Articles | Volume 18, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-729-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-729-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Mar 2018
Research article |
| 06 Mar 2018
| 06 Mar 2018
Catalogue of extreme wave events in Ireland: revised and updated for 14 680 BP to 2017
Laura O'Brien
School of Mathematics and Statistics, University College Dublin, MaREI Centre, Dublin, Ireland
Emiliano Renzi
Centre for Data Science, Loughborough University, UK
John M. Dudley
Institut FEMTO-ST, UMR 6174 CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
Colm Clancy
School of Mathematics and Statistics, University College Dublin, MaREI Centre, Dublin, Ireland
School of Mathematics and Statistics, University College Dublin, MaREI Centre, Dublin, Ireland
Centre of Mathematics and Their Applications (CMLA), ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 94235 Cachan
Related authors
No articles found.
Tiziana Comito, Colm Clancy, Conor Daly, and Alan Hally
Adv. Sci. Res., 18, 145–156, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-18-145-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-18-145-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Convection-permitting models allow for prediction of rainfall events with increasing levels of detail. However, this increased resolution can create problems such as the so-called double penalty problem when attempting to verify model forecast accuracy. This problem is amplified when trying to maximise the value of a convection-permitting ensemble prediction system (EPS). Post-processing of the EPS can help to overcome these issues. In this spirit, two new up-scaling algorithms based on Machine
Emily Gleeson, Colm Clancy, Laura Zubiate, Jelena Janjić, Sarah Gallagher, and Frédéric Dias
Adv. Sci. Res., 16, 11–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-16-11-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-16-11-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Northeast Atlantic possesses an energetic and variable wind and wave climate which has a large potential for renewable energy extraction. The role of surface winds in the generation of ocean waves means that global atmospheric circulation patterns and wave climate characteristics are inherently connected. In this study we investigated the influence of large scale atmospheric oscillations on waves in the Northeast Atlantic using a high resolution wave projection dataset.
Istvan Z. Reguly, Daniel Giles, Devaraj Gopinathan, Laure Quivy, Joakim H. Beck, Michael B. Giles, Serge Guillas, and Frederic Dias
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4621–4635, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4621-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4621-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present the VOLNA-OP2 tsunami simulation code, built on the OP2 library. It is unique among such solvers in its support for several high-performance computing platforms: CPUs, the Intel Xeon Phi, and GPUs. This is achieved in a way that the scientific code is kept separate from various parallel implementations, enabling easy maintainability. Scalability and efficiency are demonstrated on three supercomputers built with CPUs, Xeon Phi's, and GPUs.
Jelena Janjić, Sarah Gallagher, and Frédéric Dias
Adv. Sci. Res., 15, 145–157, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-15-145-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-15-145-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the synoptic conditions around Ireland during the winter of 2013/2014, which produced record-breaking sea states and severe coastal damage. Using a wave model, we analysed four of the most energetic storms providing an overview of the height, directionality and periodicity of the waves. This study provides important information for the development of renewable ocean energy extraction, where deployment location selection and survivability are a primary concern.
Fabrice Ardhuin, Yevgueny Aksenov, Alvise Benetazzo, Laurent Bertino, Peter Brandt, Eric Caubet, Bertrand Chapron, Fabrice Collard, Sophie Cravatte, Jean-Marc Delouis, Frederic Dias, Gérald Dibarboure, Lucile Gaultier, Johnny Johannessen, Anton Korosov, Georgy Manucharyan, Dimitris Menemenlis, Melisa Menendez, Goulven Monnier, Alexis Mouche, Frédéric Nouguier, George Nurser, Pierre Rampal, Ad Reniers, Ernesto Rodriguez, Justin Stopa, Céline Tison, Clément Ubelmann, Erik van Sebille, and Jiping Xie
Ocean Sci., 14, 337–354, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-337-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-337-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Sea surface KInematics Multiscale (SKIM) monitoring mission is a proposal for a future satellite that is designed to measure ocean currents and waves. Using a Doppler radar, the accurate measurement of currents requires the removal of the mean velocity due to ocean wave motions. This paper describes the main processing steps needed to produce currents and wave data from the radar measurements. With this technique, SKIM can provide unprecedented coverage and resolution, over the global ocean.
Emily Gleeson, Sarah Gallagher, Colm Clancy, and Frédéric Dias
Adv. Sci. Res., 14, 23–33, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-14-23-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-14-23-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Large scale atmospheric oscillations, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation are known to have an influence on waves in the North Atlantic. This study investigated the influence of the NAO on the present and future wind and wave climate in the Northeast Atlantic near Ireland.
Sarah Gallagher, Emily Gleeson, Roxana Tiron, Ray McGrath, and Frédéric Dias
Adv. Sci. Res., 13, 75–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-13-75-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-13-75-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
As an island located in the North Atlantic Ocean with a highly energetic wave and wind climate, Ireland is uniquely placed in terms of its ocean renewable energy resource. The socio-economic importance of this resource makes it a priority to quantify how the wave and wind climate may change in the future. We examine how surface winds in the North Atlantic Ocean may change towards the end of this century due to global climate change, and how these changes may affect Ireland's wave climate.
Related subject area
Sea, Ocean and Coastal Hazards
Validated probabilistic approach to estimate flood direct impacts on the population and assets on European coastlines
Changing sea level, changing shorelines: integration of remote-sensing observations at the Terschelling barrier island
Regional modelling of extreme sea levels induced by hurricanes
New insights into combined surfzone, embayment, and estuarine bathing hazards
Dynamic projections of extreme sea levels for western Europe based on ocean and wind-wave modelling
Brief communication: From modelling to reality – flood modelling gaps highlighted by a recent severe storm surge event along the German Baltic Sea coast
Inundation and evacuation of shoreline populations during landslide-triggered tsunamis: an integrated numerical and statistical hazard assessment
Rapid simulation of wave runup on morphologically diverse, reef-lined coasts with the BEWARE-2 (Broad-range Estimator of Wave Attack in Reef Environments) meta-process model
A brief history of tsunamis in the Vanuatu Arc
Tsunami inundation and vulnerability analysis on the Makran coast, Pakistan
Influence of data source and copula statistics on estimates of compound flood extremes in a river mouth environment
Volcano tsunamis and their effects on moored vessel safety: the 2022 Tonga event
Modelling tsunami initial conditions due to rapid coseismic seafloor displacement: efficient numerical integration and a tool to build unit source databases
Review Article: A Comprehensive Review of Compound Flooding Literature with a Focus on Coastal and Estuarine Regions
Estuarine hurricane wind can intensify surge-dominated extreme water level in shallow and converging coastal systems
Revisiting regression methods for estimating long-term trends in sea surface temperature
Global application of a regional frequency analysis to extreme sea levels
Tsunami hazard assessment in the South China Sea based on geodetic locking of the Manila subduction zone
The impact of long-term changes in ocean waves and storm surge on coastal shoreline change: a case study of Bass Strait and south-east Australia
Tsunami detection methods for Ocean-Bottom Pressure Gauges
Brief communication: Implications of outstanding solitons for the occurrence of rogue waves at two additional sites in the North Sea
A systemic and comprehensive assessment of coastal hazard changes: method and application to France and its overseas territories
Simulating sea level extremes from synthetic low-pressure systems
Nonlinear processes in tsunami simulations for the Peruvian coast with focus on Lima and Callao
The potential of global coastal flood risk reduction using various DRR measures
Thresholds for estuarine compound flooding using a combined hydrodynamic–statistical modelling approach
Nearshore tsunami amplitudes across the Maldives archipelago due to worst-case seismic scenarios in the Indian Ocean
Evidence of Middle Holocene landslide-generated tsunamis recorded in lake sediments from Saqqaq, West Greenland
Investigation of historical severe storms and storm tides in the German Bight with century reanalysis data
Proposal for a new meteotsunami intensity index
Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis of Batukaras Village as a Tourism Village in Indonesia
Total water levels along the South Atlantic Bight during three along-shelf propagating tropical cyclones: relative contributions of storm surge and wave runup
Hurricane Irma: an unprecedented event over the last 3700 years? Geomorphological changes and sedimentological record in Codrington Lagoon, Barbuda
Bayesian extreme value analysis of extreme sea levels along the German Baltic coast using historical information
Storm characteristics influence nitrogen removal in an urban estuarine environment
A new European coastal flood database for low–medium intensity events
Boulder transport and wave height of a seventeenth-century South China Sea tsunami on Penghu Islands, Taiwan
A wave-resolving modeling study of rip current variability, rip hazard, and swimmer escape strategies on an embayed beach
Human displacements from Tropical Cyclone Idai attributable to climate change
Three decades of coastal subsidence in the slow-moving Nice Côte d'Azur Airport area (France) revealed by InSAR (interferometric synthetic-aperture radar): insights into the deformation mechanism
Modelling extreme water levels using intertidal topography and bathymetry derived from multispectral satellite images
Regional assessment of extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding along the German Baltic Sea coast
Joint probability analysis of storm surges and waves caused by tropical cyclones for the estimation of protection standard: a case study on the eastern coast of the Leizhou Peninsula and the island of Hainan in China
Meteotsunami in the United Kingdom: the hidden hazard
Climate-induced storminess forces major increases in future storm surge hazard in the South China Sea region
Assessing Typhoon Soulik-induced morphodynamics over the Mokpo coastal region in South Korea based on a geospatial approach
Bayesian hierarchical modelling of sea-level extremes in the Finnish coastal region
Assessing the coastal hazard of Medicane Ianos through ensemble modelling
A predictive equation for wave setup using genetic programming
Contribution of solitons to enhanced rogue wave occurrence in shallow depths: a case study in the southern North Sea
Enrico Duo, Juan Montes, Marine Le Gal, Tomás Fernández-Montblanc, Paolo Ciavola, and Clara Armaroli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 13–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-13-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-13-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The present work, developed within the EU H2020 European Coastal Flood Awareness System (ECFAS) project, presents an approach used to estimate direct impacts of coastal flood on population, buildings, and roads along European coasts. The findings demonstrate that the ECFAS impact approach offers valuable estimates for affected populations, reliable damage assessments for buildings and roads, and improved accuracy compared to traditional grid-based approaches.
Benedikt Aschenneller, Roelof Rietbroek, and Daphne van der Wal
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4145–4177, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Shorelines retreat or advance in response to sea level changes, subsidence or uplift of the ground, and morphological processes (sedimentation and erosion). We show that the geometrical influence of each of these drivers on shoreline movements can be quantified by combining different remote sensing observations, including radar altimetry, lidar and optical satellite images. The focus here is to illustrate the uncertainties of these observations by comparing datasets that cover similar processes.
Alisée A. Chaigneau, Melisa Menéndez, Marta Ramírez-Pérez, and Alexandra Toimil
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4109–4131, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4109-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4109-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cyclones drive extreme sea levels, causing large storm surges due to low atmospheric pressure and strong winds. This study explores factors affecting the numerical modelling of storm surges induced by hurricanes in the tropical Atlantic. Two ocean models are compared and used for sensitivity experiments. ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis forcing generally improves surge estimates compared to parametric wind models. Including ocean circulations reduces errors in surge estimates in some areas.
Christopher Stokes, Timothy Poate, Gerd Masselink, Tim Scott, and Steve Instance
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4049–4074, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Currents at beaches with an estuary mouth have rarely been studied before. Using field measurements and computer modelling, we show that surfzone currents can be driven by both estuary flow and rip currents. We show that an estuary mouth beach can have flows reaching 1.5 m s−1 and have a high likelihood of taking bathers out of the surfzone. The river channels on the beach direct the flows, and even though they change position over time, it was possible to predict when peak hazards would occur.
Alisée A. Chaigneau, Angélique Melet, Aurore Voldoire, Maialen Irazoqui Apecechea, Guillaume Reffray, Stéphane Law-Chune, and Lotfi Aouf
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4031–4048, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4031-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4031-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate-change-induced sea level rise increases the frequency of extreme sea levels. We analyze projected changes in extreme sea levels for western European coasts produced with high-resolution models (∼ 6 km). Unlike commonly used coarse-scale global climate models, this approach allows us to simulate key processes driving coastal sea level variations, such as long-term sea level rise, tides, storm surges induced by low atmospheric surface pressure and winds, waves, and their interactions.
Joshua Kiesel, Claudia Wolff, and Marvin Lorenz
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3841–3849, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3841-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3841-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In October 2023, one of the strongest storm surges on record hit the southwestern Baltic Sea coast, causing severe impacts in the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, including dike failures. Recent studies on coastal flooding from the same region align well with the October 2023 surge, with differences in peak water levels of less than 30 cm. This rare coincidence is used to assess current capabilities and limitations of coastal flood modelling and derive key areas for future research.
Emmie Malika Bonilauri, Catherine Aaron, Matteo Cerminara, Raphaël Paris, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro, Benedetta Calusi, Domenico Mangione, and Andrew John Lang Harris
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3789–3813, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3789-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3789-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Currently on the island of Stromboli, only 4 min of warning time is available for a locally generated tsunami. We combined tsunami simulations and human exposure to complete a risk analysis. We linked the predicted inundation area and the tsunami warning signals to assess the hazard posed by future tsunamis and to design escape routes to reach safe areas and to optimise evacuation times. Such products can be used by civil protection agencies on Stromboli.
Robert McCall, Curt Storlazzi, Floortje Roelvink, Stuart G. Pearson, Roel de Goede, and José A. Á. Antolínez
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3597–3625, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3597-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3597-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate predictions of wave-driven flooding are essential to manage risk on low-lying, reef-lined coasts. Models to provide this information are, however, computationally expensive. We present and validate a modeling system that simulates flood drivers on diverse and complex reef-lined coasts as competently as a full-physics model but at a fraction of the computational cost to run. This development paves the way for application in large-scale early-warning systems and flood risk assessments.
Jean H. M. Roger and Bernard Pelletier
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3461–3478, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3461-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3461-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a catalogue of tsunamis that occurred in the Vanuatu Arc. It has been built based on the analysis of existing catalogues, historical documents, and sea-level data from five coastal tide gauges. Since 1863, 100 tsunamis of local, regional, or far-field origins have been listed; 15 of them show maximum wave amplitudes and/or run-up heights of above 1 m, and 8 are between 0.3 and 1 m. Details are provided for particular events, including debated events or events with no known origin(s).
Rashid Haider, Sajid Ali, Gösta Hoffmann, and Klaus Reicherter
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3279–3290, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3279-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3279-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The coastlines bordering the Arabian Sea have yielded various tsunamites reflecting its high hazard potential and recurrences. My PhD project aims at the estimation and zonation of the hazards and risks associated with. This publication is a continuation of the previous publication (Haider et al., 2023), which focused on hazard estimation through a multi-proxy approach. This part of the study estimates the risk potential through integrated tsunami inundation analysis.
Kévin Dubois, Morten Andreas Dahl Larsen, Martin Drews, Erik Nilsson, and Anna Rutgersson
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3245–3265, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3245-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3245-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Both extreme river discharge and storm surges can interact at the coast and lead to flooding. However, it is difficult to predict flood levels during such compound events because they are rare and complex. Here, we focus on the quantification of uncertainties and investigate the sources of limitations while carrying out such analyses at Halmstad, Sweden. Based on a sensitivity analysis, we emphasize that both the choice of data source and statistical methodology influence the results.
Sergio Padilla, Íñigo Aniel-Quiroga, Rachid Omira, Mauricio González, Jihwan Kim, and Maria A. Baptista
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3095–3113, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3095-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3095-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The eruption of the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai volcano in January 2022 triggered a global phenomenon, including an atmospheric wave and a volcano-meteorological tsunami (VMT). The tsunami, reaching as far as Callao, Peru, 10 000 km away, caused significant coastal impacts. This study delves into understanding these effects, particularly on vessel mooring safety. The findings underscore the importance of enhancing early warning systems and preparing port authorities for managing such rare events.
Alice Abbate, José M. González Vida, Manuel J. Castro Díaz, Fabrizio Romano, Hafize Başak Bayraktar, Andrey Babeyko, and Stefano Lorito
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2773–2791, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Modelling tsunami generation due to a rapid submarine earthquake is a complex problem. Under a variety of realistic conditions in a subduction zone, we propose and test an efficient solution to this problem: a tool that can compute the generation of any potential tsunami in any ocean in the world. In the future, we will explore solutions that would also allow us to model tsunami generation by slower (time-dependent) seafloor displacement.
Joshua Green, Ivan Haigh, Niall Quinn, Jeff Neal, Thomas Wahl, Melissa Wood, Dirk Eilander, Marleen de Ruiter, Philip Ward, and Paula Camus
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2247, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2247, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Compound flooding, involving the combination or successive occurrence of two or more flood drivers, can amplify flood impacts in coastal/estuarine regions. This paper reviews the practices, trends, methodologies, applications, and findings of coastal compound flooding literature at regional to global scales. We explore the types of compound flood events, their mechanistic processes, and the range of terminology. Lastly, this review highlights knowledge gaps and implications for future practices.
Mithun Deb, James J. Benedict, Ning Sun, Zhaoqing Yang, Robert D. Hetland, David Judi, and Taiping Wang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2461–2479, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2461-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2461-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We coupled earth system, hydrology, and hydrodynamic models to generate plausible and physically consistent ensembles of hurricane events and their associated water levels from the open coast to tidal rivers of Delaware Bay and River. Our results show that the hurricane landfall locations and the estuarine wind can significantly amplify the extreme surge in a shallow and converging system, especially when the wind direction aligns with the surge propagation direction.
Ming-Huei Chang, Yen-Chen Huang, Yu-Hsin Cheng, Chuen-Teyr Terng, Jinyi Chen, and Jyh Cherng Jan
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2481–2494, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2481-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2481-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring the long-term trends in sea surface warming is crucial for informed decision-making and adaptation. This study offers a comprehensive examination of prevalent trend extraction methods. We identify the least-squares regression as suitable for general tasks yet highlight the need to address seasonal signal-induced bias, i.e., the phase–distance imbalance. Our developed method, evaluated using simulated and real data, is unbiased and better than the conventional SST anomaly method.
Thomas P. Collings, Niall D. Quinn, Ivan D. Haigh, Joshua Green, Izzy Probyn, Hamish Wilkinson, Sanne Muis, William V. Sweet, and Paul D. Bates
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2403–2423, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2403-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2403-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal areas are at risk of flooding from rising sea levels and extreme weather events. This study applies a new approach to estimating the likelihood of coastal flooding around the world. The method uses data from observations and computer models to create a detailed map of where these coastal floods might occur. The approach can predict flooding in areas for which there are few or no data available. The results can be used to help prepare for and prevent this type of flooding.
Guangsheng Zhao and Xiaojing Niu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2303–2313, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2303-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2303-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The purpose of this study is to estimate the spatial distribution of the tsunami hazard in the South China Sea from the Manila subduction zone. The plate motion data are used to invert the degree of locking on the fault plane. The degree of locking is used to estimate the maximum possible magnitude of earthquakes and describe the slip distribution. A spatial distribution map of the 1000-year return period tsunami wave height in the South China Sea was obtained by tsunami hazard assessment.
Mandana Ghanavati, Ian R. Young, Ebru Kirezci, and Jin Liu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2175–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2175-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2175-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The paper examines the changes in shoreline position of the coast of south-east Australia over a 26-year period to determine whether changes are consistent with observed changes in ocean wave and storm surge climate. The results show that in regions where there have been significant changes in wave energy flux or wave direction, there have also been changes in shoreline position consistent with non-equilibrium longshore drift.
Cesare Angeli, Alberto Armigliato, Martina Zanetti, Filippo Zaniboni, Fabrizio Romano, Hafize Başak Bayraktar, and Stefano Lorito
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-113, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-113, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
To issue precise and timely tsunami alerts, detecting the propagating tsunami is fundamental. The most used instruments are pressure sensors positioned at the ocean bottom, called Ocean-Bottom Pressure Gauges (OBPGs). In this work, we study four different techniques that allow to recognize a tsunami as soon as it is recorded by an OBPG and a methodology to calibrate them. The techniques are compared in terms of their ability to detect and characterize the tsunami wave in real time.
Ina Teutsch, Ralf Weisse, and Sander Wahls
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2065–2069, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2065-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2065-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate buoy and radar measurement data from shallow depths in the southern North Sea. We analyze the role of solitons for the occurrence of rogue waves. This is done by computing the nonlinear soliton spectrum of each time series. In a previous study that considered a single measurement site, we found a connection between the shape of the soliton spectrum and the occurrence of rogue waves. In this study, results for two additional sites are reported.
Marc Igigabel, Marissa Yates, Michalis Vousdoukas, and Youssef Diab
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1951–1974, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1951-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1951-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in sea levels alone do not determine the evolution of coastal hazards. Coastal hazard changes should be assessed using additional factors describing geomorphological configurations, metocean event types (storms, cyclones, long swells, and tsunamis), and the marine environment (e.g., coral reef state and sea ice extent). The assessment completed here, at regional scale including the coasts of mainland and overseas France, highlights significant differences in hazard changes.
Jani Särkkä, Jani Räihä, Mika Rantanen, and Matti Kämäräinen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1835–1842, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1835-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1835-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the relationship between tracks of low-pressure systems and related sea level extremes. We perform the studies by introducing a method to simulate sea levels using synthetic low-pressure systems. We test the method using sites located along the Baltic Sea coast. We find high extremes, where the sea level extreme reaches up to 3.5 m. In addition, we add the maximal value of the mean level of the Baltic Sea (1 m), leading to a sea level of 4.5 m.
Alexey Androsov, Sven Harig, Natalia Zamora, Kim Knauer, and Natalja Rakowsky
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1635–1656, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1635-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1635-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Two numerical codes are used in a comparative analysis of the calculation of the tsunami wave due to an earthquake along the Peruvian coast. The comparison primarily evaluates the flow velocity fields in flooded areas. The relative importance of the various parts of the equations is determined, focusing on the nonlinear terms. The influence of the nonlinearity on the degree and volume of flooding, flow velocity, and small-scale fluctuations is determined.
Eric Mortensen, Timothy Tiggeloven, Toon Haer, Bas van Bemmel, Dewi Le Bars, Sanne Muis, Dirk Eilander, Frederiek Sperna Weiland, Arno Bouwman, Willem Ligtvoet, and Philip J. Ward
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1381–1400, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Current levels of coastal flood risk are projected to increase in coming decades due to various reasons, e.g. sea-level rise, land subsidence, and coastal urbanization: action is needed to minimize this future risk. We evaluate dykes and coastal levees, foreshore vegetation, zoning restrictions, and dry-proofing on a global scale to estimate what levels of risk reductions are possible. We demonstrate that there are several potential adaptation pathways forward for certain areas of the world.
Charlotte Lyddon, Nguyen Chien, Grigorios Vasilopoulos, Michael Ridgill, Sogol Moradian, Agnieszka Olbert, Thomas Coulthard, Andrew Barkwith, and Peter Robins
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 973–997, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-973-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-973-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent storms in the UK, like Storm Ciara in 2020, show how vulnerable estuaries are to the combined effect of sea level and river discharge. We show the combinations of sea levels and river discharges that cause flooding in the Conwy estuary, N Wales. The results showed flooding was amplified under moderate conditions in the middle estuary and elsewhere sea state or river flow dominated the hazard. Combined sea and river thresholds can improve prediction and early warning of compound flooding.
Shuaib Rasheed, Simon C. Warder, Yves Plancherel, and Matthew D. Piggott
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 737–755, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here we use a high-resolution bathymetry dataset of the Maldives archipelago, as well as corresponding high numerical model resolution, to carry out a scenario-based tsunami hazard assessment for the entire Maldives archipelago to investigate the potential impact of plausible far-field tsunamis across the Indian Ocean at the island scale. The results indicate that several factors contribute to mitigating and amplifying tsunami waves at the island scale.
Niels J. Korsgaard, Kristian Svennevig, Anne S. Søndergaard, Gregor Luetzenburg, Mimmi Oksman, and Nicolaj K. Larsen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 757–772, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-757-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-757-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A tsunami wave will leave evidence of erosion and deposition in coastal lakes, making it possible to determine the runup height and when it occurred. Here, we use four lakes now located at elevations of 19–91 m a.s.l. close to the settlement of Saqqaq, West Greenland, to show that at least two giant tsunamis occurred 7300–7600 years ago with runup heights larger than 40 m. We infer that any tsunamis from at least nine giga-scale landslides must have happened 8500–10 000 years ago.
Elke Magda Inge Meyer and Lidia Gaslikova
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 481–499, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-481-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-481-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storm tides for eight extreme historical storms in the German Bight are modelled using sets of slightly varying atmospheric conditions from the century reanalyses. Comparisons with the water level observations from the gauges Norderney, Cuxhaven and Husum show that single members of the reanalyses are suitable for the reconstruction of extreme storms. Storms with more northerly tracks show less variability within a set and have more potential for accurate reconstruction of extreme water levels.
Clare Lewis, Tim Smyth, Jess Neumann, and Hannah Cloke
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 121–131, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Meteotsunami are the result of atmospheric disturbances and can impact coastlines causing injury, loss of life, and damage to assets. This paper introduces a novel intensity index to allow for the quantification of these events at the shoreline. This has the potential to assist in the field of natural hazard assessment. It was trialled in the UK but designed for global applicability and to become a widely accepted standard in coastal planning, meteotsunami forecasting, and early warning systems.
Wiwin Windupranata, Muhammad Wahyu Al Ghifari, Candida Aulia De Silva Nusantara, Marsyanisa Shafa, Intan Hayatiningsih, Iyan Eka Mulia, and Alqinthara Nuraghnia
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Batukaras Village is a village on the southern coast of Java Island which is prone to tsunami hazards. To assess the potential tsunami hazard in the area, PTHA method was employed. It resulted in tsunami heights of 0.84 m, 1.63 m, 2.97 m, and 5.7 m for each earthquake return period of 250 years, 500 years, 1000 years, and 2500 years, respectively. The largest contribution of earthquake sources comes from the West Java-Central Java megathrust segment.
Chu-En Hsu, Katherine A. Serafin, Xiao Yu, Christie A. Hegermiller, John C. Warner, and Maitane Olabarrieta
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3895–3912, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3895-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3895-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Total water levels (TWLs) induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the leading hazards faced by coastal communities. Using numerical models, we examined how TWL components (surge and wave runup) along the South Atlantic Bight varied during hurricanes Matthew (2016), Dorian (2019), and Isaias (2020). Peak surge and peak wave runup were dominated by wind speeds and relative positions to TCs. The exceedance time of TWLs was controlled by normalized distances to TC and TC translation speeds.
Maude Biguenet, Eric Chaumillon, Pierre Sabatier, Antoine Bastien, Emeline Geba, Fabien Arnaud, Thibault Coulombier, and Nathalie Feuillet
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3761–3788, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3761-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3761-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work documents the impact of Hurricane Irma (2017) on the Codrington barrier and lagoon on Barbuda Island. Irma caused two wide breaches in the sandy barrier, which remained unopened for 250 years. The thick and extensive sand sheet at the top of the lagoon fill was attributed to Irma. This unique deposit in a 3700-year record confirms Irma's exceptional character. This case study illustrates the consequences of high-intensity hurricanes in low-lying islands in a global warming context.
Leigh Richard MacPherson, Arne Arns, Svenja Fischer, Fernando Javier Méndez, and Jürgen Jensen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3685–3701, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3685-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3685-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Efficient adaptation planning for coastal flooding caused by extreme sea levels requires accurate assessments of the underlying hazard. Tide-gauge data alone are often insufficient for providing the desired accuracy but may be supplemented with historical information. We estimate extreme sea levels along the German Baltic coast and show that relying solely on tide-gauge data leads to underestimations. Incorporating historical information leads to improved estimates with reduced uncertainties.
Anne Margaret H. Smiley, Suzanne P. Thompson, Nathan S. Hall, and Michael F. Piehler
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3635–3649, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3635-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3635-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Floodwaters can deliver reactive nitrogen to sensitive aquatic systems and diminish water quality. We assessed the nitrogen removal capabilities of flooded habitats and urban landscapes. Differences in processing rates across land cover treatments and between nutrient treatments suggest that abundance and spatial distributions of habitats, as well as storm characteristics, influence landscape-scale nitrogen removal. Results have important implications for coastal development and climate change.
Marine Le Gal, Tomás Fernández-Montblanc, Enrico Duo, Juan Montes Perez, Paulo Cabrita, Paola Souto Ceccon, Véra Gastal, Paolo Ciavola, and Clara Armaroli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3585–3602, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3585-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3585-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing coastal hazards is crucial to mitigate flooding disasters. In this regard, coastal flood databases are valuable tools. This paper describes a new coastal flood map catalogue covering the entire European coastline, as well as the methodology to build it and its accuracy. The catalogue focuses on frequent extreme events and relies on synthetic scenarios estimated from local storm conditions. Flood-prone areas and regions sensitive to storm duration and water level peak were identified.
Neng-Ti Yu, Cheng-Hao Lu, I-Chin Yen, Jia-Hong Chen, Jiun-Yee Yen, and Shyh-Jeng Chyi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3525–3542, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3525-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3525-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A paleotsunami deposit of cliff-top basalt debris was identified on the Penghu Islands in the southern Taiwan Strait and related to the 1661 earthquake in southwest Taiwan. A minimum wave height of 3.2 m is estimated to have rotated the biggest boulder for over 30 m landwards onto the cliff top at 2.5 m a.s.l. The event must have been huge compared to the 1994 M 6.4 earthquake with the ensuing 0.4 m high tsunami in the same area, validating the intimidating tsunami risks in the South China Sea.
Ye Yuan, Huaiwei Yang, Fujiang Yu, Yi Gao, Benxia Li, and Chuang Xing
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3487–3507, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3487-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3487-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rip currents are narrow jets of offshore-directed flow that originated in the surf zone, which can take swimmers of all ability levels into deeper water unawares. In this study, a 1 m fine-resolution wave-resolving model was configured to study rip current variability and the optimal swimmer escape strategies. Multiple factors contribute to the survival of swimmers. However, for weak-to-moderate rip and longshore currents, swimming onshore consistently seems to be the most successful strategy.
Benedikt Mester, Thomas Vogt, Seth Bryant, Christian Otto, Katja Frieler, and Jacob Schewe
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3467–3485, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3467-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3467-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In 2019, Cyclone Idai displaced more than 478 000 people in Mozambique. In our study, we use coastal flood modeling and satellite imagery to construct a counterfactual cyclone event without the effects of climate change. We show that 12 600–14 900 displacements can be attributed to sea level rise and the intensification of storm wind speeds due to global warming. Our impact attribution study is the first one on human displacement and one of very few for a low-income country.
Olivier Cavalié, Frédéric Cappa, and Béatrice Pinel-Puysségur
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3235–3246, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3235-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3235-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal areas are fragile ecosystems that face multiple hazards. In this study, we measured the downward motion of the Nice Côte d'Azur Airport (France) that was built on reclaimed area and found that it has subsided from 16 mm yr-1 in the 1990s to 8 mm yr-1 today. A continuous remote monitoring of the platform will provide key data for a detailed investigation of future subsidence maps, and this contribution will help to evaluate the potential failure of part of the airport platform.
Wagner L. L. Costa, Karin R. Bryan, and Giovanni Coco
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3125–3146, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3125-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3125-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
For predicting flooding events at the coast, topo-bathymetric data are essential. However, elevation data can be unavailable. To tackle this issue, recent efforts have centred on the use of satellite-derived topography (SDT) and bathymetry (SDB). This work is aimed at evaluating their accuracy and use for flooding prediction in enclosed estuaries. Results show that the use of SDT and SDB in numerical modelling can produce similar predictions when compared to the surveyed elevation data.
Joshua Kiesel, Marvin Lorenz, Marcel König, Ulf Gräwe, and Athanasios T. Vafeidis
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2961–2985, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Among the Baltic Sea littoral states, Germany is anticipated to experience considerable damage as a result of increased coastal flooding due to sea-level rise (SLR). Here we apply a new modelling framework to simulate how flooding along the German Baltic Sea coast may change until 2100 if dikes are not upgraded. We find that the study region is highly exposed to flooding, and we emphasise the importance of current plans to update coastal protection in the future.
Zhang Haixia, Cheng Meng, and Fang Weihua
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2697–2717, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2697-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2697-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Simultaneous storm surge and waves can cause great damage due to cascading effects. Quantitative joint probability analysis is critical to determine their optimal protection design values. The joint probability of the surge and wave for the eastern coasts of Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan are estimated with a Gumbel copula based on 62 years of numerically simulated data, and the optimal design values under various joint return periods are derived using the non-linear programming method.
Clare Lewis, Tim Smyth, David Williams, Jess Neumann, and Hannah Cloke
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2531–2546, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2531-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2531-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Meteotsunami are globally occurring water waves initiated by atmospheric disturbances. Previous research has suggested that in the UK, meteotsunami are a rare phenomenon and tend to occur in the summer months. This article presents a revised and updated catalogue of 98 meteotsunami that occurred between 1750 and 2022. Results also demonstrate a larger percentage of winter events and a geographical pattern highlighting the
hotspotregions that experience these events.
Melissa Wood, Ivan D. Haigh, Quan Quan Le, Hung Nghia Nguyen, Hoang Ba Tran, Stephen E. Darby, Robert Marsh, Nikolaos Skliris, Joël J.-M. Hirschi, Robert J. Nicholls, and Nadia Bloemendaal
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2475–2504, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2475-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2475-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We used a novel database of simulated tropical cyclone tracks to explore whether typhoon-induced storm surges present a future flood risk to low-lying coastal communities around the South China Sea. We found that future climate change is likely to change tropical cyclone behaviour to an extent that this increases the severity and frequency of storm surges to Vietnam, southern China, and Thailand. Consequently, coastal flood defences need to be reviewed for resilience against this future hazard.
Sang-Guk Yum, Moon-Soo Song, and Manik Das Adhikari
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2449–2474, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2449-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2449-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study performed analysis on typhoon-induced coastal morphodynamics for the Mokpo coast. Wetland vegetation was severely impacted by Typhoon Soulik, with 87.35 % of shoreline transects experiencing seaward migration. This result highlights the fact that sediment resuspension controls the land alteration process over the typhoon period. The land accretion process dominated during the pre- to post-typhoon periods.
Olle Räty, Marko Laine, Ulpu Leijala, Jani Särkkä, and Milla M. Johansson
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2403–2418, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2403-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2403-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied annual maximum sea levels in the Finnish coastal region. Our aim was to better quantify the uncertainty in them compared to previous studies. Using four statistical models, we found out that hierarchical models, which shared information on sea-level extremes across Finnish tide gauges, had lower uncertainty in their results in comparison with tide-gauge-specific fits. These models also suggested that the shape of the distribution for extreme sea levels is similar on the Finnish coast.
Christian Ferrarin, Florian Pantillon, Silvio Davolio, Marco Bajo, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Elenio Avolio, Diego S. Carrió, Ioannis Pytharoulis, Claudio Sanchez, Platon Patlakas, Juan Jesús González-Alemán, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2273–2287, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The combined use of meteorological and ocean models enabled the analysis of extreme sea conditions driven by Medicane Ianos, which hit the western coast of Greece on 18 September 2020, flooding and damaging the coast. The large spread associated with the ensemble highlighted the high model uncertainty in simulating such an extreme weather event. The different simulations have been used for outlining hazard scenarios that represent a fundamental component of the coastal risk assessment.
Charline Dalinghaus, Giovanni Coco, and Pablo Higuera
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2157–2169, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Wave setup is a critical component of coastal flooding. Consequently, understanding and being able to predict wave setup is vital to protect coastal resources and the population living near the shore. Here, we applied machine learning to improve the accuracy of present predictors of wave setup. The results show that the new predictors outperform existing formulas demonstrating the capability of machine learning models to provide a physically sound description of wave setup.
Ina Teutsch, Markus Brühl, Ralf Weisse, and Sander Wahls
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2053–2073, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rogue waves exceed twice the significant wave height. They occur more often than expected in the shallow waters off Norderney. When applying a nonlinear Fourier transform for the Korteweg–de Vries equation to wave data from Norderney, we found differences in the soliton spectra of time series with and without rogue waves. A strongly outstanding soliton in the spectrum indicated an enhanced probability for rogue waves. We could attribute spectral solitons to the measured rogue waves.
Cited articles
Afloat Magazine: http://afloat.ie/magazine, Bundoran Lifeboat helps six teenagers trapped by tide, last access: 19 February 2018, 2014.
Babanin, A. V., Young, I. R., and Banner, M. L.: Breaking probabilities for dominant surface waves on water of finite constant depth, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 11659–11676, 2001.
Baschek, B. and Imai, J.: Rogue Wave Observations Off the US West Coast, Oceanography, 24, 158–165, 2011.
BBC News: http://www.bbc.com/news, last access: 19 February 2018, Underwater landslide likely cause of “mild tsunami”, 2011.
Belfast Newsletter: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com/, 2014, last access: 19 Februray 2018.
Brian Smith Music: Woman falls into Wormhole on Aran Islands, available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqOrqYBsZiQ#nf, last access: 19 February 2018, 2015.
Breaking News.ie: http://breakingnews.ie, last access: 19 February 2018, 2009.
Bunbury, T.: The Night of the Big Wind 6th-7th January 1839, available at: http://www.turtlebunbury.com/history/history_irish/history_irish_bigwind.htm, historian, last access: February 2012, 2005.
Carbone, F., Dutykh, D., Dudley, J. M., and Dias, F.: Extreme wave runup on a vertical cliff, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3138–3143, 2013.
Cartwright, D. E. and Longuet-Higgins, M. S.: The Statistical Distribution of the Maxima of a Random Function, Proc. R. Soc. Lon. Ser.-A, 237, 212–232, 1956.
Cavaleri, L., Barbariol, F., Benetazzo, A., Bertotti, L., Bidlot, J.-R., Janssen, P., and Wedi, N.: The Draupner wave: A fresh look and the emerging view, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 6061–6075, 2016.
Christou, M. and Ewans, K.: Field Measurements of Rogue Water Waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 2317–2335, 2014.
Cork Examiner: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1974, 1981, 1983, 1988, 1989.
Connacht Sentinal: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1974, 1997.
Connaught Telegraph: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1974, 2014.
Connacht Tribune: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1961, 1974, 1995.
Cox, R., Zentner, D. B., Kirchner, B. J., and Cook, M. S.: Boulder Ridges on the Aran Islands (Ireland): Revent movements casued by storm waves, not tsunamis, J. Geol., 120, 249–272, 2010.
Craig, R.: Getting back home, available at: http://xgames.espn.com/xgames/gallery/14986621/image/9/getting-back-home, last access: 19 February 2018, 2015.
Craig, R.: Surfing “Bumbaloids”, available at: http://xgames.espn.com/xgames/gallery/14986621/image/12/surfing-bumbaloids, last access: 19 February 2018, 2015.
Dean, G. D. and Darymple, R. A.: Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists, Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering, World Scientific Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1991.
Didenkulova, I. I., Slunyaev, A. V., Pelinovsky, E. N., and Kharif, C.: Freak waves in 2005, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 1007–1015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-1007-2006, 2006.
Dingemans, M.: Water Wave Propagation Over Uneven Bottoms: Non-linear wave propagation, Advanced series on ocean engineering, Part 2, World Scientific Pub., 1997.
Donelan, M. A. and Magnusson, A.-K.: The Making of the Andrea Wave and other Rogues, Sci. Rep.-UK, 7, 44124, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44124, 2017.
Donegal News: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1992.
Draper, L.: Severe Wave Conditions at Sea, The Journal of the Institute of Navigation, 24, 1971.
Dudley, J. M., Sarano, V., and Dias, F.: On Hokusai's Great wave off Kanagawa: localization, linearity and a rogue wave in sub-Antarctic waters, Notes Rec. Roy. Soc., 67, 159–164, 2013.
Dysthe, K., Krogstad, H. E., and Müller, P.: Oceanic Rogue Waves, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 40, 287–310, 2008.
Fedele, F., Brennan, J., Ponce de León, S., Dudley, J., and Dias, F.: Real world ocean rogue waves explained without the modulational instability, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6, 27715, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27715, 2016.
Fenton, J. D.: A high-order cnoidal wave theory, J. Fluid Mech., 94, 129–161, 1979.
Flanagan, J. D., Dias, F., Terray, E., and Dudley, J. M.: Extreme Water Waves off the West Coast of Ireland: Analysis of ADCP Measurements, The Twenty-sixth International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, 2016.
Gallagher, S., Gleeson, E., Tiron, R., McGrath, R., and Dias, F.: Wave climate projections for Ireland for the end of the 21st century including analysis of EC-Earth winds over the North Atlantic Ocean, Int. J. Climatol., 36, 4592–4607, 2016.
Galway City Tribune: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, 1989, 1995, 2014, last accessed 19 February 2018.
Gleeson, E., Gallagher, S., Clancy, C., and Dias, F.: NAO and extreme ocean states in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, in: 16th EMS Annual Meeting & 11th European Conference on Applied Cimatology, Vol. 14, 23–33, 2017.
Grue, J.: Ship generated mini-tsunamis, J. Fluid Mech., 816, 142–166, 2017.
Grue, J., Kolaas, J., and Jensen, A.: Velocity fields in breaking-limited waves on finite depth, Eur. J. Mech. B-Fluid, 47, 97–107, 2014.
Hansom, J. and Hall, A.: Magnitude and frequency of extra-tropical North Atlantic cyclones: A chronology from cliff-top storm deposits, Quat. Int., 195, 42–52, 2009.
Herterich, J. G. and Dias, F.: Wave breaking and runup of long waves approaching a cliff over a variable bathymetry, IUTAM Symposium on Storm Surge Modelling and Forecasting, 2017.
Hohenloh: Photo of Granite Memorial, available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingstown_lifeboat_disaster, last access: 19 February 2018, 2009.
Holgate, S. J., Matthews, A., Woodworth, P. L., Rickards, L. J., Tamisiea, M. E., Bradshaw, E., Foden, P. R., Gordon, K. M., Jevrejeva, S., and Pugh, J.: New Data Systems and Products at the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, J. Coast. Res., 493–504, 2013.
Insurance Ireland: Insurance Ireland Members Estimate Claims Cost for December/January Floods & Storms at 46 million, available at: http://www.insuranceireland.eu/news-and-publications/news-press-release/, last access 19 February 2018, 2014.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to AR5 Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Irish Examiner: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com/, last access: 19 February 2018, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2010, 2011, 2015.
Irish Independent: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1968, 1972, 1982, 1989, 1991, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2013, 2014, 2016.
Bailey, K., DiVeglio, C., and Welty, A.: An Examination of the June 2013 East Coast Meteotsunami Captured By NOAA Observing Systems, Tech. rep., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, available at: http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/NOS_COOPS_079.pdf, last access: 19 February 2018, 2014.
Kharif, C. and Pelinovsky, E.: Physical mechanisms of the rogue wave phenomenon, Eur. J. Mech. B-Fluid, 22, 603–634, 2003.
Kibler, B., Fatome, J., Finot, C., Millot, G., Dias, F., Genty, G., Akhmediev, N., and Dudley, J. M.: The Peregrine soliton in nonlinear fibre optics, Nat. Phys., 6, 790–795, 2010.
Kibler, B., Fatome, J., Finot, C., Millot, G., Genty, G., Wetzel, B., Akhmediev, N., Dias, F., and Dudley, J. M.: Observation of Kuznetsov-Ma soliton dynamics in optical fibre, Sci. Rep.-UK, 2, 463, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00463, 2012.
Limerick Leader: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1995, 1997.
Louth, C.: The Palme Shipwreck and the Dublin Bay Lifeboat Disaster of 1895, Lifeboats Dun Laoghaire, Dublin Historical Record, 58, 1, 2005.
Magnusson, A. K. and Donelan, M. A.: The Andrea wave characteristics of a measured North Sea rogue wave, J. Offshore Mech. Arc. Eng., 135, 031108, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4023800, 2013.
Mayo News: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1986.
Mallet, R. and Mallet, J. W.: Dr. Jan Kozak Collection of images of historical earthquakes, Slide No KZ739, The earthquake catalogue of the British Association: with the discussion, curves and maps, etc. London: [s.n.], 1858, Private collection, available at: http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/Image/KZ739, last access 19 February 2018, 1854.
Met Éireann: Major Weather Events, available at: http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/major-events.asp, last access 19 February 2018, 2016a.
Met Éireann: Climate of Ireland, available at: http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/climate-of-ireland.asp, last access: 19 February 2018, 2016b.
Met Éireann: Wind over Ireland, available at: http://www.met.ie/climate/wind.asp, last access: 19 February 2018, 2016c.
Met Éireann: Storm Ophelia: Provisional Quick Facts of land and marine observations., available at: http://www.met.ie/news/display.asp?ID=463, last access: 19 February 2018, 2017.
Milne, D.: Earthquake-Shocks felt in Great Britain and especially Scotland, Edinb. New Philos. J., 36, 83–84, 1844.
Moroney, P.: In the teeth of Atlantic Storms, Talk given at Multiwave, Wave Measurement Workshop, University College Dublin, 25 September 2015.
Murphy, J.: Coastal erosion around Ireland and engineering solutions, available at: http://www.engineersjournal.ie/2014/06/05/coastal-erosion-around-ireland-and-engineering-solutions/, last access: 19 February 2018, 2014.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: NGDC/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, doi:10.7289/V5PN93H7, last access: 19 February 2018, 2015.
National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program: What is a Meteotsunami, available at: http://nws.weather.gov/nthmp/meteotsunamis.html, last access 19 February 2018, 2015.
Nelson, R.: Depth limited design wave heights in very flat regions, Coast. Eng., 23, 43–59, 1994.
Nikolkina, I. and Didenkulova, I.: Rogue waves in 2006–2010, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 2913–2924, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2913-2011, 2011.
O'Brien, L., Dudley, J. M., and Dias, F.: Extreme wave events in Ireland: 14 680 BP–2012, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 625–648, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-625-2013, 2013.
O'Hara, L.: Washed Ashore – The Spanish Armada, available at: http://irelandofthewelcomes.com/washed-ashore-the-spanish-armada/, last access 19 February 2018, 2013.
Okal, E. A. and Synolakis, C. E.: Sequencing of tsunami waves: why the first wave is not always the largest, Geophys. J. Int., 204, 719, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv457, 2016.
Olagnon, M. and Prevosto, M. (Eds.): A possible freak wave event measured at the Draupner jacket 1 January 1995, Ifremer, Brest, France, 2004.
Peregrine, D. H.: Water Waves, Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations and Their Solutions, J. Austr. Math. Soc., 25, 16–43, 1983.
Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level: PSMSL, available at: http://www.psmsl.org/data, 2016.
Red Bull TV: Beneath the Surface, available at: http://www.redbull.tv/video/AP-1NN82RUJ91W11/beneath-the-surface, last access: 19 February 2018, 2016.
Roeber, V. and Bricker, J. D.: Destructive tsunami-like wave generated by surf beat over a coral reef during Typhoon Haiyan, Nat. Commun., 6, 7854, 2015.
RTÉ: Disasters – Donegal Trawlers, Documentary, available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbVOIwN2pyI, last access: 19 February 2018, 2016a.
RTÉ: Disasters – Doolin Drownings, available at: http://presspack.rte.ie/2007/09/12/disasters-last-in-series/, last access: 19 February 2018, 2016b.
RTÉ: Archives, available at: http://www.rte.ie/archives/, last access 19 February 2018, 2016c.
RTÉ News: http://www.rte.ie/news/, last access 19 February 2018, 2016.
Ryan, P.: Eagle Island East storm December 29th 1894, Letter archive, provided by Robert Sparkes of the Commissioners of Irish Lights, 1895.
Salmanidou, D., Guillas, S., Georgiopoulou, A., and Dias, F.: Statistical emulation of landslide tsunami hazard in the NE Atlantic Ocean, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Phys. Eng. Sci., 473, 2200, 2017.
Sligo Champion: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1974.
Smith, F.: Bumbaloid, Online blog, available at: http://www.fergalsmith.com/blog/?p=159, last access: 30 July 2016, 2012.
Southern Star: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access 19 February 2018, 1962, 1981, 2014.
Stefanakis, T. S., Dias, F., and Dutykh, D.: Local Run-Up Amplification by Resonant Wave Interactions, Phys. Rev. Lett., 107, 12, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.124502, 2011.
Sunday Independent: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 2000, 2014.
Sweeney, F.: Blacksod point lighthouse, Storm January 2014, available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPcFwZgtVZg,last access: 19 February 2018, 2014.
The Anglo-Celt: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1961.
The Horsham Times: The State Library, Victoria, Australia, 1882, available at: https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/72868012, last access: 19 February 2018.
The Irish Newspaper Archives: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1877–2017.
The Irish Press: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1962, 1963, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1981.
The Irish Times: http://www.irishtimes.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1877, 1903, 1935, 1945, 1961, 1962, 1983, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1997, 1998, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017.
The Kerryman: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com, last access: 19 February 2018, 1961, 1942, 1962, 2005, 2014.
The Marine Institute: Real Time Observations, available at: http://www.marine.ie/Home/site-area/data-services/real-time-observations/real-time-observations, 2017a.
The Marine Institute: Facts & Figures from Storm Ophelia, available at: http://www.marine.ie/Home/site-area/news-events/facts-figures-storm-ophelia, 2017b.
The Met Office: The Beaufort Scale, available at: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/guide/weather/marine/beaufort-scale, 2016.
The OPW: National Fllod Hazard Mapping, available at:http://www.floodmaps.ie, 2016.
The OPW and RPS: Irish Coastal Protection Strategy Study, available at: http://www.opw.ie/en/floodriskmanagement/floodanderosionmapping/icpss/, The Office of Public Works (OPW), Ireland, 2013.
The Wexford People: http://www.wexfordpeople.ie, last access: 19 February 2018, 2010, 2014.
Tinti, S., Maramai, A., and Graziani, L.: The New Catalogue of Italian Tsunamis, Natural Hazards, 33, 439–465, 2004.
Vilibić, I., Monserrat, S., and Rabinovich, A. B.: Meteorological tsunamis on the US East Coast and in other regions of the World Ocean, Natural Hazards, 74, 1–9, 2014.
Viotti, C., Carbone, F., and Dias, F.: Conditions for extreme wave runup on a vertical barrier by nonlinear dispersion, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 748, 768–788, 2014.
Williams, D. M.: Mechanisms of wave transport of megaclasts on elevated cliff-top platforms: examples from western Ireland relevant to the storm-wave versus tsunami controversy, Irish J. Earth Sci., 28, 13–23, 2010.
Williams, D. M. and Hall, A. M.: Cliff-top megaclast deposits of Ireland, a record of extreme waves in the North Atlantic-storms or tsunamis?, Mar. Geol., 206, 101–117, 2004.
Woollings, T. and Blackburn, M.: The North Atlantic Jet Stream under Climate Change and Its Relation to the NAO and EA Patterns, J. Climate, 25, 886–902, 2012.
Yang, Z., Liu, S., Bingham, H. B., and Li, J.: Second-order theory for coupling 2D numerical and physical wave tanks: Derivation, evaluation and experimental validation, Coast. Engin., 71, 37–51, 2013.
yoSurfer: Global Surf Reports, available at: http://www.yosurfer.com, 2016.
Zhang, H. and Schäffer, H. A.: Approximate Stream Function wavemaker theory for highly non-linear waves in wave flumes, Ocean Engin., 34, 1290–1302, 2007.
Short summary
This paper extends and updates the survey of extreme wave events in Ireland that was previously carried out by O'Brien et al. (2013). Events are categorised into storm waves, rogue waves, tsunamis and storm surges. Important questions regarding public safety, services and the influence of climate change are also highlighted. An interactive map that allows the reader to navigate through events can be found here.
This paper extends and updates the survey of extreme wave events in Ireland that was previously...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint