Articles | Volume 25, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-541-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-541-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Feb 2025
Research article |
| 07 Feb 2025
| 07 Feb 2025
Compound events in Germany in 2018: drivers and case studies
Elena Xoplaki
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Centre for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Florian Ellsäßer
Centre for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
now at: Department of Natural Resources, ITC – Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
Jens Grieger
Institute of Meteorology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Katrin M. Nissen
Institute of Meteorology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Joaquim G. Pinto
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Troposphere Research (IMKTRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Markus Augenstein
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Troposphere Research (IMKTRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Ting-Chen Chen
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Troposphere Research (IMKTRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
now at: Moody's, London, UK
Hendrik Feldmann
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Troposphere Research (IMKTRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Petra Friederichs
Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Daniel Gliksman
Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Dresden University of Technology, Tharandt, Germany
Institute of Geography, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
Laura Goulier
Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Karsten Haustein
Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Hamburg, Germany
now at: Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Jens Heinke
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
Lisa Jach
Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Florian Knutzen
Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Hamburg, Germany
Stefan Kollet
Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Jürg Luterbacher
Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Centre for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Niklas Luther
Centre for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Susanna Mohr
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Troposphere Research (IMKTRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Christoph Mudersbach
Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Hydromechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Bochum, Germany
Christoph Müller
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
Efi Rousi
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
Felix Simon
Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Hydromechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Bochum, Germany
Laura Suarez-Gutierrez
Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany
now at: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
now at: Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, Paris, France
Svenja Szemkus
Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Sara M. Vallejo-Bernal
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
now at: Institute for Earth System Science and Remote Sensing, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Odysseas Vlachopoulos
Centre for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Frederik Wolf
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
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| Country | # | Views | % |
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| Germany | 1 | 576 | 28 |
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| China | 3 | 92 | 14 |
| United Kingdom | 4 | 15 | 2 |
| Italy | 5 | 15 | 2 |
| Country | # | Views | % |
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| United States of America | 2 | 321 | 23 |
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| Netherlands | 4 | 51 | 3 |
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Cited
3 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Soil moisture–atmosphere coupling strength over central Europe in the recent warming climate T. Schwitalla et al. 10.5194/nhess-25-1405-2025
- Increasing probability of extreme rainfall preconditioned by humid heatwaves in global coastal megacities P. Ganguli & B. Merz 10.1038/s41612-025-01023-x
- The vulnerability of European agricultural areas to anthesis heat stress increases with climate change L. Lucia Martin et al. 10.1088/2976-601X/adb03d
3 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Soil moisture–atmosphere coupling strength over central Europe in the recent warming climate T. Schwitalla et al. 10.5194/nhess-25-1405-2025
- Increasing probability of extreme rainfall preconditioned by humid heatwaves in global coastal megacities P. Ganguli & B. Merz 10.1038/s41612-025-01023-x
- The vulnerability of European agricultural areas to anthesis heat stress increases with climate change L. Lucia Martin et al. 10.1088/2976-601X/adb03d
Latest update: 23 Apr 2025
Short summary
Europe frequently experiences compound events, with major impacts. We investigate these events’ interactions, characteristics, and changes over time, focusing on socio-economic impacts in Germany and central Europe. Highlighting 2018’s extreme events, this study reveals impacts on water, agriculture, and forests and stresses the need for impact-focused definitions and better future risk quantification to support adaptation planning.
Europe frequently experiences compound events, with major impacts. We investigate these events’...
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