This perspective puts a focus on compound events which produce damage. Other than events caused by single extremes, these are related to a combination of influences, including co-located multivariate events, spatially compounding events arising from individual spatially separated events, temporally compounding events and preconditioned events. As the authors are directly working with stake-holders and decision makers on a regular basis, their view provides literature-based insight on the requirements that should be fulfilled for producing scientific results which effectively support early warning systems and stakeholder decisions.

This pair of manuscripts (2025-6539 and 6540) constitute a significant step forward in the modelling of ballistic hazards from volcanic explosive activity at a volcano that has an unparalleled dataset (collated by these authors, building on previous work) and where there is considerable tourist activity particularly in the summer months (with hiking trails - for which this paper assesses the hazard - going to the active summit craters). There is therefore both considerable scientific interest in this paper (in the methods and moving the field forward) but also wider public interest.