Articles | Volume 25, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-4263-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-4263-2025
Review article
 | 
31 Oct 2025
Review article |  | 31 Oct 2025

Review article: Towards multi-hazard and multi-risk indicators – a review and recommendations for development and implementation

Christopher J. White, Mohammed Sarfaraz Gani Adnan, Marcello Arosio, Stephanie Buller, YoungHwa Cha, Roxana Ciurean, Julia M. Crummy, Melanie Duncan, Joel Gill, Claire Kennedy, Elisa Nobile, Lara Smale, and Philip J. Ward

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Short summary
Indicators contain observable and measurable characteristics to understand the state of a concept or phenomenon and/or monitor it over time. There have been limited efforts to understand how indicators are being used in multi-hazard and multi-risk contexts. We find most of existing indicators do not include the interactions between hazards or risks. We propose a set of recommendations to enable the development and uptake of multi-hazard and multi-risk indicators.
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