Articles | Volume 23, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1653-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1653-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Freak wave events in 2005–2021: statistics and analysis of favourable wave and wind conditions
Ekaterina Didenkulova
Faculty of Informatics, Mathematics and Computer Science, HSE University, Nizhny Novgorod 603155, Russia
Invited contribution by Ekaterina Didenkulova, recipient of the EGU Nonlinear Processes in Geosciences Division Outstanding Early Career Scientists Award 2020.
Department of Fluid Mechanics, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
Igor Medvedev
Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
Viewed
Total article views: 4,315 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 20 Sep 2022)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,112 | 1,076 | 127 | 4,315 | 126 | 152 |
- HTML: 3,112
- PDF: 1,076
- XML: 127
- Total: 4,315
- BibTeX: 126
- EndNote: 152
Total article views: 3,122 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 02 May 2023)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,391 | 628 | 103 | 3,122 | 114 | 131 |
- HTML: 2,391
- PDF: 628
- XML: 103
- Total: 3,122
- BibTeX: 114
- EndNote: 131
Total article views: 1,193 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 20 Sep 2022)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 721 | 448 | 24 | 1,193 | 12 | 21 |
- HTML: 721
- PDF: 448
- XML: 24
- Total: 1,193
- BibTeX: 12
- EndNote: 21
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 4,315 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 4,118 with geography defined
and 197 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 3,122 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 2,978 with geography defined
and 144 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 1,193 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 1,140 with geography defined
and 53 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
30 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Kinematics of nonlinear waves over variable bathymetry. Part II: Statistical distributions of orbital velocities and accelerations in irregular long-crested seas J. Zhang et al.
- Nonlinear statistics evolution of extreme wave fields over strongly reflective plane beaches J. Zhang et al.
- Mechanisms of Freak Wave Generation from Random Wave Evolution in 3D Island-Reef Topography A. Wang et al.
- Numerical simulation of ship hydroelastic responses in 3D realistic ocean waves with occurrence of freak waves J. Jiao et al.
- Experimental and numerical study on focused wave generation using different energy modes M. Li et al.
- Characteristics of freak wave and its interaction with marine structures: A review S. Xue et al.
- Kinematics of nonlinear waves over variable bathymetry. Part I: Numerical modelling, verification and validation M. Benoit et al.
- Modulation effect of linear shear flow, wind, and dissipation on freak wave generation in finite water depth S. Li et al.
- Rogue wave indicators from global models and buoy data L. Azevedo et al.
- Statistical and nonlinear dynamics of rogue waves in varying bathymetric environments R. Matar et al.
- Freak wave generation modulated by high wind and linear shear flow in finite water depth S. Li et al.
- Simulation of time-invariant three-dimensional Freak waves and their scattering identification based on the JONSWAP spectrum and Donelan direction function G. Wu et al.
- Long time evolution of modulated wave trains S. Xie et al.
- Spectral and Entropy-based Wave Energy resource assessment: A global view, and point analysis at the Galapagos Islands J. Portilla-Yandún et al.
- Risk Assessment for Recreational Activities in the Coastal Ocean H. Chuang et al.
- Hydrodynamic responses of a novel integrated energy converter in abnormal waves governed by linear and nonlinear mechanisms H. Zhang et al.
- Nonlinear wave-group interaction during the long time evolution of wave trains S. Xie et al.
- Energy transfer in the spatial evolution of double-wave-group focusing B. Zhou et al.
- Modulation effect of uniform flow on three-dimensional freak wave generation in arbitrary water depth S. Li et al.
- Effect of directionality on extreme wave formation during nonlinear shoaling J. Zhang et al.
- Sudden wave flooding on steep rock shores: a clear but hidden danger H. Kalisch et al.
- Statistical distributions of free surface elevation and wave height for out-of-equilibrium sea-states provoked by strong depth variations J. Zhang et al.
- Characterization of Rogue Wave Occurrence During Typhoon Hinnamnor Using Directional Wave Spectra and High-Order Spectral Simulations F. Abdullah & J. Yoo
- Machine Learning Approaches for Probabilistic Prediction of Coastal Freak Waves D. Doong et al.
- Nonlinear Bragg resonance of focused wave groups by periodic seabed topography Q. Wu et al.
- Undisturbed Waves Decoupling Based on Near-Field Nonlinear Interactions Around Floating Platforms via Dual-Frequency Convolutional Neural Networks J. Zhang et al.
- A review of measured rogue waves: Spatio-temporal characteristics, occurrence probability, physical mechanisms, and predictability R. Fu et al.
- Effect of shoaling length on rogue wave occurrence J. Zhang et al.
- Impact of rogue waves on semi-submersible platforms: An experimental investigation of wave run-up and air-gap responses W. Lu et al.
- Comparative study on hydrodynamic characteristics of T-deck and box-deck bridges under freak waves G. Xu et al.
30 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Kinematics of nonlinear waves over variable bathymetry. Part II: Statistical distributions of orbital velocities and accelerations in irregular long-crested seas J. Zhang et al.
- Nonlinear statistics evolution of extreme wave fields over strongly reflective plane beaches J. Zhang et al.
- Mechanisms of Freak Wave Generation from Random Wave Evolution in 3D Island-Reef Topography A. Wang et al.
- Numerical simulation of ship hydroelastic responses in 3D realistic ocean waves with occurrence of freak waves J. Jiao et al.
- Experimental and numerical study on focused wave generation using different energy modes M. Li et al.
- Characteristics of freak wave and its interaction with marine structures: A review S. Xue et al.
- Kinematics of nonlinear waves over variable bathymetry. Part I: Numerical modelling, verification and validation M. Benoit et al.
- Modulation effect of linear shear flow, wind, and dissipation on freak wave generation in finite water depth S. Li et al.
- Rogue wave indicators from global models and buoy data L. Azevedo et al.
- Statistical and nonlinear dynamics of rogue waves in varying bathymetric environments R. Matar et al.
- Freak wave generation modulated by high wind and linear shear flow in finite water depth S. Li et al.
- Simulation of time-invariant three-dimensional Freak waves and their scattering identification based on the JONSWAP spectrum and Donelan direction function G. Wu et al.
- Long time evolution of modulated wave trains S. Xie et al.
- Spectral and Entropy-based Wave Energy resource assessment: A global view, and point analysis at the Galapagos Islands J. Portilla-Yandún et al.
- Risk Assessment for Recreational Activities in the Coastal Ocean H. Chuang et al.
- Hydrodynamic responses of a novel integrated energy converter in abnormal waves governed by linear and nonlinear mechanisms H. Zhang et al.
- Nonlinear wave-group interaction during the long time evolution of wave trains S. Xie et al.
- Energy transfer in the spatial evolution of double-wave-group focusing B. Zhou et al.
- Modulation effect of uniform flow on three-dimensional freak wave generation in arbitrary water depth S. Li et al.
- Effect of directionality on extreme wave formation during nonlinear shoaling J. Zhang et al.
- Sudden wave flooding on steep rock shores: a clear but hidden danger H. Kalisch et al.
- Statistical distributions of free surface elevation and wave height for out-of-equilibrium sea-states provoked by strong depth variations J. Zhang et al.
- Characterization of Rogue Wave Occurrence During Typhoon Hinnamnor Using Directional Wave Spectra and High-Order Spectral Simulations F. Abdullah & J. Yoo
- Machine Learning Approaches for Probabilistic Prediction of Coastal Freak Waves D. Doong et al.
- Nonlinear Bragg resonance of focused wave groups by periodic seabed topography Q. Wu et al.
- Undisturbed Waves Decoupling Based on Near-Field Nonlinear Interactions Around Floating Platforms via Dual-Frequency Convolutional Neural Networks J. Zhang et al.
- A review of measured rogue waves: Spatio-temporal characteristics, occurrence probability, physical mechanisms, and predictability R. Fu et al.
- Effect of shoaling length on rogue wave occurrence J. Zhang et al.
- Impact of rogue waves on semi-submersible platforms: An experimental investigation of wave run-up and air-gap responses W. Lu et al.
- Comparative study on hydrodynamic characteristics of T-deck and box-deck bridges under freak waves G. Xu et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 Apr 2026
Short summary
The paper is dedicated to freak wave accidents which happened in the world ocean in 2005–2021 and that were described in mass media sources. The database accounts for 429 events, all of which resulted in ship or coastal and offshore structure damage and/or human losses. In agreement with each freak wave event, we put background wave and wind conditions extracted from the climate reanalysis ERA5. We analyse their statistics and discuss the favourable conditions for freak wave occurrence.
The paper is dedicated to freak wave accidents which happened in the world ocean in 2005–2021...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint