Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
NHESS
Articles | Volume 26, issue 4
Articles | Volume 26, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-1935-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-1935-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 26, issue 4
Research article
 | 
29 Apr 2026
Research article |  | 29 Apr 2026

Assessing extreme total water levels across Europe for large-scale coastal flood analysis

Camila Cotrim, Alexandra Toimil, Iñigo J. Losada, Melisa Menéndez, and Hector Lobeto

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Short summary
Coastal storms place millions of people and infrastructures at risk. For this reason, we propose a method to estimate extreme total water levels in a consistent way across Europe, as this is the main indicator for coastal flooding. We consider local variations in tides, storm surges, waves, and beach slopes. We found that parts of Europe are affected differently, with tides being important on the Atlantic coast, storm surges in the Baltic Sea, and waves mattering most in the Mediterranean Sea.
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