Articles | Volume 24, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-331-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-331-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
02 Feb 2024
Research article |
| 02 Feb 2024
| 02 Feb 2024
High-resolution projections of ambient heat for major European cities using different heat metrics
Clemens Schwingshackl
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
Anne Sophie Daloz
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
Carley Iles
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
Kristin Aunan
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
Jana Sillmann
Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
Viewed
Total article views: 7,347 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 06 Jul 2023)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,234 | 1,953 | 160 | 7,347 | 392 | 159 | 196 |
- HTML: 5,234
- PDF: 1,953
- XML: 160
- Total: 7,347
- Supplement: 392
- BibTeX: 159
- EndNote: 196
Total article views: 5,821 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 02 Feb 2024)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,520 | 1,167 | 134 | 5,821 | 191 | 131 | 166 |
- HTML: 4,520
- PDF: 1,167
- XML: 134
- Total: 5,821
- Supplement: 191
- BibTeX: 131
- EndNote: 166
Total article views: 1,526 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 06 Jul 2023)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 714 | 786 | 26 | 1,526 | 201 | 28 | 30 |
- HTML: 714
- PDF: 786
- XML: 26
- Total: 1,526
- Supplement: 201
- BibTeX: 28
- EndNote: 30
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 7,347 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 7,043 with geography defined
and 304 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 5,821 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 5,581 with geography defined
and 240 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 1,526 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 1,462 with geography defined
and 64 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Potential impact of climate change on heatwaves at the urban scale: An evaluation in Valencia, Spain A. Fernandez-Garza et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102681
- Air pollution inequalities in Europe: A deeper understating of challenges in Eastern Europe and pathways forward towards closing the gap between East and West Z. Andersen et al. https://doi.org/10.1097/EE9.0000000000000383
- Projections of Urban Heat Island Effects Under Future Climate Scenarios: A Case Study in Zhengzhou, China X. Ni et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152660
- Added Value for Urban Heat Island Quantification from Machine Learning Downscaling of Air Temperatures H. Sørup et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10030171
- How does perceived heat stress differ between urban forms and human vulnerability profiles? Case study Berlin N. Iqbal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2481-2025
- Exploratory modeling and analysis of adaptation to urban heat stress under climate change in Switzerland F. Federer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102729
- Integrating hybrid LCZ classification with albedo-based cooling to evaluate urban heat mitigation in a temperate city Y. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114623
- Projecting temperature-related mortality impacts at urban scale under climate scenarios: A methodological review K. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2026.107476
- Climate-dependent nonlinear and interactive effects of the urban built environment on urban humid heat stress Z. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2026.107447
- A new conditional generative adversarial neural network approach for statistical downscaling of the ERA5 reanalysis over the Italian Peninsula I. Manco et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106427
- Facilitating climate-dynamic tourism using the holiday climate index for urban environments (HCIurban): informing the future of holidays in Iran’s changing climate G. Roshan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05958-2
- Urban heat stress during heat waves in a mid-sized Central European city (Lublin, Poland): observations and PMPGP-based reconstruction A. Krzyżewska et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-026-03204-6
- A global CORDEX-based dataset delineating urban areas and their surroundings to assess climate change in megacities J. Diez-Sierra et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06257-1
- Exploring contribution of climate and population scenarios for southwest Germany on heat exposure of the elderly population N. Riach et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109695
- Synergistic effects of climate and land use change on heat index extremes: toward risk mapping and assessment H. Boyacioglu & M. Gunacti https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-026-07151-y
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Potential impact of climate change on heatwaves at the urban scale: An evaluation in Valencia, Spain A. Fernandez-Garza et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102681
- Air pollution inequalities in Europe: A deeper understating of challenges in Eastern Europe and pathways forward towards closing the gap between East and West Z. Andersen et al. https://doi.org/10.1097/EE9.0000000000000383
- Projections of Urban Heat Island Effects Under Future Climate Scenarios: A Case Study in Zhengzhou, China X. Ni et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152660
- Added Value for Urban Heat Island Quantification from Machine Learning Downscaling of Air Temperatures H. Sørup et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10030171
- How does perceived heat stress differ between urban forms and human vulnerability profiles? Case study Berlin N. Iqbal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2481-2025
- Exploratory modeling and analysis of adaptation to urban heat stress under climate change in Switzerland F. Federer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102729
- Integrating hybrid LCZ classification with albedo-based cooling to evaluate urban heat mitigation in a temperate city Y. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114623
- Projecting temperature-related mortality impacts at urban scale under climate scenarios: A methodological review K. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2026.107476
- Climate-dependent nonlinear and interactive effects of the urban built environment on urban humid heat stress Z. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2026.107447
- A new conditional generative adversarial neural network approach for statistical downscaling of the ERA5 reanalysis over the Italian Peninsula I. Manco et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106427
- Facilitating climate-dynamic tourism using the holiday climate index for urban environments (HCIurban): informing the future of holidays in Iran’s changing climate G. Roshan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05958-2
- Urban heat stress during heat waves in a mid-sized Central European city (Lublin, Poland): observations and PMPGP-based reconstruction A. Krzyżewska et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-026-03204-6
- A global CORDEX-based dataset delineating urban areas and their surroundings to assess climate change in megacities J. Diez-Sierra et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06257-1
- Exploring contribution of climate and population scenarios for southwest Germany on heat exposure of the elderly population N. Riach et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109695
- Synergistic effects of climate and land use change on heat index extremes: toward risk mapping and assessment H. Boyacioglu & M. Gunacti https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-026-07151-y
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 Jul 2026
Short summary
Ambient heat in European cities will substantially increase under global warming, as projected by three heat metrics calculated from high-resolution climate model simulations. While the heat metrics consistently project high levels of ambient heat for several cities, in other cities the projected heat levels vary considerably across the three heat metrics. Using complementary heat metrics for projections of ambient heat is thus important for assessments of future risks from heat stress.
Ambient heat in European cities will substantially increase under global warming, as projected...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint