Articles | Volume 25, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-4331-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-4331-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Nov 2025
Research article |
| 04 Nov 2025
| 04 Nov 2025
Indonesia tornado database: tornado climatology of Indonesia
Irfans Maulana Firdaus
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Takeshi Yamazaki
Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Muhammad Rais Abdillah
Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
Edi Riawan
Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
Related authors
No articles found.
Rizma Dwinanda Prawira and Muhammad Rais Abdillah
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5824, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5824, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Weather and Climate Dynamics (WCD).
Short summary
Short summary
El Niño is known to bring less rainfall to the Maritime Continent. However, its effects are more complex during boreal winter, when much of the region is experiencing its rainy season and hydrometeorological hazards are common. Our findings show that, in recent decades, El Niño has been associated with greater wintertime rainfall over parts of the Maritime Continent. This increase is likely driven by changes in El Niño-induced ocean temperature patterns across the Indo-Pacific.
I Dewa G. A. Junnaedhi, Muhammad Arkan, An Nur A. Muzasyaroh, Dwina Nugraha, Rachmy Fitriani, Muhammad R. Abdillah, Rusmawan Suwarman, Sukendra Sukendra, Alvin C. G. Varquez, Atsushi Inagaki, and Manabu Kanda
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4598, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4598, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate urban temperature and humidity measurements are often limited by the high cost of radiation shields. This study developed an inexpensive H-Tube shield using common materials and 3D-printed parts. Field experiments showed that the aspirated design performed comparably to commercial products, while simple correction methods further improved accuracy. The H-Tube offers an affordable solution for distributed temperature and humidity monitoring networks in tropical cities.
Cited articles
Aldrian, E. and Susanto, R. D.: Identification of three dominant rainfall regions within Indonesia and their relationship to sea surface temperature, International Journal of Climatology, 23, 1435–1452, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.950, 2003. a
Allen, J., Tippett, M., and Sobel, A.: Influence of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation on tornado and hail frequency in the United States, Nature Geoscience, 8, 278–283, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2385, 2015. a
American Meteorological Society: Tornado, https://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Tornado (last access: 20 August 2024), 2024. a
Anderson, C. J., Wikle, C. K., Zhou, Q., and Royle, J. A.: Population Influences on Tornado Reports in the United States, Weather and Forecasting, 22, 571–579, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF997.1, 2007. a
Antonescu, B. and Bell, A.: Tornadoes in Romania, Monthly Weather Review, 143, 689–701, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00181.1, 2015. a
Antonescu, B., Schultz, D. M., Lomas, F., and Kühne, T.: Tornadoes in Europe: Synthesis of the Observational Datasets, Monthly Weather Review, 144, 2445–2480, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0298.1, 2016. a, b, c
Baranowski, D. B., Flatau, M. K., Flatau, P. J., Karnawati, D., Barabasz, K., Labuz, M., Latos, B., Schmidt, J. M., Paski, J. A. I., and Marzuki: Social-media and newspaper reports reveal large-scale meteorological drivers of floods on Sumatra, Nature Communications, 11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16171-2, 2020. a, b
Barrett, B. S. and Gensini, V. A.: Variability of central United States April–May tornado day likelihood by phase of the Madden-Julian Oscillation, Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 2790–2795, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50522, 2013. a
Bhan, S., Paul, S., Chakravarthy, K., Saxena, R., Ray, K., and Gopal, N.: Climatology of Tornadoes over northwest India and Pakistan; and Meteorological Analysis of recent Tornadoes over the Region, Journal of Indian Geophysical Union, Vol. 20, 75–88, 2016. a
Capuli, G.: Project Severe Weather Archive of the Philippines (SWAP) Part 1: Establishing a Baseline Climatology for Severe Weather across the Philippine Archipelago, Annals of Geophysics, 67, GC553, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-9151, 2024. a
Carley, K., Malik, M., Kowalchuck, M., Pfeffer, J., and Landwehr, P.: Twitter usage in Indonesia, Nature Communications, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2720332, 2015. a
Chang, C.-P., Wang, Z., McBride, J., and Liu, C.-H.: Annual Cycle of Southeast Asia–Maritime Continent Rainfall and the Asymmetric Monsoon Transition, Journal of Climate, 18, 287–301, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-3257.1, 2005. a
Chen, J., Cai, X., Wang, H., Kang, L., Zhang, H., Song, Y., Zhu, H., Zheng, W., and Li, F.: Tornado climatology of China, International Journal of Climatology, 38, 2478–2489, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5369, 2018. a
Chernokulsky, A., Kurgansky, M., Mokhov, I., Shikhov, A., Azhigov, I., Selezneva, E., Zakharchenko, D., Antonescu, B., and Kühne, T.: Tornadoes in Northern Eurasia: From the Middle Age to the Information Era, Monthly Weather Review, 148, 3081–3110, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-19-0251.1, 2020. a
Dotzek, N., Groenemeijer, P., Feuerstein, B., and Holzer, A. M.: Overview of ESSL's severe convective storms research using the European Severe Weather Database ESWD, Atmospheric Research, 93, 575–586, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.020, 2009. a
Environment Canada’s Weather Service: Enhanced Fujita scale for wind damage, https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/seasonal-weather-hazards/enhanced-fujita-scale-wind-damage.html (last access: 31 March 2025), 2018. a
Feuerstein, B., Groenemeijer, P., Dirksen, E., Hubrig, M., Holzer, A. M., and Dotzek, N.: Towards an improved wind speed scale and damage description adapted for Central Europe, Atmospheric Research, 100, 547–564, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.12.026, 2011. a
Firdaus, I. M. and Iswahyudi, R. F.: Indonesia Tornado Database, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15233333, 2025. a, b
Firdaus, I. M., Trilaksono, N. J., and Yamazaki, T.: Mechanism of Initiation and Regeneration of Convective Cell in Bandung Basin, Indonesia, Geoscience Letters, 11, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-024-00359-1, 2024. a
Fujita, T. T.: Tornadoes Around the World, Weatherwise, 26, 56–62, 78–83, 1973. a
Hattori, M., Mori, S., and Matsumoto, J.: The Cross-Equatorial Northerly Surge over the Maritime Continent and Its Relationship to Precipitation Patterns, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 89A, 27–47, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2011-A02, 2011. a
Hidayatullah: Angin Kencang Bogor, 1 Korban Jiwa, Pohon Tumbang, Rumah Rusak, https://hidayatullah.com/berita/nasional/2018/12/06/156075/angin-kencang-bogor-1-korban-jiwa-pohon-tumbang-rumah-rusak.html (last access: 27 August 2024), 2018. a
Japan Meteorological Agency: Guidelines for the Japanese Enhanced Fujita Scale, Tech. rep., Japan Meteorological Agency, 10–11, 2015. a
Jawa Pos: Peneliti BRIN Ungkap Penyebab Angin Puting Beliung di Rancaekek Bandung Mirip Tornado, https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/014330527/peneliti-brin-ungkap-penyebab-angin-puting-beliung-di-rancaekek-bandung-mirip-tornado (last access: 27 August 2024), 2024. a
Johnson, V. A., Klockow-McClain, K. E., Peppler, R. A., and Person, A. M.: Tornado Climatology and Risk Perception in Central Oklahoma, Weather, Climate, and Society, 13, 743–751, https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-20-0137.1, 2021. a
Kahraman, A. and Markowski, P. M.: Tornado Climatology of Turkey, Monthly Weather Review, 142, 2345–2352, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-13-00364.1, 2014. a, b, c
Kawazoe, S., Inatsu, M., Fujita, M., Sugimoto, S., Okada, Y., and Watanabe, S.: Evaluation of tornadic environments and their trends and projected changes in Japan, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 6, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00524-x, 2023. a
Kompas: Dampak Puting Beliung di Bogor, Satu Orang Tewas hingga 770 Rumah Rusak, https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/12/08/08235741/dampak-puting-beliung-di-bogor-satu-orang-tewas-hingga-770-rumah-rusak (last access: 26 August 2024), 2018. a
Kounkou, R., Mills, G., and Timbal, B.: A reanalysis climatology of cool-season tornado environments over southern Australia, International Journal of Climatology, 29, 2079–2090, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1856, 2009. a
Kurniadi, A., Weller, E., Min, S.-K., and Seong, M.-G.: Independent ENSO and IOD impacts on rainfall extremes over Indonesia, International Journal of Climatology, 41, 3640–3656, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7040, 2021. a
Maas, M., Supinie, T., Berrington, A., Emmerson, S., Aidala, A., and Gavan, M.: The Tornado Archive: Compiling and Visualizing a Worldwide, Digitized Tornado Database, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 105, E1137–E1152, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0123.1, 2024. a
Matsangouras, I. T., Nastos, P. T., Bluestein, H. B., and Sioutas, M. V.: A climatology of tornadic activity over Greece based on historical records, International Journal of Climatology, 34, 2538–2555, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3857, 2014. a
McDonald, J. R. and Mehta, K. C.: A Recommendation for an Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale), Revision 2, Wind Science and Engineering Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, 90 TX, 111, https://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/ef-ttu.pdf (last access: 31 March 2025), 2006. a
Meaden, G.: Tornadoes in Britain: their intensities and distribution in space and time, The Journal of Meteorology, 1, 242-251, 1976. a
Muhammad, F. R., Lubis, S. W., and Setiawan, S.: Impacts of the Madden–Julian oscillation on precipitation extremes in Indonesia, International Journal of Climatology, 41, 1970–1984, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6941, 2021. a
Newark, M. J.: Canadian tornadoes, 1950–1979, Atmosphere-Ocean, 22, 343–353, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1984.9649203, 1984. a
Niino, H., Fujitani, T., and Watanabe, N.: A Statistical Study of Tornadoes and Waterspouts in Japan from 1961 to 1993, Journal of Climate, 10, 1730–1752, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1730:ASSOTA>2.0.CO;2, 1997. a
Paul, F.: A developing inventory of tornadoes in France, Atmospheric Research, 56, 269–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(00)00077-6, 2001. a
Peatman, S. C., Schwendike, J., Birch, C. E., Marsham, J. H., Matthews, A. J., and Yang, G.-Y.: A Local-to-Large Scale View of Maritime Continent Rainfall: Control by ENSO, MJO, and Equatorial Waves, Journal of Climate, 34, 8933–8953, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0263.1, 2021. a, b
Rauhala, J., Brooks, H. E., and Schultz, D. M.: Tornado Climatology of Finland, Monthly Weather Review, 140, 1446–1456, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00196.1, 2012. a, b, c, d
RRI: BMKG Sebut Bencana di Rancaekek Puting Beliung, https://www.rri.co.id/daerah/566180/bmkg-sebut-bencana-di-rancaekek-puting-beliung (last access: 26 August 2024), 2024. a
Sills, D. M., McCarthy, P. J., and Kopp, G. A.: Implementation and Application of the EF-Scale in Canada, 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms, American Meteorological Society, https://ams.confex.com/ams/27SLS/webprogram/Paper254999.html (last access: 31 March 2025), 2014. a
Tempo: Awan Bunga Kol dan Ancaman Puting Beliung di Masa Pancaroba, https://fokus.tempo.co/read/1153197/awan-bunga-kol-dan-ancaman-puting-beliung-di-masa-pancaroba (last access: 26 August 2024), 2018. a
Tempo: Beda Pendapat Soal Amukan Angin di Rancaekek, Begini Cara Membedakan Puting Beliung dan Tornado, a https://tekno.tempo.co/read/1836798/beda-pendapat-soal-amukan-angin-di-rancaekek-begini-cara-membedakan-puting-beliung-dan-tornado (last access: 26 August 2024), 2024. a
Tippett, M. K.: Robustness of Relations between the MJO and U.S. Tornado Occurrence, Monthly Weather Review, 146, 3873–3884, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0207.1, 2018. a
Veloso-Aguila, D., Rasmussen, K. L., and Maloney, E. D.: Tornadoes in Southeast South America: Mesoscale to Planetary-Scale Environments, Monthly Weather Review, 152, 295–318, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-22-0248.1, 2024. a, b, c
Wheeler, M. C. and McBride, J. L.: Australian-Indonesian monsoon, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 125–173, ISBN 978-3-540-27250-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27250-X_5, 2005. a
Yoneyama, K. and Zhang, C.: Years of the Maritime Continent, Geophysical Research Letters, 47, e2020GL087182, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087182, 2020. a
Zhang, C., Xue, M., Zhu, K., and Yu, X.: Climatology of Significant Tornadoes within China and Comparison of Tornado Environments between the United States and China, Monthly Weather Review, 151, 465–484, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-22-0070.1, 2023. a
Short summary
Tornado is a destructive meteorological phenomenon that can injure, kill people, and damage infrastructure. Indonesia has no tornado database yet. We collected tornado reports from numerous scattered reports between 1800 and 2024 to analyze the climatological tornado for Indonesia, and the results are published in an open repository to catalyze future tornado studies in the tropics.
Tornado is a destructive meteorological phenomenon that can injure, kill people, and damage...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint