Articles | Volume 26, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-3305-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-3305-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Jul 2026
Research article |
| 20 Jul 2026
| 20 Jul 2026
Community-scale assessment of flood-related public health vulnerability using multi-criteria AHP in Northwestern Bangladesh
Climate and Disaster Management, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
Tonoy Mahmud
Disaster Science and Climate Resilience, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Shamima Ferdousi Sifa
Disaster Science and Climate Resilience, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Md. Asif Rafsan
Disaster Science and Climate Resilience, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
A. S. M. Maksud Kamal
Disaster Science and Climate Resilience, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Md. Shakhawat Hossain
Disaster Science and Climate Resilience, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Md. Zillur Rahman
Disaster Science and Climate Resilience, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Cited articles
Abbas, H. B. and Routray, J. K.: Assessing factors affecting flood-induced public health risks in Kassala State of Sudan, Oper. Res. Health Care, 3, 215–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orhc.2014.09.001, 2014a.
Abbas, H. B. and Routray, J. K.: Vulnerability to flood-induced public health risks in Sudan, Disaster Prev. Manag. Int. J., 23, 395–419, https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-07-2013-0112, 2014b.
Achanta, A., Adhikary, S., Cruz, R. V., Tick, L. J., Purohit, A. N., Soegiarto, A., Soesanto, S., and Tingsabadh, C.: Tropical Asia, in: The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability, edited by: Watson, R. T., Zinyowera, M. C., and Moss, R. H., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, ISBN 0-521-634555, 1998.
Acharya, A. and Silori, R.: A probable framework for flood-induced risk evaluation for water supply, sanitation and hygiene, Water Sustain. Hydrol. Extrem. Quant. Qual. Secur., 237–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-21499-8.00012-X, 2024.
Afshari, A., Mojahed, M., and Yusuff, R.: Simple additive weighting approach to personnel selection problem, Int. J. Innov. Manag. Technol., 1, 511–515, https://ijimt.org/papers/89-M474.pdf (last access: 2 July 2026), 2010.
Ahern, M. and Kovats, S.: The Health Impacts of Floods, in: Flood Hazards and Health: Responding to Present and Future Risks, edited by: Few, R., Routledge, London, 26, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849771351, 2006.
Ahern, M., Kovats, R. S., Wilkinson, P., Few, R., and Matthies, F.: Global health impacts of floods: Epidemiologic evidence, Epidemiol. Rev., 27, 36–46, https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxi004, 2005.
Ahluwalia, P. S.: Impacts of Floods on Health and Healthcare Systems in Asian Countries: A Comprehensive Analysis of Direct and Indirect Health Consequences, Economic Burden, and Healthcare Infrastructure Vulnerability, SHODH PRAKASHAN, 3, 72–102, 2025.
Ahmed, A. U. and Hussain, S. G.: Climate Chnage and Livelihood: An Analysis of Agro-Ecological Zones of Bangladesh, Centre For Global Change (CGC), 2009.
Alam, G. M. M., Alam, K., Mushtaq, S., Khatun, M. N., and Leal Filho, W.: Strategies and barriers to adaptation of hazard-prone rural households in Bangladesh, Clim. Change Manag., 11–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64599-5_2, 2018.
Alam, M. S. and Mondal, M.: Assessment of sanitation service quality in urban slums of Khulna city based on SERVQUAL and AHP model: A case study of railway slum, Khulna, Bangladesh, J. Urban Manag., 8, 20–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2018.08.002, 2019.
Alam, S. and Bera, M. K.: Flood-Induced Health Vulnerability: A Case Study of Nirmal Char in Murshidabad District, West Bengal, Disaster Adv., 17, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.25303/176da09016, 2024.
Al-Hussain, Sk. J., Paul, S. K., and Hossain, Md. N.: Comparative Assessment of Vulnerability to Drought and Flood in the Lower Teesta River Basin: A SWOT Analysis, Asian J. Geogr. Res., 4, 20–33, https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i130124, 2021.
APFM: Health and Sanitation Aspects of Flood Management, Integrated Flood Management Tools Series, Issue 23, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Global Water Partnership (GWP), Geneva, https://www.floodmanagement.info/publications/tools/Tools_23_Health_and_Sanitation_Aspects_of_Flood_Management.pdf (last access: 2 July 2026), 2015.
Aziz, M. A., Moniruzzaman, M., Tripathi, A., Hossain, M. I., Ahmed, S., Rahaman, K. R., Rahman, F., and Ahmed, R.: Delineating Flood Zones upon Employing Synthetic Aperture Data for the 2020 Flood in Bangladesh, Earth Syst. Environ., 6, 733–743, 2022.
Batur, M., Karaman, H., and Metin, R.: Mapping Social Vulnerability to Nuclear Accidents: a Comparative Framework Using BWM and AHP Methods, Springer Nature Link, 18, 45, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-025-09649-3, 2025.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS): District Statistics 2011: Nilphamari, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka, 2013.
BBS: Population & Housing Census-2011, Bangladesh Bur. Stat., 2, 163–164, 2014.
BBS: Statistical Yearbook Bangladesh 2020, 40th edn., Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka, 2021.
Bich, T. H., Quang, L. N., Ha, L. T. T., Hanh, T. T. D., and Guha-Sapir, D.: Impacts of flood on health: epidemiologic evidence from Hanoi, Vietnam, Glob. Health Action, 4, 6356, https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v4i0.6356, 2011.
Cash, R. A., Halder, S. R., Husain, M., Islam, M. S., Mallick, F. H., May, M. A., and Rahman, M. A.: Reducing the health effect of natural hazards in Bangladesh, Lancet J., 382, 2094–2103, 2013.
Chakraborty, D., Mondal, K. P., Al Jubaer, Islam, S. T., and Talukder, B.: Health impacts of rapid-onset event: 2022 flash flood in Bangladesh, in: Living with Climate Change, edited by: Letcher, T. M., Elsevier, 199–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-18515-1.00004-6, 2024.
Chen, Y., Ye, Z., Liu, H., Chen, R., Liu, Z., and Liu, H.: A GIS-Based Approach for Flood Risk Zoning by Combining Social Vulnerability and Flood Susceptibility: A Case Study of Nanjing, China, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 11597, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111597, 2021.
Chowdhury, M. A., Sabrina, H., Zzaman, R. U., and Islam, S. L. U.: Green building aspects in Bangladesh: A study based on experts opinion regarding climate change, Environ. Dev. Sustain., https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01823-0, 2021.
Chowdhury, M. N. M. and Hossain, M. M.: Population Growth and Economic Development in Bangladesh: Revisited Malthus, arXiv [preprint], https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1812.09393, 2019.
Christian, P. J., Dunsch, F., Heirman, J., Kelley, E., Kondylis, F., Lane, G., Waidler, J., Adusumalli, N., Batmunkh, O., and Malhotra, K.: Fast Action for Floods: RCT Evidence on Forecast-based Cash Transfers from Bangladesh and Nepal, Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank Group, Washington, D.C., https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-11244, 2025.
Cochran, W. G.: Sampling Techniques, 3rd edn., John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN 0-471-16240-X, 1977.
Debnath, P., Biswas, A., and Jeong, G.: Review of the use of the analytical hierarchy process for flood risk assessment in Bangladesh, Nat. Hazards, 121, 19443–19472, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07523-6, 2025.
de Brito, M. M., Evers, M., and Almoradie, A. D. S.: Participatory flood vulnerability assessment: a multi-criteria approach, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 373–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-373-2018, 2018.
Du, W., Fitzgerald, G. J., Clark, M., and Hou, X. Y.: Health impacts of floods, Prehospital Disaster Med., 25, 265–272, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X00008141, 2010.
Ferdous, J. and Mallick, D.: Norms, practices, and gendered vulnerabilities in the lower Teesta basin, Bangladesh, Environ. Dev., 31, 88–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2018.10.003, 2019.
Few, R. and Matthies, F.: Flood hazards and health: responding to present and future risks, Choice Rev. Online, 44, 1555, https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-1555, 2006.
Flores, A. B., Sullivan, J. A., Yu, Y., and Friedrich, H. K.: Health Disparities in the Aftermath of Flood Events: A Review of Physical and Mental Health Outcomes with Methodological Considerations in the USA, Curr. Environ. Health Rep., 11, 238–254, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-024-00446-7, 2024.
Gao, Z., Jiang, Y., He, J., Wu, J., Xu, J., and Christakos, G.: An AHP - based regional COVID-19 vulnerability model and its application in China, Model. Earth Syst. Environ., 8, 2525–2538, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-021-01244-y, 2022.
Goodman, L. A.: An elementary approach to the population projection-matrix, to the population reproductive value, and to related topics in the mathematical theory of population growth, Demography, 5, 382–409, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03208583, 1968.
Hamidi, A. R., Novo, P., Paavola, J., and Ford, J. D.: Identifying gaps in research on social vulnerability to floods: a systematic review of indicators, indexes, and methodological approaches, Environ. Res. Lett., 20, 113006, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae1496, 2025.
Hashizume, M., Wagatsuma, Y., Faruque, A. S. G., Hayashi, T., Hunter, P. R., Armstrong, B., and Sack, D. A.: Factors determining vulnerability to diarrhoea during and after severe floods in Bangladesh, J. Water Health, 6, 323–332, https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.062, 2008.
Hassan S. A., Jui, M. A., Al-Mahde, A. E., Islam, T., Juie, I. J., Habiba, U., Rana, M. M., Howlader, M. H., and Rahman, M. A.: Livelihood vulnerability and public health outcomes in south-west coastal regions in Bangladesh, Sustain. Earth Rev., 8, 1–15, 2025.
Hoque, M.: The impact of floods on the livelihood of rural women farmers and their adaptation strategies: insights, Nat. Hazards, 119, 1991–2009, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06207-3, 2023.
Hoque, M. A.-A., Tasfia, S., Ahmed, N., and Pradhan, B.: Assessing Spatial Flood Vulnerability at Kalapara Upazila in Bangladesh Using an Analytic Hierarchy Process, Sensors, 19, 1302, https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061302, 2019.
Hossain, B., Sarker, N. I., and Sohel, S.: Flooded lives: socio - economic implications and adaptation challenges for riverine communities in Bangladesh, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 22, 4407–4422, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05943-8, 2025.
Hossain, M. A., Reza, M. I., Rahman, S., and Kayes, I.: Climate Change and its Impacts on the Livelihoods of the Vulnerable People in the Southwestern Coastal Zone in Bangladesh, in: Climate Change and the Sustainable Use of Water Resources, edited by: Leal Filho, W., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 237–258, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22266-5_15, 2011.
Hossain, M. Z. and Adhikary, S. K.: Flood Susceptibility Assessment in Southwest Coastal Region of Bangladesh Using an AHP-GIS Based Approach, in: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering (ICACE 2022), edited by: Arthur, S., Saitoh, M., and Hoque, A., Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, Vol. 368, Springer, Singapore, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3826-1_7, 2024.
Islam, N. N.: Public health vulnerability assessment dataset_Dimla, Nilphamari, Bangladesh, figshare [data set], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32209548, 2026.
Islam, S.: An assessment of Women Vulnerability for Flooding Hazard and Socio Economic Condition: A Case Study on Char Gonai of Tepamadhapur Union, Kaunia, Rangpur, Bangladesh, Imp. J. Interdiscip. Res., 3, 211–231, 2017.
Jahan, A. and Edwards, K. L.: A state-of-the-art survey on the influence of normalization techniques in ranking: Improving the materials selection process in engineering design, Mater. Des., 65, 335–342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.09.022, 2015.
Jha, R. K. and Gundimeda, H.: An integrated assessment of vulnerability to floods using composite index – A district level analysis for Bihar, India, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101074, 2019.
Kader, Z., Islam, R., Aziz, T., Hossain, M., Islam, R., and Miah, M.: GIS and AHP - based flood susceptibility mapping: a case study of Bangladesh, Sustain. Water Resour. Manag., 10, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-024-01150-y, 2024.
Kara, Y.: Measuring the Sustainability of Cities in Turkey with the Analytic Hierarchy Process, Open J. Soc. Sci., 07, 322–334, https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.74025, 2019.
KaTurner, A., Lyle, S., and Tong, S.: Floods and human health: A systematic review, Environ. Int., 1, 37–47, 2019.
Kovats, S., Ebi, K. L., and Menne, B.: Methods of assessing human health vulnerability and public health adaptation to climate change, World Health Organization, Geneva, 111 pp., https://www.euro.who.int/globalchange (last access: 2 July 2026), 2003.
Kundzewicz, Z. W. and Takeuchi, K.: Flood protection and management: Quo vadimus?, Hydrol. Sci. J., 44, 417–432, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669909492237, 1999.
Kunii, O., Nakamura, S., Abdur, R., and Wakai, S.: The impact on health and risk factors of the diarrhoea epidemics in the 1998 Bangladesh floods, Public Health, 116, 68–74, https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ph.1900828, 2002.
Lee, D., Ahmadul, H., Patz, J., and Block, P.: Predicting social and health vulnerability to floods in Bangladesh, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1807–1823, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1807-2021, 2021.
Lowe, D., Ebi, K. L., and Forsberg, B.: Factors increasing vulnerability to health effects before, during and after floods, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 10, 7015–7067, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10127015, 2013.
Matsuyama, A., Khan, F. A., and Khalequzzaman, Md.: Bangladesh Public Health Issues and Implications to Flood Risk Reduction, in: Public Health and Disasters, edited by: Chan, E. Y. Y. and Shaw, R., Disaster Risk Reduction, Springer, Singapore, 115–128, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0924-7_8, 2020.
Mondal, M. S. H., Murayama, T., and Nishikizawa, S.: Assessing the flood risk of riverine households: A case study from the right bank of the Teesta River, Bangladesh, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 51, 101758, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101758, 2020.
Mondal, M. S. H., Murayama, T., and Nishikizawa, S.: Determinants of household-level coping strategies and recoveries from riverine flood disasters: Empirical evidence from the right bank of teesta river, Bangladesh, Climate, 9, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9010004, 2021a.
Mondal, M. S. H., Murayama, T., and Nishikizawa, S.: Examining the determinants of flood risk mitigation measures at the household level in Floods are the most common hazard in Bangladesh adversely affecting the lives and livelihoods of millions of riverine people. Flood-affected households adopt a variety, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102492, 2021b.
Nahar, N., Blomstedt, Y., Wu, B., Kandarina, I., Trisnantoro, L., and Kinsman, J.: Increasing the provision of mental health care for vulnerable, disaster-affected people in Bangladesh, BMC Public Health, 14, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-708, 2014.
NAWG Bangladesh: Bangladesh: Monsoon Floods 2020 Coordinated Preliminary Impact and Needs Assessment, ReliefWeb, https://reliefweb.int/attachments/ff82d05b-09e7-3469-b1bb-507c4d925c9c/nawg_monsoon_flood_preliminary_impact_and_kin_20200725_final_draft.pdf (last access: 2 July 2026), 2020.
Okaka, F. O. and Odhiambo, B. D. O.: Health vulnerability to flood-induced risks of households in flood-prone informal settlements in the Coastal City of Mombasa, Kenya, Nat. Hazards, 99, 1007–1029, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03792-0, 2019a.
Okaka, F. O. and Odhiambo, B. D. O.: Households' perception of flood risk and health impact of exposure to flooding in flood-prone informal settlements in the coastal city of Mombasa, Int. J. Clim. Change Strateg. Manag., 11, 592–606, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2018-0026, 2019b.
Paterson, D. L., Wright, H., and Harris, P. N. A.: Health risks of flood disasters, Clin. Infect. Dis., 67, 1450–1454, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy227, 2018.
Philip, S., Sparrow, S., Kew, S. F., van der Wiel, K., Wanders, N., Singh, R., Hassan, A., Mohammed, K., Javid, H., Haustein, K., Otto, F. E. L., Hirpa, F., Rimi, R. H., Islam, A. K. M. S., Wallom, D. C. H., and van Oldenborgh, G. J.: Attributing the 2017 Bangladesh floods from meteorological and hydrological perspectives, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1409–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1409-2019, 2019.
Phung, D., Rutherford, S., Dwirahmadi, F., Chu, C., Do, C. M., Nguyen, T., and Duong, N. C.: The spatial distribution of vulnerability to the health impacts of flooding in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Int. J. Biometeorol., 60, 857–865, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-015-1078-7, 2016.
Rahman, M., Hiya, H., Auyon, S., and Islam, M.: Exploring the status of disaster risk reduction focusing coping strategies in Rangpur division of Bangladesh, Progress. Agric., 29, 195–204, https://doi.org/10.3329/pa.v29i3.40004, 2018.
Rahman, M. M., Ahmad, S., Mahmud, A. S., Hassan-uz-Zaman, M., Nahian, M. A., Ahmed, A. Nahar, Q., and Streatfield, P. K.: Health consequences of climate change in Bangladesh: An overview of the evidence, knowledge gaps and challenges, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change, 10, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.601, 2019.
Rahman, R. and Salehin, M.: Flood Risks and Reduction Approaches in Bangladesh, in: Disaster Risk Reduction Approaches in Bangladesh, edited by: Shaw, R., Mallick, F., and Islam, A., Disaster Risk Reduction, Springer, Tokyo, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54252-0_4, 2013.
Ramin, B. M. and McMichael, A. J.: Climate change and health in sub-Saharan Africa: a case-based perspective, EcoHealth, 6, 52–57, 2009.
Redwan, T. and Shabur, A.: Analyzing the socio-economic factors of adolescent malnutrition in Bangladesh using Best Worst Method, Discov. Sustain., https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01121-z, 2025.
Rehman, S., Rahaman,M. H., Masroor, M., Roshani, Sajjad, H., Ahmed, R., Yunus, A. P., and Sahana, M.: Analyzing vulnerability of communities to flood using composite vulnerability index: evidence from Bhagirathi Sub-basin, India, Nat. Hazards, 119, 1341–1377, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06170-z, 2023.
Rumpa, N. T., Real, H. R. K., and Razi, M. A.: Disaster risk reduction in Bangladesh: A comparison of three major floods for assessing progress towards resilience, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104047, 2023.
Saaty, T. L.: Analytic Heirarchy Process, Wiley StatsRef Stat. Ref. Online, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat05310, 2014.
Saulnier, D. D., Hanson, C., Ir, P., Alvesson, H. M., and von Schreeb, J.: The effect of seasonal floods on health: Analysis of six years of national health data and flood maps, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 15, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040665, 2018.
Schwartz, B. S., Harris, J. B., Khan, A. I., LaRocque, R. C., Sack, D. A., Malek, M. A., Faruque, A. S., Qadri, F., Calderwood, S. B., Luby, S. P., and Ryan, E. T.: Diarrheal epidemics in Dhaka, Bangladesh, during three consecutive floods: 1988, 1998, and 2004, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 74, 1067–1073, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.1067, 2006.
Shah, A. A., Ye, J., Shaw, R., Ullah, R., and Ali, M.: Factors affecting flood-induced household vulnerability and health risks in Pakistan: The case of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101341, 2020.
Shah, A. A., Ullah, W., Khan, N. A., Alotaibi, B. A., and Xu, C.: Mapping Rural Household Vulnerability to Flood-Induced Health Risks in Disaster-Stricken Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Sustain. Switz., 16, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310578, 2024.
Shahid, S.: Probable impacts of climate change on public health in Bangladesh, Asia-Pac. J. Public Health Asia-Pac. Acad. Consort. Public Health, 22, 310–319, https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539509335499, 2010.
Sharker, R., Islam, M. R., Hosen, M. B., Kader, Z., Aziz, M. T., Tahera-Tun-Humayra, U., Hossain, M. A., Pervin, R., Hasan, M., and Roy, A.: GIS-based AHP approach to flood susceptibility assessment in Tangail district, Bangladesh, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 134, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02480-3, 2025.
Sharma, S., Das, A., and Bhattacharya, S. P.: Strengthening WASH resilience in flood-affected urban poor communities: Insights from Patna, Cities, 159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2025.105758, 2025.
Shim, J. P.: Bibliographical research on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Socioecon. Plann. Sci., 23, 161–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0121(89)90013-X, 1989.
Shimi, A. C., Parvin, G. A., Biswas, C., and Shaw, R.: Impact and adaptation to flood: A focus on water supply, sanitation and health problems of rural community in Bangladesh, Disaster Prev. Manag. Int. J., 19, 298–313, https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561011052484, 2010.
Snehashis, A. and Kumar, B. M.: Flood-Induced Health Vulnerability: A Case Study of Nirmal Char in Murshidabad District, West Bengal, Disaster Adv., 17, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.25303/176da09016, 2024.
Suhr, F. and Steinert, J. I.: Epidemiology of floods in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of health outcomes, BMC Public Health, 22, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12584-4, 2022.
Sung, C.-H. and Liaw, S.-C.: A GIS-based approach for assessing social vulnerability to flood and debris flow hazards, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101531, 2020.
Tascón-González, L., Ferrer-Julià, M., Ruiz, M., and García-Meléndez, E.: Social Vulnerability Assessment for Flood Risk Analysis, Water, 12, 558, https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020558, 2020.
Tran, D. N., Doan, V. Q., Nguyen, V. T., Khan, A., Thai, P. K., Cunrui, H., Chu, C., Schak, E., and Phung, D.: Spatial patterns of health vulnerability to heatwaves in Vietnam, Int. J. Biometeorol., 64, 863–872, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01876-2, 2020.
Truong, P. M., Le, N. H., Hoang, T. H. D., Nguyen, T. K. T., Nguyen, T. D., Kieu, T. K., Nguyen, T. N., Izuru, S., Le, V. H. T., Raghavan, V., Nguyen, V. L., and Tran, T. A.: Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Using GIS and Fuzzy AHP on an Indicator – Based Approach, Int. J. Geoinformatics, 19, 39–53, 2023.
Short summary
This research uncovers a transformative insight: flood severity alone doesn't dictate community health outcomes – it's the human systems surrounding disasters that determine survival. Micro-local preparedness systems can neutralize macro-climatic threats, which shows that intelligent disaster planning can beat geographical fate. The implications are global -our methodology blueprint for flood-prone areas worldwide, helping vulnerable communities become resilient through smart planning.
This research uncovers a transformative insight: flood severity alone doesn't dictate community...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint