Articles | Volume 25, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-4263-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-4263-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
31 Oct 2025
Review article |
| 31 Oct 2025
| 31 Oct 2025
Review article: Towards multi-hazard and multi-risk indicators – a review and recommendations for development and implementation
Christopher J. White
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK
Mohammed Sarfaraz Gani Adnan
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
Marcello Arosio
Department of Science, Technology and Society, Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia (IUSS), Pavia, 27100, Italy
Stephanie Buller
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
YoungHwa Cha
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK
Roxana Ciurean
British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
Julia M. Crummy
British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
Melanie Duncan
British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
Joel Gill
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
Claire Kennedy
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK
Elisa Nobile
Department of Science, Technology and Society, Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia (IUSS), Pavia, 27100, Italy
Lara Smale
British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
Philip J. Ward
Department of Water and Climate Risk, VU Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Deltares, Delft, 2629 HV Delft, the Netherlands
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Cited
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Vulnerability Assessment of Rural Emergency Response Capacity from a Risk–Capacity Matching Perspective: A Pathway to Sustainable Development S. Long et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115696
- Multi-Hazard Exposure Prioritization with Time-Varying Population: Integrating Seismic Amplification Susceptibility and Flood Hazards in Seoul Y. Lee & J. Kim https://doi.org/10.3390/app16073513
- From Multi-Hazard Prevention to Sustainable Emergency Management: A Reproducible Evidence-Mining Framework for Identifying Compounding Risk Patterns M. López-Saavedra et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168200
- A Methodology for Developing a Municipal-Scale Integrated Risk Index to Support Civil Protection Planning: A Case Study from Lombardy (N-Italy) L. Franceschi et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10090538
- A FLOVI-based framework for prioritising conservation projects in flood-prone timber heritage districts of Hoi An, Vietnam C. Tran et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2026.2661046
- Cascading flood-landslide scenarios reframe the hazard assessment of exposed infrastructure M. Lombardo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106284
- Advancing early warning systems: AI applications, challenges and emerging insights N. Otero et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae5f7f
- Multi-hazard risk assessment for coastal zones in Padang City, Indonesia S. Harnita et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108295
- Assessing trade‐off risk between crop production and vertebrate biodiversity in three African countries A. Chapman et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.70372
- Multi-hazard risk assessment and management: pathways for the Sendai Framework and beyond T. Tiggeloven et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-9-185-2026
- Non-stationary Drought Assessment: Coupling Complex Networks with Reconnaissance Drought Index for Drought Identification H. Vangelis et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-026-04656-6
- Reducing risk together: moving towards a more holistic approach to multi-hazard and multi-risk assessment and management P. Ward et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-1325-2026
- An Open-Data Framework for Screening Flood-Footprint Population Proxies and Potential Hospital Accessibility Disruption H. Hassani et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/data11090249
- Interdisciplinary perspectives on multi-risk anticipatory action T. de Boer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115618
- Mapping the position of slow-onset hazards in India’s disaster research: a bibliometric perspective A. Sahay & R. Rawat https://doi.org/10.1007/s44475-026-00036-1
- Environmental and climatic drivers of flood susceptibility and their interactions at the global contexts T. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-026-00610-6
- An integrated multidimensional risk framework for volcanic hazard zones: insights from Mt. Vesuvius, Italy I. Lapietra et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40589-1
- Sustainable Tourism Development in Labuan Bajo, Manggarai Barat, Indonesia: Integration of Multi-Hazard Risk Analysis into Spatial Planning O. Shalih et al. https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.15757
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Vulnerability Assessment of Rural Emergency Response Capacity from a Risk–Capacity Matching Perspective: A Pathway to Sustainable Development S. Long et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115696
- Multi-Hazard Exposure Prioritization with Time-Varying Population: Integrating Seismic Amplification Susceptibility and Flood Hazards in Seoul Y. Lee & J. Kim https://doi.org/10.3390/app16073513
- From Multi-Hazard Prevention to Sustainable Emergency Management: A Reproducible Evidence-Mining Framework for Identifying Compounding Risk Patterns M. López-Saavedra et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168200
- A Methodology for Developing a Municipal-Scale Integrated Risk Index to Support Civil Protection Planning: A Case Study from Lombardy (N-Italy) L. Franceschi et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10090538
- A FLOVI-based framework for prioritising conservation projects in flood-prone timber heritage districts of Hoi An, Vietnam C. Tran et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2026.2661046
- Cascading flood-landslide scenarios reframe the hazard assessment of exposed infrastructure M. Lombardo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106284
- Advancing early warning systems: AI applications, challenges and emerging insights N. Otero et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae5f7f
- Multi-hazard risk assessment for coastal zones in Padang City, Indonesia S. Harnita et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108295
- Assessing trade‐off risk between crop production and vertebrate biodiversity in three African countries A. Chapman et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.70372
- Multi-hazard risk assessment and management: pathways for the Sendai Framework and beyond T. Tiggeloven et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-9-185-2026
- Non-stationary Drought Assessment: Coupling Complex Networks with Reconnaissance Drought Index for Drought Identification H. Vangelis et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-026-04656-6
- Reducing risk together: moving towards a more holistic approach to multi-hazard and multi-risk assessment and management P. Ward et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-1325-2026
- An Open-Data Framework for Screening Flood-Footprint Population Proxies and Potential Hospital Accessibility Disruption H. Hassani et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/data11090249
- Interdisciplinary perspectives on multi-risk anticipatory action T. de Boer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.115618
- Mapping the position of slow-onset hazards in India’s disaster research: a bibliometric perspective A. Sahay & R. Rawat https://doi.org/10.1007/s44475-026-00036-1
- Environmental and climatic drivers of flood susceptibility and their interactions at the global contexts T. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-026-00610-6
- An integrated multidimensional risk framework for volcanic hazard zones: insights from Mt. Vesuvius, Italy I. Lapietra et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40589-1
- Sustainable Tourism Development in Labuan Bajo, Manggarai Barat, Indonesia: Integration of Multi-Hazard Risk Analysis into Spatial Planning O. Shalih et al. https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.15757
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Short summary
Indicators contain observable and measurable characteristics to understand the state of a concept or phenomenon and/or monitor it over time. There have been limited efforts to understand how indicators are being used in multi-hazard and multi-risk contexts. We find most of existing indicators do not include the interactions between hazards or risks. We propose a set of recommendations to enable the development and uptake of multi-hazard and multi-risk indicators.
Indicators contain observable and measurable characteristics to understand the state of a...
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