Articles | Volume 26, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-2673-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-2673-2026
Research article
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10 Jun 2026
Research article | Highlight paper |  | 10 Jun 2026

The Pluvial Flood Index (PFI): a new instrument for evaluating flash flood hazards and facilitating real-time warning

Markus Weiler, Julia Krumm, Ingo Haag, Hannes Leistert, Max Schmit, Andreas Steinbrich, and Andreas Hänsler

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Cited articles

Apel, H., Benisch, J., Helm, B., Vorogushyn, S., and Merz, B.: Fast urban inundation simulation with RIM2D for flood risk assessment and forecasting, Frontiers in Water, 6, 1310182, https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1310182, 2024. 
Apel, H., Vorogushyn, S., and Merz, B.: Brief communication: Impact forecasting could substantially improve the emergency management of deadly floods: case study July 2021 floods in Germany, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3005–3014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3005-2022, 2022. 
Archer, D. R. and Fowler, H. J.: Characterising flash flood response to intense rainfall and impacts using historical information and gauged data in Britain, J. Flood Risk Manage., 11, S121–S133, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12187, 2018. 
Bachmair, S. and Weiler, M.: Hillslope characteristics as controls of subsurface flow variability, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3699–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3699-2012, 2012. 
Bachmair, S., Weiler, M., and Nützmann, G.: Controls of land use and soil structure on water movement: Lessons for pollutant transfer through the unsaturated zone, J. Hydrol., 369, 241–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.031, 2009. 
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Editorial statement
This paper presents a new Pluvial Flood Index (PFI) for assessing and communicating the hazard from pluvial flash floods caused by intense, localised rainfall. As climate change intensifies heavy rainfall and urbanisation increases surface sealing, pluvial flooding is becoming an increasingly important source of damage and disruption. The PFI combines key hydrological and hydraulic factors into a clear, practical and interpretable measure of pluvial flood hazard. It identifies both the extent and location of potential pluvial flood hazard areas, while remaining accessible for communication with non-specialist audiences. The paper shows how the PFI can support operational flash flood forecasting and warning systems across large regions, as well as broader assessments of pluvial flood susceptibility. It can also help authorities prioritise preparedness and mitigation measures where pluvial flood risk is greatest.
Short summary
Pluvial (flash) floods, caused by intense local rainfall, result in surface runoff and overland flow, making them different from fluvial floods. A new Pluvial Flood Index (PFI) combines precipitation, hydrological, and hydrodynamic processes to assess surface flooding hazards. The PFI, based on flood hazard areas, helps forecast flash floods and supports real-time warning systems, aiding municipal decision-making, preparedness, and planning.
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