Review article: Towards multi-hazard and multi-risk indicators – a review and recommendations for development and implementation

White, Christopher J.; Adnan, Mohammed Sarfaraz Gani; Arosio, Marcello; Buller, Stephanie; Cha, YoungHwa; Ciurean, Roxana; Crummy, Julia M.; Duncan, Melanie; Gill, Joel; Kennedy, Claire; Nobile, Elisa; Smale, Lara; Ward, Philip J.

doi:10.5194/nhess-25-4263-2025

Articles | Volume 25, issue 11

https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-4263-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Special issue:

Methodological innovations for the analysis and management...

https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-4263-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 25, issue 11

Review article

|

31 Oct 2025

Review article |

| 31 Oct 2025

Review article: Towards multi-hazard and multi-risk indicators – a review and recommendations for development and implementation

Christopher J. White, Mohammed Sarfaraz Gani Adnan, Marcello Arosio, Stephanie Buller, YoungHwa Cha, Roxana Ciurean, Julia M. Crummy, Melanie Duncan, Joel Gill, Claire Kennedy, Elisa Nobile, Lara Smale, and Philip J. Ward

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Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 08 Oct 2024)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Oct 2024	195	44	8	247
Nov 2024	155	34	8	197
Dec 2024	109	24	53	186
Jan 2025	71	21	43	135
Feb 2025	88	19	18	125
Mar 2025	55	15	57	127
Apr 2025	49	14	46	109
May 2025	34	21	48	103
Jun 2025	43	28	22	93
Jul 2025	49	23	2	74
Aug 2025	295	37	2	334
Sep 2025	1,550	29	2	1,581
Oct 2025	180	48	5	233
Nov 2025	672	167	10	849
Dec 2025	319	137	20	476
Jan 2026	324	116	22	462
Feb 2026	256	120	20	396
Mar 2026	326	82	11	419
Apr 2026	20	11	0	31

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Short summary

Indicators contain observable and measurable characteristics to understand the state of a concept or phenomenon and/or monitor it over time. There have been limited efforts to understand how indicators are being used in multi-hazard and multi-risk contexts. We find most of existing indicators do not include the interactions between hazards or risks. We propose a set of recommendations to enable the development and uptake of multi-hazard and multi-risk indicators.


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