Articles | Volume 26, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-2151-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-2151-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 May 2026
Research article |
| 08 May 2026
| 08 May 2026
Pre-seismic geomagnetic fusion anomaly extraction based on Spatially Weighted Non-negative Tensor Factorization
Baiyi Yang
The College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
Kaiguang Zhu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
The College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
Ting Wang
The College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
Donghua Zhang
The College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
WenQi Chen
The College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
Yiqun Zhang
The College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
Pu Wang
The College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
Xingsu Li
The College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
Yuqi Cheng
The College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
Cited articles
Aki, K.: Maximum likelihood estimate of b in the formula logN=a-bM and its confidence limits, Bulletin of Earthquake Research Institute of the University of Tokyo, 43, 237–239, 1965.
Benioff, H.: Seismic evidence for the fault origin of oceanic deeps, GSA Bulletin, 60, 1837–1856, 1949.
Brace, W. F. and Byerlee, J. D.: Stick-Slip as a Mechanism for Earthquakes, Science, 153, 990–992, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.153.3739.990, 1966.
Chen, H., Han, P., and Hattori, K.: Recent Advances and Challenges in the Seismo-Electromagnetic Study: A Brief Review, Remote Sensing, 14, 5893, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225893, 2022a.
Chen, H., Han, P., and Hattori, K.: Ultralow-Frequency Geomagnetic Signal Estimation: An Interstation Transfer Function Method Based on Multivariate Wavelet Coherence, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 62, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3456433, 2024.
Chen, X., Li, Y., and Chen, L.: The characteristics of the b-value anomalies preceding the 2004 Mw9.0 Sumatra earthquake, Geomat. Nat. Haz. Risk, 13, 390–399, https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2022.2029582, 2022b.
Chi, E. C. and Kolda, T. G.: On Tensors, Sparsity, and Nonnegative Factorizations, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. A., 33, 1272–1299, https://doi.org/10.1137/110859063, 2012.
De Santis, A., Cianchini, G., and Di Giovambattista, R.: Accelerating moment release revisited: Examples of application to Italian seismic sequences, Tectonophysics, 639, 82–98, 2015.
De Santis, A., Balasis, G., Pavòn-Carrasco, F. J., Cianchini, G., and Mandea, M.: Potential earthquake precursory pattern from space: The 2015 Nepal event as seen by magnetic Swarm satellites, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 461, 119–126, 2017.
De Santis, A., Abbattista, C., Alfonsi, L., Amoruso, L., Campuzano, S. A., Carbone, M., Cesaroni, C., Cianchini, G., De Franceschi, G., De Santis, A., Di Giovambattista, R., Marchetti, D., Martino, L., Perrone, L., Piscini, A., Rainone, M. L., Soldani, M., Spogli, L., and Santoro, F.: Geosystemics View of Earthquakes, Entropy, 21, 412, https://doi.org/10.3390/e21040412, 2019a.
De Santis, A., Marchetti, D., Spogli, L., Cianchini, G., Pavón-Carrasco, F. J., Franceschi, G. D., Di Giovambattista, R., Perrone, L., Qamili, E., Cesaroni, C., De Santis, A., Ippolito, A., Piscini, A., Campuzano, S. A., Sabbagh, D., Amoruso, L., Carbone, M., Santoro, F., Abbattista, C., and Drimaco, D.: Magnetic Field and Electron Density Data Analysis from Swarm Satellites Searching for Ionospheric Effects by Great Earthquakes: 12 Case Studies from 2014 to 2016, Atmosphere, 10, 371, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070371, 2019b.
De Santis, A., Marchetti, D., Pavón-Carrasco, F. J., Cianchini, G., Perrone, L., Abbattista, C., Alfonsi, L., Amoruso, L., Campuzano, S. A., Carbone, M., Cesaroni, C., De Franceschi, G., De Santis, A., Di Giovambattista, R., Ippolito, A., Piscini, A., Sabbagh, D., Soldani, M., Santoro, F., Spogli, L., and Haagmans, R.: Precursory worldwide signatures of earthquake occurrences on Swarm satellite data, Scientific Reports, 9, 20287, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56599-1, 2019c.
De Santis, A., Perrone, L., Calcara, M., Campuzano, S. A., Cianchini, G., D'Arcangelo, S., Di Mauro, D., Marchetti, D., Nardi, A., Orlando, M., Piscini, A., Sabbagh, D., and Soldani, M.: A comprehensive multiparametric and multilayer approach to study the preparation phase of large earthquakes from ground to space: The case study of the June 15 2019, M7.2 Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) earthquake, Remote Sens. Environ., 283, 113325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113325, 2022.
Dobrovolsky, I. P., Zubkov, S. I., and Miachkin, V. I.: Estimation of the size of earthquake preparation zones, Pure Appl. Geophys., 117, 1025–1044, 1979.
Fan, M., Zhu, K., Santis, A. D., Marchetti, D., Cianchini, G., Piscini, A., He, X., Wen, J., Wang, T., Zhang, Y., and Cheng, Y.: Analysis of Swarm Satellite Magnetic Field Data for the 2015 Mw 7.8 Nepal Earthquake Based on Nonnegative Tensor Decomposition, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 60, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2022.3195726, 2022.
Fan, M., Zhu, K., Santis, A. D., Marchetti, D., Cianchini, G., Wang, T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, D., and Cheng, Y.: Exploration of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo Earthquake by Fusing the Electron Density and Magnetic Field Data of Swarm Satellites, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 62, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3361875, 2024.
Feng, L., Zhu, W., Guan, Y., Fan, W., and Ji, Y.: A new method for extracting geomagnetic perturbation anomalies preceding the M7.4 Maduo earthquake, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 359, 107305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107305, 2025.
Fraser-Smith, A. C., Bernardi, A., McGill, P. R., Ladd, M. E., Helliwell, R. A., and Villard Jr., O. G.: Low-frequency magnetic field measurements near the epicenter of the Ms 7.1 Loma Prieta Earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 1465–1468, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i009p01465, 1990.
Gentili, S., Peresan, A., Talebi, M., Zare, M., and Di Giovambattista, R.: A seismic quiescence before the 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol Zahab (Iran) earthquake: Detection and analysis by improved RTL method, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 290, 10–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2019.02.010, 2019.
Gokhberg, M. B., Morgounov, V. A., Yoshino, T., and Tomizawa, I.: Experimental measurement of electromagnetic emissions possibly related to earthquakes in Japan, J. Geophys. Res, 87, 7824–7828, 1982.
Gutenberg, B. and Richter, C. F.: Frequency of earthquakes in California, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 34, 185–188, 1944.
Habarulema, J. B., Yizengaw, E., Katamzi-Joseph, Z. T., Moldwin, M. B., and Buchert, S.: Storm Time Global Observations of Large-Scale TIDs From Ground-Based and In Situ Satellite Measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123, 711–724, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024510, 2018.
Han, P., Hattori, K., Huang, Q., Hirano, T., Ishiguro, Y., Yoshino, C., and Febriani, F.: Evaluation of ULF electromagnetic phenomena associated with the 2000 Izu Islands earthquake swarm by wavelet transform analysis, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 965–970, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-965-2011, 2011.
Han, P., Hattori, K., Hirokawa, M., Zhuang, J., Chen, C.-H., Febriani, F., Yamaguchi, H., Yoshino, C., Liu, J.-Y., and Yoshida, S.: Statistical analysis of ULF seismomagnetic phenomena at Kakioka, Japan, during 2001–2010, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 119, 4998–5011, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA019789, 2014.
Hansen, S., Plantenga, T., and Kolda, T. G.: Newton-based optimization for Kullback–Leibler nonnegative tensor factorizations, Optim. Method. Softw., 30, 1002–1029, https://doi.org/10.1080/10556788.2015.1009977, 2015.
Hattori, K.: ULF geomagnetic changes associated with large earthquakes, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 15, 329–360, https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2004.15.3.329(EP), 2004.
Hattori, K., Serita, A., Gotoh, K., Yoshino, C., Harada, M., Isezaki, N., and Hayakawa, M.: ULF geomagnetic anomaly associated with 2000 Izu Islands earthquake swarm, Japan, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 29, 425–435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2003.11.014, 2004.
Hattori, K., Han, P., and Huang, Q.: Global variation of ULF geomagnetic fields and detection of anomalous changes at a certain observatory using reference data, Electr. Eng. Jpn., 182, 9–18, https://doi.org/10.1002/eej.22299, 2013a.
Hattori, K., Han, P., Yoshino, C., Febriani, F., Yamaguchi, H., and Chen, C.-H.: Investigation of ULF Seismo-Magnetic Phenomena in Kanto, Japan During 2000–2010: Case Studies and Statistical Studies, Surv. Geophys., 34, 293–316, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-012-9215-x, 2013b.
Hayakawa, M.: Electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes: A frontier in terrestrial electromagnetic noise environment, Recent Res. Devel. Geophysics, 6, 81–112, 2004.
Hayakawa, M., Kawate, R., Molchanov, O. A., and Yumoto, K.: Results of ultra-low-frequency magnetic field measurements during the Guam Earthquake of 8 August 1993, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 241–244, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL02863, 1996.
Hayakawa, M., Schekotov, A., Yamaguchi, H., and Hobara, Y.: Observation of Ultra-Low-Frequency Wave Effects in Possible Association with the Fukushima Earthquake on 21 November 2016, and Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling, Atmosphere, 14, 1255, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14081255, 2023.
He, X., Sun, X., Yin, S., Song, D., Qiu, L., Tong, Y., Wang, Q., and Li, J.: Experimental research on magnetic field variation in rock failure process and its significance for earthquake prediction, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 66, 4609–4624, 2023.
Hitchcock, F. L.: Multiple Invariants and Generalized Rank of a P-Way Matrix or Tensor, Journal of Mathematics and Physics, 7, 39–79, https://doi.org/10.1002/sapm19287139, 1928.
Hobara, Y., Koons, H. C., Roeder, J. L., Yumoto, K., and Hayakawa, M.: Characteristics of ULF magnetic anomaly before earthquakes, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 29, 437–444, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2003.12.005, 2004.
Huang, J., Jia, J., Yin, H., Li, Z., Li, J., Shen, X., and Zhima, Z.: Study of the Statistical Characteristics of Artificial Source Signals Based on the CSES, Frontiers in Earth Science, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.883836, 2022.
Huang, Q.: Retrospective investigation of geophysical data possibly associated with the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China, J. Asian Earth Sci., 41, 421–427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.05.014, 2011.
Jing, F., Zhang, L., and Singh, R. P.: Pronounced Changes in Thermal Signals Associated with the Madoi (China) M 7.3 Earthquake from Passive Microwave and Infrared Satellite Data, Remote Sensing, 14, 2539, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112539, 2022.
Kelley, M. C., Swartz, W. E., and Heki, K.: Apparent ionospheric total electron content variations prior to major earthquakes due to electric fields created by tectonic stresses, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 6689–6695, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023601, 2017.
Kennedy, D. and Norman, C.: What Don't We Know?, Science, 309, 75–75, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.309.5731.75, 2005.
Li, H., Liu, T., Wu, X., and Chen, Q.: EEMD and optimized frequency band entropy for fault feature extraction of bearings, Journal of Vibration Engineering, 33, 414–423, https://doi.org/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2020.02.022, 2020.
Li, J., Chen, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, S., Yan, H., Chen, M., Zhan, W., Zhang, Y., Xu, W., Sun, R., Chen, G., and Wu, Y.: Early Viscoelastic Relaxation and After slip Inferred from the Post seismic Geodetic Observations Following the 2021 Mw7.4 Maduo Earthquake, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 130, e2024JB030466, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030466, 2025.
Li, M. and Parrot, M.: “Real time analysis” of the ion density measured by the satellite DEMETER in relation with the seismic activity, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2957–2963, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2957-2012, 2012.
Li, M. and Parrot, M.: Statistical analysis of an ionospheric parameter as a base for earthquake prediction, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 3731–3739, 2013.
Liu, C., Zhu, L., and Ni, C.: Chatter detection in milling process based on VMD and energy entropy, Northeastern University, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Shenyang, 110819, China, 12434, 105, 169–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.11.046, 2018.
Liu, S., Cui, Y., Wei, L., Liu, W., and Ji, M.: Pre-earthquake MBT anomalies in the Central and Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their association to earthquakes, Remote Sens. Environ., 298, 113815, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113815, 2023.
Loewe, C. A. and Prölss, G. W.: Classification and mean behavior of magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 102, 14209–14213, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA04020, 1997.
Ma, J. and Guo, Y.: Accelerated synergism prior to fault instability: Evidence from laboratory experiments and an earthquake case, Seismology and Geology, 36, 547–561, 2014.
Marchetti, D. and Akhoondzadeh, M.: Analysis of Swarm satellites data showing seismo-ionospheric anomalies around the time of the strong Mexico (Mw=8.2) earthquake of 08 September 2017, Adv. Space Res., 62, 614–623, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.04.043, 2018.
Marchetti, D., De Santis, A., D'Arcangelo, S., Poggio, F., Jin, S., Piscini, A., and Campuzano, S. A.: Magnetic Field and Electron Density Anomalies from Swarm Satellites Preceding the Major Earthquakes of the 2016–2017 Amatrice-Norcia (Central Italy) Seismic Sequence, Pure Appl. Geophys., 177, 305–319, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02138-y, 2020a.
Marchetti, D., De Santis, A., Shen, X., Campuzano, S. A., Perrone, L., Piscini, A., Di Giovambattista, R., Jin, S., Ippolito, A., Cianchini, G., Cesaroni, C., Sabbagh, D., Spogli, L., Zhima, Z., and Huang, J.: Possible Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling effects prior to the 2018 Mw=7.5 Indonesia earthquake from seismic, atmospheric and ionospheric data, J. Asian Earth Sci., 188, 104097, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104097, 2020b.
Marchetti, D., Zhu, K., Piscini, A., Ghamry, E., Shen, X., Yan, R., He, X., Wang, T., Chen, W., Wen, J., Zhang, Y., Cheng, Y., Fan, M., Zhang, D., Zhang, H., and Ventura, G.: Changes in the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere before and during the Mw=7.7 Jamaica 2020 earthquake, Remote Sens. Environ., 307, 114146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2024.114146, 2024.
Molchanov, O. A. and Hayakawa, M.: Generation of ULF electromagnetic emissions by microfracturing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3091–3094, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL00781, 1995.
Molchanov, O. A., Hayakawa, M., and Rafalsky, V. A.: Penetration characteristics of electromagnetic emissions from an underground seismic source into the atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 100, 1691–1712, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JA02524, 1995.
Moore, G. W.: Magnetic Disturbances preceding the 1964 Alaska Earthquake, Nature, 203, 508–509, 1964.
Noda, H., Nakatani, M., and Hori, T.: Large nucleation before large earthquakes is sometimes skipped due to cascade-up – Implications from a rate and state simulation of faults with hierarchical asperities, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 118, 2924–2952, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50211, 2013.
Ouyang, X. Y., Parrot, M., and Bortnik, J.: ULF Wave Activity Observed in the Nighttime Ionosphere Above and Some Hours Before Strong Earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 125, e2020JA028396, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028396, 2020.
Parrot, M., Achache, J., Berthelier, J. J., Blanc, E., and Villain, J. P.: High-frequency seismo-electromagnetic effect, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 77, 65–83, 1993.
Pulinets, S. and Ouzounov, D.: Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) model – An unified concept for earthquake precursors validation, J. Asian Earth Sci., 41, 371–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.03.005, 2011.
Rehman, N. and Mandic, D. P.: Multivariate empirical mode decomposition, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK, 466, 1291–1302, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0502, 2010.
Rikitake, T.: Magnetic and Electric Signals Precursory to Earthquakes: An Analysis of Japanese Data, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 39, 47–61, https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.39.47, 1987.
Ruzhin, Y. Y., Larkina, V., and Depueva, A. K.: Earthquake precursors in magnetically conjugated ionosphere regions, Adv. Space Res., 21, 525–528, 1998.
Schekotov, A. Y., Molchanov, O. A., Hayakawa, M., Fedorov, E. N., Chebrov, V. N., Sinitsin, V. I., Gordeev, E. E., Belyaev, G. G., and Yagova, N. V.: ULF/ELF magnetic field variations from atmosphere induced by seismicity, Radio Sci., 42, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RS003441, 2007.
Scholz, C. H.: The frequency-magnitude relation of microfracturing in rock and its relation to earthquakes, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 58, 399-415, https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0580010399, 1968.
Scholz, C. H.: Mechanisms of seismic quiescences, Pure Appl. Geophys., 126, 701–718, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879016, 1988.
Scholz, C. H., Sykes, L. R., and Aggarwal, Y. P.: Earthquake Prediction: A Physical Basis, Science, 181, 803–810, 1973.
Schorlemmer, D., Wiemer, S., and Wyss, M.: Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes, Nature, 437, 539–542, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04094, 2005.
Shashua, A. and Levin, A.: Linear image coding for regression and classification using the tensor-rank principle, in: Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001, Kauai, HI, USA, 8–14 December 2001, IEEE, I-I, https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2001.990454, 2001.
Utada, H., Shimizu, H., Ogawa, T., Maeda, T., Furumura, T., Yamamoto, T., Yamazaki, N., Yoshitake, Y., and Nagamachi, S.: Geomagnetic field changes in response to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 311, 11–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.036, 2011.
Venegas-Aravena, P., Cordaro, E. G., and Laroze, D.: A review and upgrade of the lithospheric dynamics in context of the seismo-electromagnetic theory, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1639–1651, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1639-2019, 2019.
Wang, Y., Li, Y., Cai, Y., Jiang, L., Shi, H., Jiang, Z., and Gang W.: Coseismic displacement and slip distribution of the 2021 May 22, Ms7.4 Madoi earthguake derived from GNSS observations, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 65, 523–536, 2022.
Wiemer, S. and Wyss, M.: Minimum Magnitude of Completeness in Earthquake Catalogs: Examples from Alaska, the Western United States, and Japan, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 90, 859–869, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119990114, 2000.
Wyss, M.: Evaluation of Proposed Earthquake Precursors, Eos T. Am. Geophys. Un., 72, 411–411, https://doi.org/10.1029/90EO10300, 1991.
Wyss, M.: Second round of evaluations of proposed earthquake precursors, Pure Appl. Geophys., 149, 3–16, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00945158, 1997.
Wyss, M., Console, R., and Murru, M.: Seismicity rate change before the Irpinia (M = 6.9) 1980 earthquake, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 87, 318–326, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0870020318, 1997.
Xie, T., Chen, B., Wu, L., Dai, W., Kuang, C., and Miao, Z.: Detecting Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies Possibly Associated With the 2019 Ridgecrest (California) Earthquakes by GNSS, CSES, and Swarm Observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 126, e2020JA028761, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028761, 2021.
Xue, J., Huang, Q., Wu, S., and Zhao, L.: Detection of ULF Geomagnetic Anomalies Prior to the Tohoku-Oki Earthquake by the Multireference Station Method, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 62, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3382472, 2024.
Xue, L., Qin, S., Sun, Q., Wang, Y., Lee, L. M., and Li, W.: A Study on Crack Damage Stress Thresholds of Different Rock Types Based on Uniaxial Compression Tests, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 47, 1183–1195, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0479-3, 2014.
Yang, B.-Y., Li, Z., Huang, J.-P., Yang, X.-M., Yin, H.-C., Li, Z.-Y., Lu, H.-X., Li, W.-J., Shen, X.-H., Zeren, Z., Tan, Q., and Zhou, N.: EMD based statistical analysis of nighttime pre-earthquake ULF electric field disturbances observed by CSES, Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 9, https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.1077592, 2023.
Yang, B., Zhu, K., Wang, T., Zhang, D., Chen, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, P., and Cheng, Y.: Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics of Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) Anomalies Before the 2021 Ms7.4 Madoi Earthquake, IEEE J.-STARS, 18, 25721–25734, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3614629, 2025.
Yao, Y., Liu, L., Kong, J., and Zhai, C.: Analysis of the global ionospheric disturbances of the March 2015 great storm, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 12157–12170, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023352, 2016.
Yu, Z., Hattori, K., Zhu, K., Chi, C., Fan, M., and He, X.: Detecting Earthquake-Related Anomalies of a Borehole Strain Network Based on Multi-Channel Singular Spectrum Analysis, Entropy, 22, 1086, https://doi.org/10.3390/e22101086, 2020.
Yu, Z., Jing, X., Wang, X., Chi, C., and Zheng, H.: The Study on Anomalies of the Geomagnetic Topology Network Associated with the 2022 Ms6.8 Luding Earthquake, Remote Sensing, 16, 1613, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091613, 2024.
Yu, Z., Jing, X., Yang, M., Zhang, J., Zhu, K., Marchetti, D., Hattori, K., and Zheng, H.: A Review of Earthquake Precursor Anomaly Extraction Techniques for Geophysical Time-Series Observations, Surv. Geophys., 47, 243–288, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09927-w, 2026.
Zhan, Y., Liang, M., Sun, X., Huang, F., Zhao, L., Gong, Y., Han, J., Li, C., Zhang, P., and Zhang, H.: Deep structure and seismogenic pattern of the 2021.5.22 Madoi (Qinghai) Ms7.4 earthquake, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 64, 2232–2252, 2021.
Zhang, G., Ma, H., Wang, H., and Wang, X.: Boundaries between active-tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the China mainland, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 03, 602–610, 2005.
Zhang, X., Qian, J., Ouyang, X., Shen, X., Cai, J., and Zhao, S.: Ionospheric electromagnetic perturbations observed on DEMETER satellite before Chile M7.9 earthquake, Earthquake Science, 22, 251–255, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-009-0251-7, 2009.
Zhang, Y., Li, M., Huang, Q., Shao, Z., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Ma, W., and Parrot, M.: Statistical Correlation Between DEMETER Satellite Electronic Perturbations and Global Earthquakes with M ≥ 4.8, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 61, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2023.3265931, 2023.
Zhima, Z., Xuhui, S., Xuemin, Z., Jinbin, C., Jianping, H., Xinyan, O., Jing, L., and Lu, B.: Possible Ionospheric Electromagnetic Perturbations Induced by the Ms7.1 Yushu Earthquake, Earth Moon Planets, 108, 231–241, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11038-012-9393-z, 2012.
Zhu, K., Fan, M., He, X., Marchetti, D., Li, K., Yu, Z., Chi, C., Sun, H., and Cheng, Y.: Analysis of Swarm Satellite Magnetic Field Data Before the 2016 Ecuador (Mw = 7.8) Earthquake Based on Non-negative Matrix Factorization, Frontiers in Earth Science, 9, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.621976, 2021.
Zlotnicki, J., Le Mouël, J. L., Kanwar, R., Yvetot, P., Vargemezis, G., Menny, P., and Fauquet, F.: Ground-based electromagnetic studies combined with remote sensing based on Demeter mission: A way to monitor active faults and volcanoes, Planet. Space Sci., 54, 541–557, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2005.10.022, 2006.
Short summary
We propose a spatially weighted non-negative tensor factorization method for extracting pre-seismic geomagnetic anomalies from multi-station data. By integrating spatial constraints between observation stations and the seismic source into the decomposition framework, the method improves the physical interpretability of the extracted anomalies and offers a new methodological approach for seismic anomaly analysis.
We propose a spatially weighted non-negative tensor factorization method for extracting...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint