Articles | Volume 23, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2593-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2593-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Jul 2023
Research article |
| 21 Jul 2023
| 21 Jul 2023
Trends in heat and cold wave risks for the Italian Trentino-Alto Adige region from 1980 to 2018
Martin Morlot
Department of Civil, Environmental, and
Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
Simone Russo
Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Via Enrico Fermi 2749,
21027 Ispra, Italy
Luc Feyen
Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Via Enrico Fermi 2749,
21027 Ispra, Italy
Giuseppe Formetta
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Civil, Environmental, and
Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
Related authors
No articles found.
Mohammad Hadi Bahmanpour, Alois Tilloy, Michalis Vousdoukas, Ivan Federico, Giovanni Coppini, Luc Feyen, and Lorenzo Mentaschi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-843, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-843, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
As natural hazards evolve, understanding how extreme events interact over time is crucial. While single extremes have been widely studied, joint extremes remain challenging to analyze. We present a framework that combines advanced statistical modeling with copula theory to capture changing dependencies. Applying it to historical data reveals dynamic patterns in extreme events. To support broader use, we provide an open-source tool for improved hazard assessment.
Aloïs Tilloy, Dominik Paprotny, Stefania Grimaldi, Goncalo Gomes, Alessandra Bianchi, Stefan Lange, Hylke Beck, Cinzia Mazzetti, and Luc Feyen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 293–316, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-293-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-293-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents a reanalysis of Europe's river streamflow for the period 1951–2020. Streamflow is estimated through a state-of-the-art hydrological simulation framework benefitting from detailed information about the landscape, climate, and human activities. The resulting Hydrological European ReAnalysis (HERA) can be a valuable tool for studying hydrological dynamics, including the impacts of climate change and human activities on European water resources and flood and drought risks.
Dominik Paprotny, Belinda Rhein, Michalis I. Vousdoukas, Paweł Terefenko, Francesco Dottori, Simon Treu, Jakub Śledziowski, Luc Feyen, and Heidi Kreibich
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3983–4010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3983-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3983-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term trends in flood losses are regulated by multiple factors, including climate variation, population and economic growth, land-use transitions, reservoir construction, and flood risk reduction measures. Here, we reconstruct the factual circumstances in which almost 15 000 potential riverine, coastal and compound floods in Europe occurred between 1950 and 2020. About 10 % of those events are reported to have caused significant socioeconomic impacts.
Shima Azimi, Christian Massari, Giuseppe Formetta, Silvia Barbetta, Alberto Tazioli, Davide Fronzi, Sara Modanesi, Angelica Tarpanelli, and Riccardo Rigon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4485–4503, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4485-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4485-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the water budget of nested karst catchments using simple methods and modeling. By utilizing the available data on precipitation and discharge, we were able to determine the response lag-time by adopting new techniques. Additionally, we modeled snow cover dynamics and evapotranspiration with the use of Earth observations, providing a concise overview of the water budget for the basin and its subbasins. We have made the data, models, and workflows accessible for further study.
Eleonora Dallan, Francesco Marra, Giorgia Fosser, Marco Marani, Giuseppe Formetta, Christoph Schär, and Marco Borga
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1133–1149, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1133-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1133-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Convection-permitting climate models could represent future changes in extreme short-duration precipitation, which is critical for risk management. We use a non-asymptotic statistical method to estimate extremes from 10 years of simulations in an orographically complex area. Despite overall good agreement with rain gauges, the observed decrease of hourly extremes with elevation is not fully represented by the model. Climate model adjustment methods should consider the role of orography.
Riccardo Rigon, Giuseppe Formetta, Marialaura Bancheri, Niccolò Tubini, Concetta D'Amato, Olaf David, and Christian Massari
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4773–4800, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4773-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4773-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The
Digital Earth(DE) metaphor is very useful for both end users and hydrological modelers. We analyse different categories of models, with the view of making them part of a Digital eARth Twin Hydrology system (called DARTH). We also stress the idea that DARTHs are not models in and of themselves, rather they need to be built on an appropriate information technology infrastructure. It is remarked that DARTHs have to, by construction, support the open-science movement and its ideas.
Kees C. H. van Ginkel, Francesco Dottori, Lorenzo Alfieri, Luc Feyen, and Elco E. Koks
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1011–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1011-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1011-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a state-of-the-art approach to assess flood damage for each unique road segment in Europe. We find a mean total flood risk of EUR 230 million per year for all individual road segments combined. We identify flood hotspots in the Alps, along the Sava River, and on the Scandinavian Peninsula. To achieve this, we propose a new set of damage curves for roads and challenge the community to validate and improve these. Analysis of network effects can be easily added to our analysis.
Carmelo Cammalleri, Gustavo Naumann, Lorenzo Mentaschi, Bernard Bisselink, Emiliano Gelati, Ad De Roo, and Luc Feyen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5919–5935, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5919-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5919-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is anticipated to alter the demand and supply of water at the earth's surface. This study shows how hydrological droughts will change across Europe with increasing global warming levels, showing that at 3 K global warming an additional 11 million people and 4.5 ×106 ha of agricultural land will be exposed to droughts every year, on average. These effects are mostly located in the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of Europe.
Barry Hankin, Ian Hewitt, Graham Sander, Federico Danieli, Giuseppe Formetta, Alissa Kamilova, Ann Kretzschmar, Kris Kiradjiev, Clint Wong, Sam Pegler, and Rob Lamb
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2567–2584, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2567-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2567-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
With growing support for nature-based solutions to reduce flooding by local communities, government authorities and international organisations, it is still important to improve how we assess risk reduction. We demonstrate an efficient, simplified 1D network model that allows us to explore the
whole-systemresponse of numerous leaky barriers placed in different stream networks, whilst considering utilisation, synchronisation effects and cascade failure, and we provide advice on their siting.
Monika J. Barcikowska, Sarah B. Kapnick, Lakshmi Krishnamurty, Simone Russo, Annalisa Cherchi, and Chris K. Folland
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 161–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-161-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-161-2020, 2020
Giovanni Forzieri, Matteo Pecchi, Marco Girardello, Achille Mauri, Marcus Klaus, Christo Nikolov, Marius Rüetschi, Barry Gardiner, Julián Tomaštík, David Small, Constantin Nistor, Donatas Jonikavicius, Jonathan Spinoni, Luc Feyen, Francesca Giannetti, Rinaldo Comino, Alessandro Wolynski, Francesco Pirotti, Fabio Maistrelli, Ionut Savulescu, Stéphanie Wurpillot-Lucas, Stefan Karlsson, Karolina Zieba-Kulawik, Paulina Strejczek-Jazwinska, Martin Mokroš, Stefan Franz, Lukas Krejci, Ionel Haidu, Mats Nilsson, Piotr Wezyk, Filippo Catani, Yi-Ying Chen, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Gherardo Chirici, Alessandro Cescatti, and Pieter S. A. Beck
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 257–276, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-257-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-257-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Strong winds may uproot and break trees and represent a risk for forests. Despite the importance of this natural disturbance and possible intensification in view of climate change, spatial information about wind-related impacts is currently missing on a pan-European scale. We present a new database of wind disturbances in European forests comprised of more than 80 000 records over the period 2000–2018. Our database is a unique spatial source for the study of forest disturbances at large scales.
Michalis I. Vousdoukas, Dimitrios Bouziotas, Alessio Giardino, Laurens M. Bouwer, Lorenzo Mentaschi, Evangelos Voukouvalas, and Luc Feyen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2127–2142, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2127-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2127-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We examine sources of epistemic uncertainty in coastal flood risk models. We find that uncertainty from sea level estimations can be higher than that related to greenhouse gas emissions or climate prediction errors. Of comparable importance is information on coastal protection levels and the topography. In the absence of large datasets with sufficient resolution and accuracy, the last two factors are the main bottlenecks in terms of estimating coastal flood risks at large scales.
Marialaura Bancheri, Francesco Serafin, Michele Bottazzi, Wuletawu Abera, Giuseppe Formetta, and Riccardo Rigon
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2189–2207, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2189-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2189-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new modeling package for the spatial interpolation of environmental variables. It includes 11 theoretical semivariogram models and four types of Kriging interpolations. To test the performances of the package, two applications are performed: the interpolation of 1 year of temperatures
and a rainfall event. Both interpolations gave good results. In comparison with gstat, the SIK package proved to be a good alternative, regarding both the easiness of use and the accuracy.
Dominik Paprotny, Michalis I. Vousdoukas, Oswaldo Morales-Nápoles, Sebastiaan N. Jonkman, and Luc Feyen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-132, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-132, 2018
Preprint withdrawn
Related subject area
Atmospheric, Meteorological and Climatological Hazards
Temporal dynamic vulnerability – impact of antecedent events on residential building losses to wind storm events in Germany
Verifying the relationships among the variabilities of summer rainfall extremes over Japan in the d4PDF climate ensemble, Pacific sea surface temperature, and monsoon activity
Tree fall along railway lines: modelling the impact of wind and other meteorological factors
The probabilistic skill of extended-range heat wave forecasts over Europe
An appraisal of the value of simulated weather data for quantifying coastal flood hazard in the Netherlands
Insights into thunderstorm characteristics from geostationary lightning jump and dive observations
The unique features in the 4 d widespread extreme rainfall event over North China in July 2023
Classifying extratropical cyclones and their impact on Finland's electricity grid: insights from 92 damaging windstorms
Evaluation of machine learning approaches for large-scale agricultural drought forecasts to improve monitoring and preparedness in Brazil
Soil moisture–atmosphere coupling strength over central Europe in the recent warming climate
A data-driven framework for assessing climatic impact drivers in the context of food security
Soil conditioner mixtures as an agricultural management alternative to mitigate drought impacts: a proof of concept
Insights from hailstorm track analysis in European climate change simulations
Extreme heat and mortality in the State of Rio de Janeiro in the 2023/24 season: attribution to climate change and ENSO
Compound winter low-wind and cold events impacting the French electricity system: observed evolution and role of large-scale circulation
Probabilistic hazard analysis of the gas emission of Mefite d'Ansanto, southern Italy
Are heavy-rainfall events a major trigger of associated natural hazards along the German rail network?
Brief communication: Forecasting extreme precipitation from atmospheric rivers in New Zealand
The record-breaking precipitation event of December 2022 in Portugal
Compound events in Germany in 2018: drivers and case studies
Indirect assimilation of radar reflectivity data with an adaptive hydrometer retrieval scheme for the short-term severe weather forecasts
Assimilation of temperature and relative humidity observations from personal weather stations in AROME-France
The anomalously thundery month of June 1925 in southwest Spain: description and synoptic analysis
Spatial identification of regions exposed to multi-hazards at the pan-European level
Classification of North Atlantic and European extratropical cyclones using multiple measures of intensity
Subseasonal forecasts of heat waves in West African cities
Impacts on and damage to European forests from the 2018–2022 heat and drought events
Brief communication: Training of AI-based nowcasting models for rainfall early warning should take into account user requirements
Examining the Eastern European extreme summer temperatures of 2023 from a long-term perspective: the role of natural variability vs. anthropogenic factors
How well are hazards associated with derechos reproduced in regional climate simulations?
Is considering runs (in)consistency so useless for weather forecasting?
Reconstructing hail days in Switzerland with statistical models (1959–2022)
Exploring the interplay between observed warming, atmospheric circulation, and soil-atmosphere feedbacks on heatwaves in a temperate mountain region
High-Resolution Data Assimilation for Two Maritime Extreme Weather Events: A comparison between 3DVar and EnKF
Reask UTC: a machine learning modeling framework to generate climate connected tropical cyclone event sets globally
Historical changes in drought characteristics and its impact on vegetation cover over Madagascar
GTDI: a game-theory-based integrated drought index implying hazard-causing and hazard-bearing impact change
Insurance loss model vs. meteorological loss index – how comparable are their loss estimates for European windstorms?
Invited perspectives: Thunderstorm Intensification from Mountains to Plains
Intense rains in Israel associated with the train effect
Review article: The growth in compound weather events research in the decade since SREX
Convection-permitting climate model representation of severe convective wind gusts and future changes in southeastern Australia
Impact-based temporal clustering of multiple meteorological hazard types in southwestern Germany
On the potential of using smartphone sensors for wildfire hazard estimation through citizen science
Global estimates of 100-year return values of daily precipitation from ensemble weather prediction data
Exploring the sensitivity of extreme event attribution of two recent extreme weather events in Sweden using long-running meteorological observations
Probabilistic short-range forecasts of high-precipitation events: optimal decision thresholds and predictability limits
The ability of a stochastic regional weather generator to reproduce heavy precipitation events across scales
Surprise floods: the role of our imagination in preparing for disasters
Modelling crop hail damage footprints with single-polarization radar: the roles of spatial resolution, hail intensity, and cropland density
Andreas Trojand, Henning W. Rust, and Uwe Ulbrich
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2331–2350, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2331-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2331-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study investigates how the intensity of previous windstorm events and the time between two events affect the vulnerability of residential buildings in Germany. By analyzing 23 years of data, it was found that higher intensity of previous events generally reduces vulnerability in subsequent storms, while shorter intervals between events increase vulnerability. The results emphasize the approach of considering vulnerability in risk assessments as temporally dynamic.
Shao-Yi Lee, Sicheng He, and Tetsuya Takemi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2225–2253, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2225-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2225-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The authors performed verification on the relationships between extreme monsoon rainfall over Japan and Pacific sea surface temperature variability in the “database for Policy Decision-making for Future climate changes” (d4PDF). Observations showed widespread weak relationships between hourly extremes and the warming mode but reversed relationships between daily extremes and the decadal variability mode. Biases in d4PDF could be explained by the monsoon's slower movement over Japan in the model.
Rike Lorenz, Nico Becker, Barry Gardiner, Uwe Ulbrich, Marc Hanewinkel, and Benjamin Schmitz
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2179–2196, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2179-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2179-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Tree fall events have an impact on forests and transport systems. Our study explored tree fall in relation to wind and other weather conditions. We used tree fall data along railway lines and ERA5 and radar meteorological data to build a logistic regression model. We found that high and prolonged wind speeds, wet conditions, and high air density increase tree fall risk. These factors might change in the changing climate, which in return will change risks for trees, forests and transport.
Natalia Korhonen, Otto Hyvärinen, Virpi Kollanus, Timo Lanki, Juha Jokisalo, Risto Kosonen, David S. Richardson, and Kirsti Jylhä
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1865–1879, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1865-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1865-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The skill of hindcasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in forecasting heat wave days, defined as periods with the 5 d moving average temperature exceeding its local summer 90th percentile over Europe 1 to 4 weeks ahead, is examined. Forecasts of heat wave days show potential for warning of heat risk 1 to 2 weeks in advance and enhanced accuracy in forecasting prolonged heat waves up to 3 weeks ahead, when the heat wave had already begun before forecast issuance.
Cees de Valk and Henk van den Brink
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1769–1788, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1769-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1769-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Estimates of the risk posed by rare and catastrophic weather events are often derived from relatively short measurement records, which renders them highly uncertain. We investigate if (and by how much) this uncertainty can be reduced by making use of large datasets of simulated weather. More specifically, we focus on coastal flood hazard in the Netherlands and on the challenge of estimating the once in 10 million years coastal water level and wind stress as accurately as possible.
Felix Erdmann and Dieter Roel Poelman
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1751–1768, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1751-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1751-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides detailed insight into the thunderstorm characteristics associated with abrupt changes in the lightning activity of a thunderstorm – lightning jumps (LJs) and lightning dives (LDs) – using geostationary satellite observations. Thunderstorms exhibiting one or multiple LJs or LDs feature characteristics similar to severe thunderstorms. Storms with multiple LJs contain strong convective updrafts and are prone to produce high rain rates, large hail, or tornadoes.
Jinfang Yin, Feng Li, Mingxin Li, Rudi Xia, Xinghua Bao, Jisong Sun, and Xudong Liang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1719–1735, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1719-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1719-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A persistent severe rainfall event occurred over North China in July 2023, which was regarded as one of the most extreme episodes globally during that year. The extreme rainfall was significantly underestimated by forecasters at that time. Flooding from this event affected 1.3 million people, causing severe human casualties and economic losses. We examined the convective initiation and subsequent persistent heavy rainfall based on simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model.
Ilona Láng-Ritter, Terhi Kristiina Laurila, Antti Mäkelä, Hilppa Gregow, and Victoria Anne Sinclair
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1697–1717, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1697-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1697-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a classification method for extratropical cyclones and windstorms and show their impacts on Finland's electricity grid by analysing the 92 most damaging windstorms (2005–2018). The south-west- and north-west-arriving windstorms cause the most damage to the power grid. The most relevant parameters for damage are the wind gust speed and extent of wind gusts. Windstorms are more frequent and damaging in autumn and winter, but weaker wind speeds in summer also cause significant damage.
Joseph W. Gallear, Marcelo Valadares Galdos, Marcelo Zeri, and Andrew Hartley
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1521–1541, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1521-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1521-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In Brazil, drought is of national concern and can have major consequences for agriculture. Here, we determine how to develop forecasts for drought stress on vegetation health using machine learning. Results aim to inform future developments in operational drought monitoring at the National Centre for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN) in Brazil. This information is essential for disaster preparedness and planning of future actions to support areas affected by drought.
Thomas Schwitalla, Lisa Jach, Volker Wulfmeyer, and Kirsten Warrach-Sagi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1405–1424, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1405-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1405-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
During recent decades, Europe has experienced increasing periods of severe drought and heatwave. To provide an overview of how land-surface conditions shape land–atmosphere (LA) coupling, the interannual LA coupling strength variability for the summer seasons of 1991–2022 is investigated by means of ERA5 data. The results clearly reflect ongoing climate change by a shift in the coupling relationships towards reinforced heating and drying by the land surface.
Marcos Roberto Benso, Roberto Fray Silva, Gabriela Chiquito Gesualdo, Antonio Mauro Saraiva, Alexandre Cláudio Botazzo Delbem, Patricia Angélica Alves Marques, José Antonio Marengo, and Eduardo Mario Mendiondo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1387–1404, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1387-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1387-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study applies climate extreme indices to assess climate risks to food security. Using an explainable machine learning analysis, key climate indices affecting maize and soybean yields in Brazil were identified. Results reveal the temporal sensitivity of these indices and critical yield loss thresholds, informing policy and adaptation strategies.
Juan F. Dueñas, Edda Kunze, Huiying Li, and Matthias C. Rillig
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1377–1386, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1377-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1377-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the potential of adding mixtures composed of minimum dosages of several popular amendment types to soil. Our goal was to increase the resistance of agricultural soil to drought stress. We found that adding mixtures of three to five amendment types increased the capacity of soil to retain water, reduced soil erosion, and increased fungal abundance while buffering soil from drastic changes in pH. More research is encouraged to validate this approach.
Killian P. Brennan, Iris Thurnherr, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-918, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-918, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Hailstorms can cause severe damage to homes, crops, and infrastructure. Using high-resolution climate simulations, we tracked thousands of hailstorms across Europe to study future changes. Large hail will become more frequent, hail-covered areas will expand, and extreme hail combined with heavy rain will double. These shifts could increase risks for communities and businesses, highlighting the need for better preparedness and adaptation.
Soledad Collazo, David Barriopedro, Ricardo García-Herrera, and Santiago Beguería
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-792, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-792, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In the 2023/24 season, Rio de Janeiro experienced record-breaking heatwaves linked to climate change and El Niño. Our study shows global warming made these extreme temperatures at least 2°C hotter than in pre-industrial times. Heat-related deaths surged, with climate change contributing to 1 in 3 fatalities during the peak event. Without adaptation, future heatwaves will claim even more lives. This underscores the urgent need for policies to mitigate climate impacts from escalating heat threats.
François Collet, Margot Bador, Julien Boé, Laurent Dubus, and Bénédicte Jourdier
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 843–856, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-843-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-843-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our aim is to characterize the observed evolution of compound winter low-wind and cold events impacting the French electricity system. The frequency of compound events exhibits a decrease over the 1950–2022 period, which is likely due to a decrease in cold days. Large-scale atmospheric circulation is an important driver of compound event occurrence and has likely contributed to the decrease in cold days, while we cannot draw conclusions on its influence on the decrease in compound events.
Fabio Dioguardi, Giovanni Chiodini, and Antonio Costa
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 657–674, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-657-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-657-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present results of non-volcanic-gas (CO2) hazard assessment at the Mefite d’Ansanto area (Italy) where a cold-gas stream, which has already been lethal to humans and animals, forms in the valleys surrounding the emission zone. We took the uncertainty related to the gas emission and meteorological conditions into account. Results include maps of CO2 concentrations at defined probability levels and the probability of overcoming specified CO2 concentrations over specified time intervals.
Sonja Szymczak, Frederick Bott, Vigile Marie Fabella, and Katharina Fricke
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 683–707, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-683-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-683-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the correlation between heavy-rainfall events and three associated natural hazards along the German rail network using GIS analyses and random-effects logistic models. The results show that 23 % of floods, 14 % of gravitational mass movements, and 2 % of tree fall events between 2017 and 2020 occurred after a heavy-rainfall event, and the probability of occurrence of flood and tree fall events significantly increased. This study contributes to more resilient rail transport.
Daniel G. Kingston, Liam Cooper, David A. Lavers, and David M. Hannah
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 675–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-675-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-675-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme rainfall comprises a major hydrohazard for New Zealand and is commonly associated with atmospheric rivers – narrow plumes of very high atmospheric moisture transport. Here, we focus on improved forecasting of these events by testing a forecasting tool previously applied to similar situations in western Europe. However, our results for New Zealand suggest the performance of this forecasting tool may vary depending on geographical setting.
Tiago M. Ferreira, Ricardo M. Trigo, Tomás H. Gaspar, Joaquim G. Pinto, and Alexandre M. Ramos
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 609–623, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-609-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-609-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the synoptic evolution associated with the occurrence of an atmospheric river that led to a 24 h record-breaking extreme precipitation event (120.3 mm) in Lisbon, Portugal, on 13 December 2022. The synoptic background allowed the formation, on 10 December, of an atmospheric river associated with a deep extratropical cyclone and with a high moisture content and an inflow of moisture, due to the warm conveyor belt, throughout its life cycle. The system made landfall on 12 December.
Elena Xoplaki, Florian Ellsäßer, Jens Grieger, Katrin M. Nissen, Joaquim G. Pinto, Markus Augenstein, Ting-Chen Chen, Hendrik Feldmann, Petra Friederichs, Daniel Gliksman, Laura Goulier, Karsten Haustein, Jens Heinke, Lisa Jach, Florian Knutzen, Stefan Kollet, Jürg Luterbacher, Niklas Luther, Susanna Mohr, Christoph Mudersbach, Christoph Müller, Efi Rousi, Felix Simon, Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, Svenja Szemkus, Sara M. Vallejo-Bernal, Odysseas Vlachopoulos, and Frederik Wolf
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 541–564, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-541-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-541-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Europe frequently experiences compound events, with major impacts. We investigate these events’ interactions, characteristics, and changes over time, focusing on socio-economic impacts in Germany and central Europe. Highlighting 2018’s extreme events, this study reveals impacts on water, agriculture, and forests and stresses the need for impact-focused definitions and better future risk quantification to support adaptation planning.
Lixin Song, Feifei Shen, Zhixin He, Dongmei Xu, Aiqing Shu, and Jiajun Chen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-203, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-203, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
When retrieving hydrometeors from reflectivity, there are two methods to allocate hydrometeor types: temperature-based and background hydrometer-dependent schemes. The temperature-based method divides hydrometeor proportions based on the background temperature, while the other scheme calculates average weights of each hydrometeor in various reflectivity intervals from background fields. The blending scheme adaptively combines these methods and is found to improve precipitation forecast accuracy.
Alan Demortier, Marc Mandement, Vivien Pourret, and Olivier Caumont
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 429–449, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-429-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-429-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The use of numerical weather prediction models enables the forecasting of hazardous weather situations. The incorporation of new temperature and relative humidity observations from personal weather stations into the French limited-area model is evaluated in this study. This leads to the improvement of the associated near-surface variables of the model during the first hours of the forecast. Examples are provided for a sea breeze case during a heatwave and a fog episode.
Francisco Javier Acero, Manuel Antón, Alejandro Jesús Pérez Aparicio, Nieves Bravo-Paredes, Víctor Manuel Sánchez Carrasco, María Cruz Gallego, José Agustín García, Marcelino Núñez, Irene Tovar, Javier Vaquero-Martínez, and José Manuel Vaquero
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 305–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-305-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-305-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The month of June 1925 was found to be exceptional in the southwest interior of the Iberian Peninsula due to the large number of thunderstorms and their significant impacts, with serious losses of human lives and material resources. We analyzed this event from different, complementary perspectives: reconstruction of the history of the events from newspapers, study of monthly meteorological variables of the longest series available, and the analysis of the meteorological synoptic situation.
Tiberiu-Eugen Antofie, Stefano Luoni, Aloïs Tilloy, Andrea Sibilia, Sandro Salari, Gustav Eklund, Davide Rodomonti, Christos Bountzouklis, and Christina Corbane
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 287–304, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-287-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-287-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first study that uses spatial patterns (clusters/hotspots) and meta-analysis in order to identify the regions at a European level at risk of multi-hazards. The findings point out the socioeconomic dimension as a determining factor in the potential risk of multi-hazards. The outcome provides valuable input for the disaster risk management policy support and will assist national authorities on the implementation of a multi-hazard approach in national risk assessment preparation.
Joona Cornér, Clément Bouvier, Benjamin Doiteau, Florian Pantillon, and Victoria A. Sinclair
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 207–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-207-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-207-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Classification reduces the considerable variability between extratropical cyclones (ETCs) and thus simplifies studying their representation in climate models and changes in the future climate. In this paper we present an objective classification of ETCs using measures of ETC intensity. This is motivated by the aim of finding a set of ETC intensity measures which together comprehensively describe both the dynamical and impact-relevant nature of ETC intensity.
Cedric G. Ngoungue Langue, Christophe Lavaysse, and Cyrille Flamant
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 147–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-147-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-147-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The present study addresses the predictability of heat waves at subseasonal timescales in West African cities over the period 2001–2020. Two models, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the UK Met Office models, were evaluated using two reanalyses: ERA5 and MERRA. The results suggest that at subseasonal timescales, the forecast models provide a better forecast than climatology, but the hit rate and false alarm rate are sub-optimal.
Florian Knutzen, Paul Averbeck, Caterina Barrasso, Laurens M. Bouwer, Barry Gardiner, José M. Grünzweig, Sabine Hänel, Karsten Haustein, Marius Rohde Johannessen, Stefan Kollet, Mortimer M. Müller, Joni-Pekka Pietikäinen, Karolina Pietras-Couffignal, Joaquim G. Pinto, Diana Rechid, Efi Rousi, Ana Russo, Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, Sarah Veit, Julian Wendler, Elena Xoplaki, and Daniel Gliksman
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 77–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-77-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-77-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research, involving 22 European scientists, investigated drought and heat impacts on forests in 2018–2022. Findings reveal that climate extremes are intensifying, with central Europe being most severely impacted. The southern region showed resilience due to historical drought exposure, while northern and Alpine areas experienced emerging or minimal impacts. The study highlights the need for region-specific strategies, improved data collection, and sustainable practices to safeguard forests.
Georgy Ayzel and Maik Heistermann
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 41–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-41-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-41-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Forecasting rainfall over the next hour is an essential feature of early warning systems. Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a powerful alternative to conventional nowcasting technologies, but it still struggles to adequately predict impact-relevant heavy rainfall. We think that DL could do much better if the training tasks were defined more specifically and that such specification presents an opportunity to better align the output of nowcasting models with actual user requirements.
Monica Ionita, Petru Vaideanu, Bogdan Antonescu, Catalin Roibu, Qiyun Ma, and Viorica Nagavciuc
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4683–4706, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Eastern Europe's heat wave history is explored from 1885 to 2023, with a focus on pre-1960 events. The study reveals two periods with more frequent and intense heat waves (HWs): 1920s–1960s and 1980s–present. The research highlights the importance of a long-term perspective, revealing that extreme heat events have occurred throughout the entire study period, and it emphasizes the combined influence of climate change and natural variations on increasing HW severity.
Tristan Shepherd, Frederick Letson, Rebecca J. Barthelmie, and Sara C. Pryor
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4473–4505, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A historic derecho in the USA is presented. The 29 June 2012 derecho caused more than 20 deaths and millions of US dollars of damage. We use a regional climate model to understand how model fidelity changes under different initial conditions. We find changes drive different convective conditions, resulting in large variation in the simulated hazards. The variation using different reanalysis data shows that framing these results in the context of contemporary and future climate is a challenge.
Hugo Marchal, François Bouttier, and Olivier Nuissier
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-208, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-208, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the relationship between changes in weather forecasts and predictability, which has so far been considered weak. By focusing on the persistence of weather scenarios over successive forecasts, we found that it significantly affects the reliability of forecasts.
Lena Wilhelm, Cornelia Schwierz, Katharina Schröer, Mateusz Taszarek, and Olivia Martius
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3869–3894, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In our study we used statistical models to reconstruct past hail days in Switzerland from 1959–2022. This new time series reveals a significant increase in hail day occurrences over the last 7 decades. We link this trend to increases in moisture and instability variables in the models. This time series can now be used to unravel the complexities of Swiss hail occurrence and to understand what drives its year-to-year variability.
Marc Lemus-Canovas, Sergi Gonzalez-Herrero, Laura Trapero, Anna Albalat, Damian Insua-Costa, Martin Senande-Rivera, and Gonzalo Miguez-Macho
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-192, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-192, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the 2022 heatwaves in the Pyrenees, examining the factors that contributed to their intensity and distribution. The June event was driven by strong winds that created uneven temperature patterns, while the July heatwave featured calmer conditions and more uniform temperatures. Human-driven climate change has made these heatwaves more severe compared to the past. This research helps us better understand how climate change affects extreme weather in mountainous regions.
Diego Saúl Carrió, Vincenzo Mazzarella, and Rossella Ferretti
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-177, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-177, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Populated coastal regions in the Mediterranean are known to be severely affected by extreme weather events that are initiated over maritime regions. These weather events are known to pose a serious problem in terms of numerical predictability. Different Data Assimilation techniques are used in this study with the main aim of enhancing short-range forecasts of two challenging severe weather events.
Thomas Loridan and Nicolas Bruneau
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3253, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3253, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical Cyclone (TC) risk models have been used by the insurance industry to quantify occurrence and severity risk since the 90s. To date these models are mostly built from backward looking statistics and portray risk under a static view of the climate. We here introduce a novel approach, based on machine learning, that allows sampling of climate variability when assessing TC risk globally. This is of particular importance when computing forward looking views of TC risk.
Herijaona Hani-Roge Hundilida Randriatsara, Eva Holtanova, Karim Rizwan, Hassen Babaousmail, Mirindra Finaritra Tanteliniaina Rabezanahary, Kokou Romaric Posset, Donnata Alupot, and Brian Odhiambo Ayugi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-191, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-191, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of drought (duration, frequency, severity, intensity) over Madagascar during 1981–2022 by using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI-3, -6 and -12). Additionally, the impact of drought on vegetation over the studied area was assessed based on the relationship evaluation between SPI and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) during 2000–2022.
Xiaowei Zhao, Tianzeng Yang, Hongbo Zhang, Tian Lan, Chaowei Xue, Tongfang Li, Zhaoxia Ye, Zhifang Yang, and Yurou Zhang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3479–3495, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3479-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3479-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To effectively track and identify droughts, we developed a novel integrated drought index that combines the effects of precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture on drought. After comparison and verification, the integrated drought index shows superior performance compared to a single meteorological drought index or agricultural drought index in terms of drought identification.
Julia Moemken, Inovasita Alifdini, Alexandre M. Ramos, Alexandros Georgiadis, Aidan Brocklehurst, Lukas Braun, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3445–3460, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3445-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3445-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
European windstorms regularly cause damage to natural and human-made environments, leading to high socio-economic losses. For the first time, we compare estimates of these losses using a meteorological loss index (LI) and the insurance loss (catastrophe) model of Aon Impact Forecasting. We find that LI underestimates high-impact windstorms compared to the insurance model. Nonetheless, due to its simplicity, LI is an effective index, suitable for estimating impacts and ranking storm events.
Jannick Fischer, Pieter Groenemeijer, Alois Holzer, Monika Feldmann, Katharina Schröer, Francesco Battaglioli, Lisa Schielicke, Tomáš Púčik, Christoph Gatzen, Bogdan Antonescu, and the TIM Partners
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2798, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2798, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Strong thunderstorms have been studied mainly over flat terrain and in computer simulations in the past. However, they are particularly frequent near mountain ranges, which emphasizes the need to study storms near mountains. This article gives an overview about our existing knowledge on this topic and presents plans for a large European field campaign with the goals to fill these knowledge gaps, validate tools for thunderstorm warnings, and improve numerical weather prediction near mountains.
Baruch Ziv, Uri Dayan, Lidiya Shendrik, and Elyakom Vadislavsky
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3267–3277, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The train effect is related to convective cells that pass over the same place. Trains produce heavy rainfall and sometimes floods and are reported in North America during spring and summer. In Israel, 17 trains associated with Cyprus lows were identified by radar images and were found within the cold sector south of the low center and in the left flank of a maximum wind belt; they cross the Israeli coast, with a mean length of 45 km; last 1–3 h; and yield 35 mm of rainfall up to 60 mm.
Lou Brett, Christopher J. White, Daniela I.V. Domeisen, Bart van den Hurk, Philip Ward, and Jakob Zscheischler
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-182, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-182, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Compound events, where multiple weather or climate hazards occur together, pose significant risks to both society and the environment. These events, like simultaneous wind and rain, can have more severe impacts than single hazards. Our review of compound event research from 2012–2022 reveals a rise in studies, especially on events that occur concurrently, hot and dry events and compounding flooding. The review also highlights opportunities for research in the coming years.
Andrew Brown, Andrew Dowdy, and Todd P. Lane
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3225–3243, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3225-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3225-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A computer model that simulates the climate of southeastern Australia is shown here to represent extreme wind events associated with convective storms. This is useful as it allows us to investigate possible future changes in the occurrences of these events, and we find in the year 2050 that our model simulates a decrease in the number of occurrences. However, the model also simulates too many events in the historical climate compared with observations, so these future changes are uncertain.
Katharina Küpfer, Alexandre Tuel, and Michael Kunz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2803, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2803, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using loss data, we assess when and how single and multiple types of meteorological extremes (river floods and heavy rainfall events, windstorms and convective gusts, and hail). We find that the combination of several types of hazards clusters robustly on a seasonal scale, whereas only some single hazard types occur in clusters. This can be associated with higher losses compared to isolated events. We argue for the relevance of jointly considering multiple types of hazards.
Hofit Shachaf, Colin Price, Dorita Rostkier-Edelstein, and Cliff Mass
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3035–3047, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3035-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3035-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have used the temperature and relative humidity sensors in smartphones to estimate the vapor pressure deficit (VPD), an important atmospheric parameter closely linked to fuel moisture and wildfire risk. Our analysis for two severe wildfire case studies in Israel and Portugal shows the potential for using smartphone data to compliment the regular weather station network while also providing high spatial resolution of the VPD index.
Florian Ruff and Stephan Pfahl
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2939–2952, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2939-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2939-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
High-impact river floods are often caused by extreme precipitation. Flood protection relies on reliable estimates of the return values. Observational time series are too short for a precise calculation. Here, 100-year return values of daily precipitation are estimated on a global grid based on a large set of model-generated precipitation events from ensemble weather prediction. The statistical uncertainties in the return values can be substantially reduced compared to observational estimates.
Erik Holmgren and Erik Kjellström
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2875–2893, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2875-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2875-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Associating extreme weather events with changes in the climate remains difficult. We have explored two ways these relationships can be investigated: one using a more common method and one relying solely on long-running records of meteorological observations.
Our results show that while both methods lead to similar conclusions for two recent weather events in Sweden, the commonly used method risks underestimating the strength of the connection between the event and changes to the climate.
François Bouttier and Hugo Marchal
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2793–2816, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2793-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2793-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Weather prediction uncertainties can be described as sets of possible scenarios – a technique called ensemble prediction. Our machine learning technique translates them into more easily interpretable scenarios for various users, balancing the detection of high precipitation with false alarms. Key parameters are precipitation intensity and space and time scales of interest. We show that the approach can be used to facilitate warnings of extreme precipitation.
Xiaoxiang Guan, Dung Viet Nguyen, Paul Voit, Bruno Merz, Maik Heistermann, and Sergiy Vorogushyn
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-143, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-143, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated a multi-site stochastic regional weather generator (nsRWG) for its ability to capture the cross-scale extremity of high precipitation events (HPEs) in Germany. We generated 100 realizations of 72 years of daily synthetic precipitation data. The performance was assessed using WEI and xWEI indices, which measure event extremity across spatio-temporal scales. Results show nsRWG simulates well the extremity patterns of HPEs, though it overestimates short-duration, small-extent events.
Joy Ommer, Jessica Neumann, Milan Kalas, Sophie Blackburn, and Hannah L. Cloke
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2633–2646, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2633-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2633-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
What’s the worst that could happen? Recent floods are often claimed to be beyond our imagination. Imagination is the picturing of a situation in our mind and the emotions that we connect with this situation. But why is this important for disasters? This survey found that when we cannot imagine a devastating flood, we are not preparing in advance. Severe-weather forecasts and warnings need to advance in order to trigger our imagination of what might happen and enable us to start preparing.
Raphael Portmann, Timo Schmid, Leonie Villiger, David N. Bresch, and Pierluigi Calanca
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2541–2558, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2541-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2541-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study presents an open-source model to determine the occurrence of hail damage to field crops and grapevines after hailstorms in Switzerland based on radar, agricultural land use data, and insurance damage reports. The model performs best at 8 km resolution for field crops and 1 km for grapevine and in the main production areas. Highlighting performance trade-offs and the relevance of user needs, the study is a first step towards the assessment of risk and damage for crops in Switzerland.
Cited articles
Acquaotta, F., Fratianni, S., and Garzena, D.: Temperature
changes in the North-Western Italian Alps from 1961 to 2010, Theor. Appl.
Climatol., 122, 619–634, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1316-7, 2015.
Alma, Ö. G.: Comparison of Robust Regression Methods in Linear
Regression, Int. J. Contemp. Math. Sciences, 6, 409–421, 2011.
Alsaad, H., Hartmann, M., Hilbel, R., and Voelker, C.: The potential of
facade greening in mitigating the effects of heatwaves in Central European
cities, Build. Environ., 216, 109021,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109021, 2022.
Bacco, M. D. and Scorzini, A. R.: Recent changes in temperature extremes
across the north-eastern region of Italy and their relationship with
large-scale circulation, Clim. Res., 81, 167–185,
https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01614, 2020.
Bonat, W. H. and Kokonendji, C. C.: Flexible Tweedie regression models for
continuous data, J. Stat. Comput. Simul., 87, 2138–2152,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2017.1318876, 2017.
Brossart, D. F., Parker, R. I., and Castillo, L. G.: Robust regression for
single-case data analysis: How can it help?, Behav. Res. Methods, 43,
710–719, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0079-7, 2011.
Buscail, C., Upegui, E., and Viel, J.-F.: Mapping heatwave health risk at
the community level for public health action, Int. J. Health Geogr., 11, 38,
https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-11-38, 2012.
Buzási, A.: Comparative assessment of heatwave vulnerability factors for
the districts of Budapest, Hungary, Urban Clim., 42, 101127,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101127, 2022.
Ceccherini, G., Russo, S., Ameztoy, I., Marchese, A. F., and Carmona-Moreno, C.: Heat waves in Africa 1981–2015, observations and reanalysis, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 115–125, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-115-2017, 2017.
Chambers, J.: Global and cross-country analysis of exposure of vulnerable
populations to heatwaves from 1980 to 2018, Clim. Change, 163, 539–558,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02884-2, 2020.
Cheng, W., Li, D., Liu, Z., and Brown, R. D.: Approaches for identifying
heat-vulnerable populations and locations: A systematic review, Sci. Total
Environ., 799, 149417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149417,
2021.
Conti, S., Meli, P., Minelli, G., Solimini, R., Toccaceli, V., Vichi, M.,
Beltrano, C., and Perini, L.: Epidemiologic study of mortality during the
Summer 2003 heat wave in Italy, Environ. Res., 98, 390–399,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2004.10.009, 2005.
Crespi, A., Matiu, M., Bertoldi, G., Petitta, M., and Zebisch, M.: A high-resolution gridded dataset of daily temperature and precipitation records (1980–2018) for Trentino-South Tyrol (north-eastern Italian Alps), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2801–2818, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2801-2021, 2021.
Crespi, A., Matiu, M., Bertoldi, G., Petitta, M., and Zebisch, M.: High-resolution daily series (1980–2018) and monthly climatologies (1981–2010) of mean temperature and precipitation for Trentino – South Tyrol (north-eastern Italian Alps) [dataset], PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.924502 (last access: 5 July 2023), 2020.
de'Donato, F. K., Leone, M., Noce, D., Davoli, M., and Michelozzi, P.: The Impact of the February 2012 Cold Spell on Health in Italy Using Surveillance Data, PLOS ONE, 8, e61720, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061720, 2013.
Dong, J., Peng, J., He, X., Corcoran, J., Qiu, S., and Wang, X.:
Heatwave-induced human health risk assessment in megacities based on heat
stress-social vulnerability-human exposure framework, Landsc. Urban Plan.,
203, 103907, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103907, 2020.
Dosio, A., Mentaschi, L., Fischer, E. M., and Wyser, K.: Extreme heat waves
under 1.5 ∘C and 2 ∘C global warming, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 054006,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab827, 2018.
Dunn, P. K.: Occurrence and quantity of precipitation can be modelled
simultaneously, Int. J. Climatol., 24, 1231–1239,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1063, 2004.
Dunn, P. K.: Tweedie: Evaluation of Tweedie exponential family models, R package version 2.3 [code], https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tweedie/index.html (last access: 5 July 2023), 2021.
Dunn, P. K. and Smyth, G. K.: Series evaluation of Tweedie exponential
dispersion model densities, Stat. Comput., 15, 267–280,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-005-4070-y, 2005.
Ellena, M., Ballester, J., Mercogliano, P., Ferracin, E., Barbato, G.,
Costa, G., and Ingole, V.: Social inequalities in heat-attributable
mortality in the city of Turin, northwest of Italy: a time series analysis
from 1982 to 2018, Environ. Health, 19, 116,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-020-00667-x, 2020.
El-Zein, A. and Tonmoy, F. N.: Assessment of vulnerability to climate change
using a multi-criteria outranking approach with application to heat stress
in Sydney, Ecol. Indic., 48, 207–217,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.012, 2015.
Estoque, R. C., Ooba, M., Seposo, X. T., Togawa, T., Hijioka, Y., Takahashi,
K., and Nakamura, S.: Heat health risk assessment in Philippine cities using
remotely sensed data and social-ecological indicators, Nat. Commun., 11,
1581, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15218-8, 2020.
European Comission: Joint Research Centre Data Catalogue: Global Human Settlement Layer, European Commission [data set], https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/ghsl (last access: 5 July 2023), 2018.
Filzmoser, P. and Nordhausen, K.: Robust linear regression for
high-dimensional data: An overview, WIREs Comput. Stat., 13, e1524,
https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.1524, 2021.
Formetta, G. and Feyen, L.: Empirical evidence of declining global
vulnerability to climate-related hazards, Glob. Environ. Change, 57, 101920,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.05.004, 2019.
Fratianni, S. and Acquaotta, F.: The Climate of Italy, in: Landscapes and
Landforms of Italy, edited by: Soldati, M. and Marchetti, M., Springer
International Publishing, Cham, 29–38,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26194-2_4, 2017.
Frigerio, I. and De Amicis, M.: Mapping social vulnerability to natural
hazards in Italy: A suitable tool for risk mitigation strategies, Environ.
Sci. Policy, 63, 187–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.06.001,
2016.
García-León, D., Casanueva, A., Standardi, G., Burgstall, A.,
Flouris, A. D., and Nybo, L.: Current and projected regional economic
impacts of heatwaves in Europe, Nat. Commun., 12, 5807,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26050-z, 2021.
Gasparrini, A., Guo, Y., Hashizume, M., Lavigne, E., Zanobetti, A.,
Schwartz, J., Tobias, A., Tong, S., Rocklöv, J., Forsberg, B., Leone,
M., Sario, M. D., Bell, M. L., Guo, Y.-L. L., Wu, C., Kan, H., Yi, S.-M.,
Coelho, M. de S. Z. S., Saldiva, P. H. N., Honda, Y., Kim, H., and
Armstrong, B.: Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient
temperature: a multicountry observational study, The Lancet, 386, 369–375,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0, 2015.
Gilleland, E.: extRemes: Extreme Value Analysis, 2022. R package version 2.1 [code], https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/extRemes/index.html (last access: 5 July 2023), 2021.
Gilleland, E. and Katz, R. W.: extRemes 2.0: An Extreme Value Analysis Package in R [code], J. Stat. Softw., 72, 1–39, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v072.i08, 2016.
Goffard, P.-O., Jammalamadaka, S. R., and Meintanis, S.: Goodness-of-fit
tests for compound distributions with applications in insurance, 2019.
Habeeb, D., Vargo, J., and Stone, B.: Rising heat wave trends in large US
cities, Nat. Hazards, 76, 1651–1665,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1563-z, 2015.
Hasan, M. M. and Dunn, P. K.: Two Tweedie distributions that are
near-optimal for modelling monthly rainfall in Australia, Int. J. Climatol.,
31, 1389–1397, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2162, 2011.
Ho, H. C., Knudby, A., Chi, G., Aminipouri, M., and Lai, D. Y.-F.:
Spatiotemporal analysis of regional socio-economic vulnerability change
associated with heat risks in Canada, Appl. Geogr., 95, 61–70,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.04.015, 2018.
Huber, P. J.: Robust Statistics, in: International Encyclopedia of
Statistical Science, edited by: Lovric, M., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg,
1248–1251, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_594,
2011.
IPCC: Climate Change 2014 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part A:
Global and Sectoral Aspects: Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC Fifth
Assessment Report: Volume 1: Global and Sectoral Aspects, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415379, 2014.
Istat.it – 15∘ Censimento della popolazione e delle abitazioni
2011:
https://www.istat.it/it/censimenti-permanenti/censimenti-precedenti/popolazione-e-abitazioni/popolazione-2011,
last access: 16 November 2021.
ISTAT: Webpage of the Italian National Institute of Statistics, Istat [data set], https://www.istat.it/en/ (last access: 5 July 2023), 2023.
Jarzyna, K. and Krzyżewska, A.: Cold spell variability in Europe in
relation to the degree of climate continentalism in 1981–2018 period,
Weather, 76, 122–128, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.3937, 2021.
Johnson, W. D., Burton, J. H., Beyl, R. A., and Romer, J. E.: A Simple
Chi-Square Statistic for Testing Homogeneity of Zero-Inflated Distributions,
Open J. Stat., 5, 483, https://doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2015.56050, 2015.
Jorgensen, B.: Exponential Dispersion Models, J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B
Methodol., 49, 127–162, 1987.
Karanja, J. and Kiage, L.: Perspectives on spatial representation of urban
heat vulnerability, Sci. Total Environ., 774, 145634,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145634, 2021.
Khan, D. M., Yaqoob, A., Zubair, S., Khan, M. A., Ahmad, Z., and Alamri, O.
A.: Applications of Robust Regression Techniques: An Econometric Approach,
Math. Probl. Eng., 2021, e6525079, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6525079,
2021.
Kim, D.-W., Deo, R. C., Lee, J.-S., and Yeom, J.-M.: Mapping heatwave
vulnerability in Korea, Nat. Hazards, 89, 35–55,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2951-y, 2017.
King, A. D. and Harrington, L. J.: The Inequality of Climate Change From 1.5
to 2 ∘C of Global Warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 5030–5033,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078430, 2018.
King, A. D., Donat, M. G., Lewis, S. C., Henley, B. J., Mitchell, D. M.,
Stott, P. A., Fischer, E. M., and Karoly, D. J.: Reduced heat exposure by
limiting global warming to 1.5 ∘C, Nat. Clim. Change, 8,
549–551, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0191-0, 2018.
Kishore, P., Basha, G., Venkat Ratnam, M., AghaKouchak, A., Sun, Q.,
Velicogna, I., and Ouarda, T. B. J. M.: Anthropogenic influence on the
changing risk of heat waves over India, Sci. Rep., 12, 3337,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07373-3, 2022.
Kron, W., Löw, P., and Kundzewicz, Z. W.: Changes in risk of extreme
weather events in Europe, Environ. Sci. Policy, 100, 74–83,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.06.007, 2019.
Leung, S., Thompson, L., McPhaden, M. J., and Mislan, K. A. S.: ENSO drives
near-surface oxygen and vertical habitat variability in the tropical
Pacific, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 064020,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab1c13, 2019.
Liu, X., Yue, W., Yang, X., Hu, K., Zhang, W., and Huang, M.: Mapping Urban
Heat Vulnerability of Extreme Heat in Hangzhou via Comparing Two Approaches,
Complexity, 2020, e9717658, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9717658, 2020.
López-Bueno, J. A., Navas-Martín, M. Á., Díaz, J.,
Mirón, I. J., Luna, M. Y., Sánchez-Martínez, G., Culqui, D.,
and Linares, C.: The effect of cold waves on mortality in urban and rural
areas of Madrid, Environ. Sci. Eur., 33, 72,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00512-z, 2021.
Michelozzi, P., de 'Donato, F., Bisanti, L., Russo, A., Cadum, E., DeMaria,
M., D'Ovidio, M., Costa, G., and Perucci, C. A.: Heat Waves in Italy: Cause
Specific Mortality and the Role of Educational Level and Socio-Economic
Conditions, in: Extreme Weather Events and Public Health Responses, edited
by: Kirch, W., Bertollini, R., and Menne, B., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg,
121–127, https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28862-7_12, 2005.
Michelozzi, P., De' Donato, F., Scortichini, M., De Sario, M., Asta, F.,
Agabiti, N., Guerra, R., de Martino, A., and Davoli, M.: [On the increase in
mortality in Italy in 2015: analysis of seasonal mortality in the 32
municipalities included in the Surveillance system of daily mortality],
Epidemiol. Prev., 40, 22–28, https://doi.org/10.19191/EP16.1.P022.010,
2016.
Morabito, M., Crisci, A., Gioli, B., Gualtieri, G., Toscano, P., Stefano, V.
D., Orlandini, S., and Gensini, G. F.: Urban-Hazard Risk Analysis: Mapping
of Heat-Related Risks in the Elderly in Major Italian Cities, PLOS ONE, 10,
e0127277, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127277, 2015.
Morabito, M., Crisci, A., Guerri, G., Messeri, A., Congedo, L., and
Munafò, M.: Surface urban heat islands in Italian metropolitan cities:
Tree cover and impervious surface influences, Sci. Total Environ., 751,
142334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142334, 2021.
Neumayer, E. and Barthel, F.: Normalizing economic loss from natural
disasters: A global analysis, Glob. Environ. Change, 21, 13–24,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.10.004, 2011.
Orlando, S., Mosconi, C., De Santo, C., Emberti Gialloreti, L., Inzerilli,
M. C., Madaro, O., Mancinelli, S., Ciccacci, F., Marazzi, M. C., Palombi,
L., and Liotta, G.: The Effectiveness of Intervening on Social Isolation to
Reduce Mortality during Heat Waves in Aged Population: A Retrospective
Ecological Study, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18, 11587,
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111587, 2021.
Papathoma-Köhle, M., Ulbrich, T., Keiler, M., Pedoth, L., Totschnig, R.,
Glade, T., Schneiderbauer, S., and Eidswig, U.: Chapter 8 - Vulnerability to
Heat Waves, Floods, and Landslides in Mountainous Terrain: Test Cases in
South Tyrol, in: Assessment of Vulnerability to Natural Hazards, edited by:
Birkmann, J., Kienberger, S., and Alexander, D. E., Elsevier, 179–201,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-410528-7.00008-4, 2014.
Peng, J., Liu, Y., Li, T., and Wu, J.: Regional ecosystem health response to
rural land use change: A case study in Lijiang City, China, Ecol. Indic.,
72, 399–410, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.08.024, 2017.
Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E. and Gibson, P. B.: Changes in regional heatwave
characteristics as a function of increasing global temperature, Sci. Rep.,
7, 12256, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12520-2, 2017.
Piticar, A., Croitoru, A.-E., Ciupertea, F.-A., and Harpa, G.-V.: Recent
changes in heat waves and cold waves detected based on excess heat factor
and excess cold factor in Romania, Int. J. Climatol., 38, 1777–1793,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5295, 2018.
Poumadère, M., Mays, C., Le Mer, S., and Blong, R.: The 2003 Heat Wave
in France: Dangerous Climate Change Here and Now, Risk Anal., 25,
1483–1494, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00694.x, 2005.
Quader, M. A., Khan, A. U., and Kervyn, M.: Assessing Risks from Cyclones
for Human Lives and Livelihoods in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh, Int. J.
Environ. Res. Public. Health, 14, E831,
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080831, 2017.
Rahma, A. and Kokonendji, C. C.: Discriminating between and within
(semi)continuous classes of both Tweedie and geometric Tweedie models, J.
Stat. Comput. Simul., 92, 794–812, https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2021.1975281, 2022.
Reid, C. E., O'Neill, M. S., Gronlund, C. J., Brines, S. J., Brown,
D. G., Diez-Roux, A. V., and Schwartz, J.: Mapping Community
Determinants of Heat Vulnerability, Environ. Health Perspect., 117,
1730–1736, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900683, 2009.
Reynaud, C. and Miccoli, S.: Depopulation and the Aging Population: The
Relationship in Italian Municipalities, Sustainability, 10, 1004,
https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041004, 2018.
Russo, S., Sillmann, J., and Fischer, E. M.: Top ten European heatwaves
since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades, Environ. Res. Lett.,
10, 124003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124003, 2015.
Russo, S., Marchese, A. F., Sillmann, J., and Immé, G.: When will
unusual heat waves become normal in a warming Africa?, Environ. Res. Lett.,
11, 054016, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054016, 2016.
Russo, S., Sillmann, J., Sippel, S., Barcikowska, M. J., Ghisetti, C., Smid,
M., and O'Neill, B.: Half a degree and rapid socioeconomic development
matter for heatwave risk, Nat. Commun., 10, 136,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08070-4, 2019.
Schiavina, M., Freire, S., and MacManus, K.: GHS-POP R2019A – GHS population
grid multitemporal (1975-1990-2000-2015),
https://doi.org/10.2905/0C6B9751-A71F-4062-830B-43C9F432370F, 2019.
Shono, H.: Application of the Tweedie distribution to zero-catch data in
CPUE analysis, Fish. Res., 93, 154–162,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2008.03.006, 2008.
Smid, M., Russo, S., Costa, A. C., Granell, C., and Pebesma, E.: Ranking
European capitals by exposure to heat waves and cold waves, Urban Clim., 27,
388–402, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2018.12.010, 2019.
Spinoni, J., Lakatos, M., Szentimrey, T., Bihari, Z., Szalai, S., Vogt, J.,
and Antofie, T.: Heat and cold waves trends in the Carpathian Region from
1961 to 2010, Int. J. Climatol., 35, 4197–4209,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4279, 2015.
Taleghani, M., Marshall, A., Fitton, R., and Swan, W.: Renaturing a
microclimate: The impact of greening a neighbourhood on indoor thermal
comfort during a heatwave in Manchester, UK, Sol. Energy, 182, 245–255,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.02.062, 2019.
Temple, S. D.: The Tweedie Index Parameter and Its Estimator An Introduction with Applications to Actuarial Ratemaking, BSc. Thesis, Department of Mathemeatics, University of Oregon, USA, 87 pp., 2018.
Tijdeman, E., Stahl, K., and Tallaksen, L. M.: Drought Characteristics Derived Based on the Standardized Streamflow Index: A Large Sample Comparison for Parametric and Nonparametric Methods, Water Resour. Res., 56, e2019WR026315, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026315, 2020.
Tuholske, C., Caylor, K., Funk, C., Verdin, A., Sweeney, S., Grace, K.,
Peterson, P., and Evans, T.: Global urban population exposure to extreme
heat, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2024792118,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024792118, 2021.
Twardosz, R. and Kossowska-Cezak, U.: Exceptionally cold and mild winters in
Europe (1951–2010), Theor. Appl. Climatol., 125, 399–411,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1524-9, 2016.
Tweedie, M. C. K.: An index which distinguishes between some important
exponential families, in: Statistics: applications and new directions
(Calcutta, 1981), Indian Statist. Inst., Calcutta, 579–604, 1984.
UNDRR, Disaster risk: https://www.undrr.org/terminology/disaster-risk, last
access: 21 November 2021.
van Oldenborgh, G. J., Mitchell-Larson, E., Vecchi, G. A., Vries, H. de,
Vautard, R., and Otto, F.: Cold waves are getting milder in the northern
midlatitudes, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 114004,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab4867, 2019.
Vu, A., Rutherford, S., and Phung, D.: Heat Health Prevention Measures and
Adaptation in Older Populations – A Systematic Review, Int. J. Environ. Res.
Public. Health, 16, 4370, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224370, 2019.
Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Belesova, K., Berry,
H., Bouley, T., Boykoff, M., Byass, P., Cai, W., Campbell-Lendrum, D.,
Chambers, J., Daly, M., Dasandi, N., Davies, M., Depoux, A.,
Dominguez-Salas, P., Drummond, P., Ebi, K. L., Ekins, P., Montoya, L. F.,
Fischer, H., Georgeson, L., Grace, D., Graham, H., Hamilton, I., Hartinger,
S., Hess, J., Kelman, I., Kiesewetter, G., Kjellstrom, T., Kniveton, D.,
Lemke, B., Liang, L., Lott, M., Lowe, R., Sewe, M. O., Martinez-Urtaza, J.,
Maslin, M., McAllister, L., Mikhaylov, S. J., Milner, J., Moradi-Lakeh, M.,
Morrissey, K., Murray, K., Nilsson, M., Neville, T., Oreszczyn, T., Owfi,
F., Pearman, O., Pencheon, D., Pye, S., Rabbaniha, M., Robinson, E.,
Rocklöv, J., Saxer, O., Schütte, S., Semenza, J. C.,
Shumake-Guillemot, J., Steinbach, R., Tabatabaei, M., Tomei, J., Trinanes,
J., Wheeler, N., Wilkinson, P., Gong, P., Montgomery, H., and Costello, A.:
The 2018 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change:
shaping the health of nations for centuries to come, The Lancet, 392,
2479–2514, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32594-7, 2018.
Wilks, D. S.: “The Stippling Shows Statistically Significant Grid Points”:
How Research Results are Routinely Overstated and Overinterpreted, and What
to Do about It, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 2263–2273,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00267.1, 2016.
Short summary
We analyzed recent trends in heat and cold wave (HW and CW) risk in a European alpine region, defined by a time and spatially explicit framework to quantify hazard, vulnerability, exposure, and risk. We find a statistically significant increase in HW hazard and exposure. A decrease in vulnerability is observed except in the larger cities. HW risk increased in 40 % of the region, especially in highly populated areas. Stagnant CW hazard and declining vulnerability result in reduced CW risk.
We analyzed recent trends in heat and cold wave (HW and CW) risk in a European alpine region,...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint