Fluid Mech., 84, 337–358,
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112078000208, 1978a. a
Hammack, J. L. and Segur, H.: Modelling criteria for long water waves, J. Fluid Mech., 84, 359–373, https://doi.org/10.1017/s002211207800021x, 1978b. a
Hayward, M.: Simulation of Lake Taupō explosive tsunami, TIB AV-Portal [video], https://doi.org/10.5446/52050, 2021. a
Hayward, M. W.: Multilayer modelling of waves from disturbances and explosions: Cases at laboratory-scale and field-scale at Mono Lake, California, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6125817, 2022. a
Houghton, B. F., Carey, R. J., Cashman, K. V., Wilson, C. J. N., Hobden, B. J., and Hammer, J. E.: Diverse patterns of ascent, degassing, and eruption of rhyolite magma during the 1.8 ka Taupo eruption, New Zealand: evidence from clast vesicularity, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 195, 31–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.06.002, 2010. a
Illsley-Kemp, F., Barker, S. J., Wilson, C. J. N., Chamberlain, C. J.,
Hreinsdóttir, S., Ellis, S., Hamling, I. J., Savage, M. K., Mestel, E.
R. H., and Wadsworth, F. B.: Volcanic unrest at Taupō volcano in 2019:
Causes, mechanisms and implications, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 22, e2021GC009803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gc009803, 2021. a
Johnson, R. W.: Large-scale volcanic cone collapse: the 1888 slope failure of
Ritter volcano, and other examples from Papua New Guinea, B. Volcanol., 49, 669–679, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01080358, 1987. a
Kedrinskiy, V. K.: Hydrodynamics of Explosion: Experiments and Models, Springer, ISBN: 978-3-642-06130-1, 2006. a
Klaseboer, E., Hung, K. C., Wang, C., Wang, C. W., Khoo, B. C., Boyce, P.,
Debono, S., and Charlier, H.: Experimental and numerical investigation of the
dynamics of an underwater explosion bubble near a resilient/rigid structure,
J. Fluid Mech., 537, 387–413, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112005005306, 2005. a
Lane, E. M., Borrero, J., Whittaker, C. N., Bind, J., Chagué-Goff, C.,
Goff, J., Goring, D., Hoyle, J., Mueller, C., Power, W. L., Reid, C. M., Williams, J. H., and Williams, S. P.: Effects of inundation by the 14th november, 2016 Kaikōura tsunami on banks Peninsula, Canterbury, New Zealand, Pure Appl. Geophys., 174, 1855–1874, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1534-x, 2017. a
Leonard, G. S., Begg, J. G., and Wilson, C. J. N.: Geology of the Rotorua Area: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1 : 250 000 Geological Map 5, 1 Sheet + 102 pp., GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, ISBN: 978-0-478-19778-5, 2010. a
Li, T., Wang, S., Li, S., and Zhang, A.-M.: Numerical investigation of an
underwater explosion bubble based on FVM and VOF, Appl. Ocean Res., 74,
49–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2018.02.024, 2018. a
Liu, Y. L., Zhang, A. M., Tian, Z. L., and Wang, S. P.: Numerical investigation on global responses of surface ship subjected to underwater explosion in waves, Ocean Eng., 161, 277–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.05.013, 2018. a
López-Herrera, J., Popinet, S., and Castrejón-Pita, A.: An adaptive
solver for viscoelastic incompressible two-phase problems applied to the
study of the splashing of weakly viscoelastic droplets, J. Non-Newton. Fluid, 264, 144–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2018.10.012, 2019. a
López-Venegas, A. M., Horrillo, J., Pampell-Manis, A., Huérfano, V.,
and Mercado, A.: Advanced tsunami numerical simulations and energy
considerations by use of 3D–2D coupled models: The October 11, 1918, Mona
passage tsunami, Pure Appl. Geophys., 172, 1679–1698,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0988-3, 2015. a
Ma, G., Shi, F., and Kirby, J. T.: Shock-capturing non-hydrostatic model for
fully dispersive surface wave processes, Ocean Model., 43, 22–35,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.12.002, 2012. a
Ma, G., Kirby, J. T., and Shi, F.: Numerical simulation of tsunami waves
generated by deformable submarine landslides, Ocean Model., 69, 146–165,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.07.001, 2013. a
Manville, V.: Sedimentary and geomorphic responses to ignimbrite emplacement:
readjustment of the Waikato River after the AD 181 Taupo eruption, New
Zealand, J. Geol., 110, 519–541, https://doi.org/10.1086/341596, 2002. a
Manville, V., White, J. D. L., Houghton, B. F., and Wilson, C. J. N.:
Paleohydrology and sedimentology of a post–1.8 ka breakout flood from
intracaldera Lake Taupo, North Island, New Zealand, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 111, 1435–1447, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1435:pasoap>2.3.co;2, 1999. a
Mastin, L. G. and Witter, J. B.: The hazards of eruptions through lakes and
seawater, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 97, 195–214,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(99)00174-2, 2000. a
Mirchina, N. and Pelinovsky, E.: Estimation of underwater eruption energy based on tsunami wave data, Nat. Hazards, 1, 277–283,
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00137232, 1988. a
Nomanbhoy, N. and Satake, K.: Generation mechanism of tsunamis from the 1883
Krakatau eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 509–512, https://doi.org/10.1029/94gl03219, 1995. a
Pakoksung, K., Suppasri, A., and Imamura, F.: Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard
Analysis of Inundated Buildings Following a Subaqueous Volcanic Explosion
Based on the 1716 Tsunami Scenario in Taal Lake, Philippines, Geosciences, 11, 92, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020092, 2021. a
Paris, R.: Source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 373, 20140380, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0380, 2015. a
Paris, R. and Ulvrová, M.: Tsunamis generated by subaqueous volcanic
explosions in Taal Caldera Lake, Philippines, B. Volcanol., 81, 14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-019-1272-2, 2019. a, b, c, d
Paris, R., Switzer, A. D., Belousova, M., Belousov, A., Ontowirjo, B., Whelley, P. L., and Ulvrova, M.: Volcanic tsunami: A review of source mechanisms, past events and hazards in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea), Nat. Hazards, 70, 447–470, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0822-8, 2014. a
Paris, R., Ulvrová, M., Selva, J., Brizuela, B., Costa, A., Grezio, A.,
Lorito, S., and Tonini, R.: Probabilistic hazard analysis for tsunamis
generated by subaqueous volcanic explosions in the Campi Flegrei caldera,
Italy, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 379, 106–116,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.05.010, 2019. a, b, c
Petrov, N. V. and Schmidt, A. A.: Multiphase phenomena in underwater explosion, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 60, 367–373,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.05.008, 2015. a
Pinkston, J., Skinner, F. W., and Strange, J. N.: Results of Surface Wave
Experiments: Mono Lake Explosion Test Series, 1965, Waterways Experiment
Station, 1970. a
Popinet, S.: An accurate adaptive solver for surface-tension-driven interfacial flows, J. Comput. Phys., 228, 5838–5866,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2009.04.042, 2009. a
Popinet, S.: Quadtree-adaptive tsunami modelling, Ocean Dynam., 61,
1261–1285, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-011-0438-z, 2011. a
Popinet, S.: Basilisk, Darcs [code], http://basilisk.fr/ (last access:
9 April 2021), 2013. a
Popinet, S.: A quadtree-adaptive multigrid solver for the Serre–Green–Naghdi equations, J. Comput. Phys., 302, 336–358, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2015.09.009, 2015. a
Popinet, S.: Numerical models of surface tension, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 50, 49–75, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-122316-045034, 2018. a
Potter, S. H., Scott, B. J., Jolly, G. E., Johnston, D. M., and Neall, V. E.: A catalogue of caldera unrest at Taupo Volcanic Centre, New Zealand, using the volcanic unrest index (VUI), B. Volcanol., 77, 1–28,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0956-5, 2015. a
Pyle, D. M.: Chapter 13 – Sizes of Volcanic Eruptions, in: The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second Edition), edited by: Sigurdsson, H., Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2nd edn., 257–264, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00013-4, 2015. a
Raumann, C. G., Stine, S., Evans, A., and Wilson, J.: Digital bathymetric model of mono lake, california, Miscellaneous field studies map MF-2393, 2002. a
Rowe, D. K., Shankar, U., James, M., and Waugh, B.: Use of GIS to predict
effects of water level on the spawning area for smelt, Retropinna retropinna,
in Lake Taupo, New Zealand, Fisheries Manag. Ecol., 9,
205–216, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2400.2002.00298.x, 2002. a
Ruffini, G., Heller, V., and Briganti, R.: Numerical modelling of
landslide-tsunami propagation in a wide range of idealised water body
geometries, Coast. Eng., 153, 103518,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.103518, 2019. a
Sato, H. and Taniguchi, H.: Relationship between crater size and ejecta volume of recent magmatic and phreato-magmatic eruptions: Implications for energy partitioning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 205–208,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96gl04004, 1997. a, b
Schambach, L., Grilli, S. T., Kirby, J. T., and Shi, F.: Landslide tsunami
hazard along the upper US East Coast: effects of slide deformation, bottom
friction, and frequency dispersion, Pure Appl. Geophys., 176,
3059–3098, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1978-7, 2019. a
Schambach, L., Grilli, S. T., and Tappin, D. R.: New high-resolution modeling of the 2018 Palu tsunami, based on supershear earthquake mechanisms and mapped coastal landslides, supports a dual source, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 598839, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.598839, 2021. a, b
Shen, Y., Whittaker, C. N., Lane, E. M., White, J. D. L., Power, W., and
Melville, B. W.: Waves generated by discrete and sustained gas eruptions with implications for submarine volcanic tsunamis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094539, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094539, 2021a. a
Shen, Y., Whittaker, C. N., Lane, E. M., White, J. D. L., Power, W., and
Nomikou, P.: Laboratory experiments on tsunamigenic discrete subaqueous
volcanic eruptions. Part 1: Free surface disturbances, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016588, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016588, 2021b. a
Shen, Y., Whittaker, C. N., Lane, E. M., White, J. D. L., Power, W., and
Nomikou, P.: Laboratory experiments on tsunamigenic discrete subaqueous
volcanic eruptions. Part 2: Properties of generated waves, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016587, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jc016587, 2021c. a
Smith, M. S. and Shepherd, J. B.: Preliminary investigations of the tsunami
hazard of Kick'em Jenny submarine volcano, Nat. Hazards, 7, 257–277,
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00662650, 1993. a
Smith, M. S. and Shepherd, J. B.: Tsunami waves generated by volcanic
landslides: an assessment of the hazard associated with Kick’em Jenny,
Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 110, 115–123, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.110.01.09, 1996. a
Sutton, A. N., Blake, S., Wilson, C. J. N., and Charlier, B. L.: Late
Quaternary evolution of a hyperactive rhyolite magmatic system: Taupo
volcanic centre, New Zealand, J. Geol. Soc., 157, 537–552, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.3.537, 2000. a
Torsvik, T., Paris, R., Didenkulova, I., Pelinovsky, E., Belousov, A., and Belousova, M.: Numerical simulation of a tsunami event during the 1996 volcanic eruption in Karymskoye lake, Kamchatka, Russia, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 2359–2369, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2359-2010, 2010. a, b, c, d
Ulvrová, M., Paris, R., Kelfoun, K., and Nomikou, P.: Numerical simulations of tsunamis generated by underwater volcanic explosions at Karymskoye lake (Kamchatka, Russia) and Kolumbo volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 401–412, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-401-2014, 2014. a, b, c, d
Valentine, G. A. and White, J. D.: Revised conceptual model for maar-diatremes: Subsurface processes, energetics, and eruptive products, Geology, 40, 1111–1114, https://doi.org/10.1130/g33411.1, 2012. a
Vandergoes, M. J., Hogg, A. G., Lowe, D. J., Newnham, R. M., Denton, G. H.,
Southon, J., Barrell, D. J. A., Wilson, C. J. N., McGlone, M. S., Allan, A.
S. R., Almond, P. C., Petchey, F., Dabell, K., Dieffenbacher-Krall, A. C., and Blaauw, M.: A revised age for the Kawakawa/Oruanui tephra, a key marker for the Last Glacial Maximum in New Zealand, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 74, 195–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.006, 2013. a
van Hooft, J. A., Popinet, S., van Heerwaarden, C. C., van der Linden, S.
J. A., de Roode, S. R., and van de Wiel, B. J. H.: Towards adaptive grids for
atmospheric boundary-layer simulations, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 167,
421–443, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-018-0335-9, 2018. a
Wang, S.-P., Zhang, A.-M., Liu, Y.-L., Zhang, S., and Cui, P.: Bubble dynamics and its applications, J. Hydrodyn., 30, 975–991,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42241-018-0141-3, 2018. a
Ward, S. N. and Asphaug, E.: Asteroid impact tsunami: a probabilistic hazard
assessment, Icarus, 145, 64–78, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6336, 2000. a
Williams, R., Rowley, P., and Garthwaite, M. C.: Reconstructing the Anak
Krakatau flank collapse that caused the December 2018 Indonesian tsunami,
Geology, 47, 973–976, https://doi.org/10.1130/g46517.1, 2019.
a
Wilson, C. J. N.: Stratigraphy, chronology, styles and dynamics of late
Quaternary eruptions from Taupo volcano, New Zealand, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 343, 205–306, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1993.0050, 1993. a, b, c
Wilson, C. J. N.: The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction
and overview, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 112, 133–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(01)00239-6, 2001. a
Wilson, C. J. N. and Charlier, B. L. A.: Rapid rates of magma generation at
contemporaneous magma systems, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: insights from
U–Th model-age spectra in zircons, J. Petrol., 50, 875–907,
https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp023, 2009. a
Wilson, C. J. N. and Walker, G. P. L.: The Taupo eruption, New Zealand I.
General aspects, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 314, 199–228,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1985.0019, 1985. a
Wilson, C. J. N., Blake, S., Charlier, B. L. A., and Sutton, A. N.: The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, Taupo volcano, New Zealand: development, characteristics and evacuation of a large rhyolitic magma body, J. Petrol., 47, 35–69, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi066, 2006. a
Wilson, C. J. N., Gravley, D. M., Leonard, G. S., and Rowland, J. V.: Volcanism in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: tempo, styles and controls, Studies in volcanology: the legacy of George Walker, Special Publications of IAVCEI, 2, 225–247, https://doi.org/10.1144/IAVCEl002.12, 2009. a
Xu, L.-Y., Wang, S.-P., Liu, Y.-L., and Zhang, A.-M.: Numerical simulation on
the whole process of an underwater explosion between a deformable seabed and
a free surface, Ocean Eng., 219, 108311,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108311, 2020. a
Ye, L., Kanamori, H., Rivera, L., Lay, T., Zhou, Y., Sianipar, D., and Satake, K.: The 22 December 2018 tsunami from flank collapse of Anak Krakatau volcano during eruption, Sci. Adv., 6, eaaz1377,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz1377, 2020. a
Zijlema, M., Stelling, G., and Smit, P.: SWASH: An operational public domain
code for simulating wave fields and rapidly varied flows in coastal waters,
Coast. Eng., 58, 992–1012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.05.015, 2011. a
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions can produce tsunamis through multiple mechanisms. We present validation cases for a numerical method used in simulating waves caused by submarine explosions: a laboratory flume experiment and waves generated by explosions at field scale. We then demonstrate the use of the scheme for simulating analogous volcanic eruptions, illustrating the resulting wavefield. We show that this scheme models such dispersive sources more proficiently than standard tsunami models.
Volcanic eruptions can produce tsunamis through multiple mechanisms. We present validation cases...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint