Articles | Volume 25, issue 10 
            
                
                    
            
            
            https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-3897-2025
                    © Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-3897-2025
                    © Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Brief communication: Depth-averaging of 3D depth-resolved MPM simulation results of geophysical flows for GIS visualization
                                            WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
                                        
                                    
                                            Climate Change, Extremes, and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Center CERC, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
                                        
                                    
                                            Institute for Geotechnical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
                                        
                                    Michael Lukas Kyburz
                                            WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
                                        
                                    
                                            Climate Change, Extremes, and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Center CERC, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
                                        
                                    
                                            Institute for Geotechnical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
                                        
                                    Johan Gaume
                                            WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
                                        
                                    
                                            Climate Change, Extremes, and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Center CERC, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
                                        
                                    
                                            Institute for Geotechnical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
                                        
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                                    Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2399–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2399-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2399-2025, 2025
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                                                This study assesses RAMMS::EXTENDED's predictive power in estimating avalanche runout distances critical for mountain road safety. Leveraging meteorological data and sensitivity analyses, it offers meaningful predictions, aiding near real-time hazard assessments and future model refinement for improved decision-making.
                                            
                                            
                                        Grégoire Bobillier, Bertil Trottet, Bastian Bergfeld, Ron Simenhois, Alec van Herwijnen, Jürg Schweizer, and Johan Gaume
                                    Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2215–2223, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2215-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2215-2025, 2025
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                                                Our study investigates the initiation of snow slab avalanches. Combining experimental data with numerical simulations, we show that on gentle slopes, cracks form and propagate due to compressive fractures within a weak layer. On steeper slopes, crack velocity can increase dramatically after approximately 5 m due to a fracture mode transition from compression to shear. Understanding these dynamics provides a crucial missing piece in the puzzle of dry-snow slab avalanche formation.
                                            
                                            
                                        Alessandro Cicoira, Daniel Tobler, Rachel Riner, Lars Blatny, Michael Lukas Kyburz, and Johan Gaume
                                    Abstr. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 9, 4, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-9-4-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-9-4-2025, 2025
                            Andrea Manconi, Yves Bühler, Andreas Stoffel, Johan Gaume, Qiaoping Zhang, and Valentyn Tolpekin
                                    Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3833–3839, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3833-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3833-2024, 2024
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                                                Our research reveals the power of high-resolution satellite synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imagery for slope deformation monitoring. Using ICEYE data over the Brienz/Brinzauls instability, we measured surface velocity and mapped the landslide event with unprecedented precision. This underscores the potential of satellite SAR for timely hazard assessment in remote regions and aiding disaster mitigation efforts effectively.
                                            
                                            
                                        Louis Védrine, Xingyue Li, and Johan Gaume
                                    Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1015–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1015-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1015-2022, 2022
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                                                This study investigates how forests affect the behaviour of snow avalanches through the evaluation of the amount of snow stopped by the trees and the analysis of energy dissipation mechanisms. Different avalanche features and tree configurations have been examined, leading to the proposal of a unified law for the detrained snow mass. Outcomes from this study can be directly implemented in operational models for avalanche risk assessment and contribute to improved forest management strategy.
                                            
                                            
                                        Xingyue Li, Betty Sovilla, Chenfanfu Jiang, and Johan Gaume
                                    The Cryosphere, 14, 3381–3398, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3381-2020, 2020
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                                                This numerical study investigates how different types of snow avalanches behave, how key factors affect their dynamics and flow regime transitions, and what are the underpinning rules. According to the unified trends obtained from the simulations, we are able to quantify the complex interplay between bed friction, slope geometry and snow mechanical properties (cohesion and friction) on the maximum velocity, runout distance and deposit height of the avalanches.
                                            
                                            
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                Short summary
                    Advanced 3D numerical models can simulate alpine mass movements at the slope scale, but their use in natural hazard mapping remains challenging. We present a tool that converts 3D simulation results into 2D maps, making them more accessible and useful for hazard assessment and mitigation. Applied to an ice avalanche simulated with the Material Point Method, it reveals key features such as slope-normal velocities and flow detachment from terrain, which are often overlooked in simpler models.
                    Advanced 3D numerical models can simulate alpine mass movements at the slope scale, but their...
                    
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