Articles | Volume 22, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1683-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1683-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 May 2022
Research article |
| 19 May 2022
| 19 May 2022
The role of heat wave events in the occurrence and persistence of thermal stratification in the southern North Sea
Department of Hydrodynamics and Data Assimilation, Institute of Coastal Systems-Analysis and Modelling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
Joanna Staneva
Department of Hydrodynamics and Data Assimilation, Institute of Coastal Systems-Analysis and Modelling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
Sebastian Grayek
Department of Hydrodynamics and Data Assimilation, Institute of Coastal Systems-Analysis and Modelling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
Johannes Schulz-Stellenfleth
Department of Hydrodynamics and Data Assimilation, Institute of Coastal Systems-Analysis and Modelling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
Jens Greinert
DeepSea Monitoring, Marine Geosystems, GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
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Cited
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Influence of coastal oceanography on early life history traits of larval Patagonian sprat, Sprattus fuegensis along southeastern Pacific Ocean E. López‐Soto et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/fog.12690
- Seamless integration of the land–ocean continuum: the complex interplay of wave-induced processes and estuarine influences T. Nguyen et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-025-01705-3
- Ocean warming events resilience capability in underwater computing platforms A. Periola et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54050-8
- Recent European marine heatwaves are unprecedented but not unexpected J. Atkins et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02802-3
- Impacts of morphological change and sea-level rise on stratification in the Pearl River Estuary M. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1072080
- Fine-scale behavioural responses to mixing fronts are linked to variation in geographic space use in a medium ranging seabird I. Cleasby et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-025-04745-x
- Characteristics and trends of marine heatwaves in the northwest European Shelf and the impacts on density stratification W. Chen & J. Staneva https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-7-2024
- Community Turnover and Connectivity at Two Study Sites in the North and Wadden Seas: Dynamics From Hours to Seasons P. Ramond et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.70310
- Oyster larvae used for ecosystem restoration benefit from increased thermal fluctuation K. Alter et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115750
- Effects of the 2018 European heatwave and drought on coastal biogeochemistry in the German Bight D. Kaiser et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164316
- Effects of heatwave events on dissolved oxygen in the Elbe Estuary H. Fan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124125
- Future changes of coastal extremes from the regional wave-ocean coupled model system for the Northern European continental shelf T. Nguyen et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1782346
- Decadal decline of dominant copepod species in the North Sea is associated with ocean warming: Importance of marine heatwaves I. Semmouri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115159
- Extreme marine heatwaves and cold-spells events in the Southern North Sea: classifications, patterns, and trends B. Mohamed et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1258117
- Sustainable oceanic cooling site selection using integrated probabilistic learning and many-objective optimization M. Hoseini Karani et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2025.128749
- Amplified warming and marine heatwaves in the North Sea under a warming climate and their impacts B. Mohamed et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2505-2025
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Influence of coastal oceanography on early life history traits of larval Patagonian sprat, Sprattus fuegensis along southeastern Pacific Ocean E. López‐Soto et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/fog.12690
- Seamless integration of the land–ocean continuum: the complex interplay of wave-induced processes and estuarine influences T. Nguyen et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-025-01705-3
- Ocean warming events resilience capability in underwater computing platforms A. Periola et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54050-8
- Recent European marine heatwaves are unprecedented but not unexpected J. Atkins et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02802-3
- Impacts of morphological change and sea-level rise on stratification in the Pearl River Estuary M. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1072080
- Fine-scale behavioural responses to mixing fronts are linked to variation in geographic space use in a medium ranging seabird I. Cleasby et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-025-04745-x
- Characteristics and trends of marine heatwaves in the northwest European Shelf and the impacts on density stratification W. Chen & J. Staneva https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-7-2024
- Community Turnover and Connectivity at Two Study Sites in the North and Wadden Seas: Dynamics From Hours to Seasons P. Ramond et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.70310
- Oyster larvae used for ecosystem restoration benefit from increased thermal fluctuation K. Alter et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115750
- Effects of the 2018 European heatwave and drought on coastal biogeochemistry in the German Bight D. Kaiser et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164316
- Effects of heatwave events on dissolved oxygen in the Elbe Estuary H. Fan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124125
- Future changes of coastal extremes from the regional wave-ocean coupled model system for the Northern European continental shelf T. Nguyen et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1782346
- Decadal decline of dominant copepod species in the North Sea is associated with ocean warming: Importance of marine heatwaves I. Semmouri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115159
- Extreme marine heatwaves and cold-spells events in the Southern North Sea: classifications, patterns, and trends B. Mohamed et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1258117
- Sustainable oceanic cooling site selection using integrated probabilistic learning and many-objective optimization M. Hoseini Karani et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2025.128749
- Amplified warming and marine heatwaves in the North Sea under a warming climate and their impacts B. Mohamed et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2505-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 26 Jun 2026
Short summary
This study links the occurrence and persistence of density stratification in the southern North Sea to the increased number of extreme marine heat waves. The study further identified the role of the cold spells at the early stage of a year to the intensity of thermal stratification in summer. In a broader context, the research will have fundamental significance for further discussion of the secondary effects of heat wave events, such as in ecosystems, fisheries, and sediment dynamics.
This study links the occurrence and persistence of density stratification in the southern North...
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