Articles | Volume 23, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-525-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-525-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A multi-disciplinary analysis of the exceptional flood event of July 2021 in central Europe – Part 1: Event description and analysis
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Uwe Ehret
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Institute for Water and River Basin Management, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Michael Kunz
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Patrick Ludwig
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
James E. Daniell
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Florian Ehmele
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Hendrik Feldmann
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Mário J. Franca
Institute for Water and River Basin Management, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Christian Gattke
Erftverband, Bergheim, Germany
Marie Hundhausen
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Peter Knippertz
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Katharina Küpfer
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Bernhard Mühr
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Joaquim G. Pinto
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Julian Quinting
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Andreas M. Schäfer
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Geophysical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Marc Scheibel
Wupperverband, Wuppertal, Germany
Frank Seidel
Institute for Water and River Basin Management, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Christina Wisotzky
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Institute of Economics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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- Extreme river flood exposes latent erosion risk H. Barneveld et al.
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- Inventory of aqueous and sediment-associated organic pollutants released by the 2021 flood in the Vicht–Inde catchment, Germany P. Bellanova et al.
- Return Period of Nonconcurrent Climate Compound Events: A Nonparametric Bivariate Generalized Pareto Approach G. Jacquemin et al.
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- Integrating Sustainability into Urban Planning: A Systematic Review of Policies Addressing Hazard Risks and Climate Change K. Belkhiri et al.
- Flood drivers and trends: a case study of the Geul River catchment (the Netherlands) over the past half century A. Tsiokanos et al.
- Does Warning Performance Vary Between Administrative Districts and Across Watersheds for Rapid Onset Flood Events? A Case Study of the 2021 Flood in Germany A. Heidenreich et al.
- Brief communication: On the extremeness of the July 2021 precipitation event in western Germany K. Lengfeld et al.
- Human impacts on the distribution and genetic diversity of Eurasian minnows (Phoxinus: Leuciscidae) in the Rhenish Massif N. Sternberg et al.
- Causes of the exceptionally high number of fatalities in the Ahr valley, Germany, during the 2021 flood B. Rhein & H. Kreibich
- Soil moisture–atmosphere coupling strength over central Europe in the recent warming climate T. Schwitalla et al.
- Spatial counterfactuals to explore disastrous flooding B. Merz et al.
- Global estimates of 100-year return values of daily precipitation from ensemble weather prediction data F. Ruff & S. Pfahl
- Flood reconstruction – The unexpected rather frequent event at River Ahr in July 2021 T. Roggenkamp et al.
- Mixed response of trace element concentrations in fluvial sediments to a flash flood in a former mining area A. Weber & F. Lehmkuhl
- Characterization of intra-event patterns of heavy rainfall events in China during 2008–2019 by machine learning W. Jiang & Y. Tan
- Recombining past event precipitation and antecedent catchment states generates unprecedented floods L. Han et al.
- Can macro- or meso-scale coping capacity variables improve the classification of building flood losses? D. Rodríguez Castro et al.
- Extreme river flood exposes latent erosion risk H. Barneveld et al.
- Using the classical model for structured expert judgment to estimate extremes: a case study of discharges in the Meuse River G. Rongen et al.
- Alternative rainfall storylines for the Western European July 2021 floods from ensemble boosting V. Thompson et al.
- Development of an Arduino-Based Flow Control System for Precision Rainfall Simulation and Its Application to Experimental Study on Seepage Failure of Braced Excavation in Sandy-Gravel Mixed Strata W. Jiang et al.
- Towards improved knowledge about water-related extremes based on news media information captured using artificial intelligence J. Pita Costa et al.
- Increased intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events in Belgium as simulated by the regional climate model MAR J. Brajkovic et al.
- Km-scale climate simulations over Madeira and Canary Islands under present and future conditions: a model intercomparison study M. Adinolfi et al.
- Loss of Life in River and Flash Floods in Europe: Evaluation of Deterministic Approaches and Implications for Risk Assessment D. Bekić
- When, at what speed, and how? Resilient transformation of the Vesdre river basin (Belgium) following the 2021 floods M. de Goër de Herve & W. Pot
- Increased high flows in Germany under 1.5 K, 2.0 K and 3.0 K warming based on a large regional climate model ensemble A. Chandrasekar et al.
- Risk Governance in Complex Disasters: Critical Success Factors for Data-Driven Disaster Management Process S. Kim
- Urban waterlogging structure risk assessment and enhancement Y. Ding et al.
- A new aggregation and riming discrimination algorithm based on polarimetric weather radars A. Blanke et al.
- A downward-counterfactual analysis of flash floods in Germany P. Voit & M. Heistermann
- Sensitivity of simulated rain intensity and kinetic energy to aerosols and warm‐rain microphysics during the extreme event of July 2021 in Belgium K. Van Weverberg et al.
- Are 2D shallow-water solvers fast enough for early flood warning? A comparative assessment on the 2021 Ahr valley flood event S. Khosh Bin Ghomash et al.
- A multi-disciplinary analysis of the exceptional flood event of July 2021 in central Europe – Part 2: Historical context and relation to climate change P. Ludwig et al.
- Prototype citizen and community science app for urban heavy rainfall risk management in the Ahr Valley, Germany J. Hoffmann et al.
- Quantitative rainfall analysis of the 2021 mid-July flood event in Belgium M. Journée et al.
- Deciphering the drivers of direct and indirect damages to companies from an unprecedented flood event: A data-driven, multivariate probabilistic approach R. Guntu et al.
- Urban Flood Drifters (UFDs): Onset of movement D. Valero et al.
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- Updating catastrophe models to today’s climate – An application of a large ensemble approach to extreme rainfall A. Lang & B. Poschlod
- Climate change signals of extreme precipitation return levels for Germany in a transient convection‐permitting simulation ensemble M. Hundhausen et al.
- Comparing flood forecasting and early warning systems in northwestern Europe T. Busker et al.
- Zustandsanalyse von Brückenbauwerken im Ahrtal fünf Jahre nach dem Hochwasser 2021 L. Burghardt et al.
- Influence of risk information and perception on residents’ flood behavioural responses in Inland Northern China Y. Liu et al.
- It could have been much worse: spatial counterfactuals of the July 2021 flood in the Ahr Valley, Germany S. Vorogushyn et al.
- Atmospheric circulation and moisture budget drivers of dominant modes of winter extreme precipitation variability over North America D. Jeong et al.
- Mud, metaphors and politics: Meaning-making during the 2021 German floods B. Nerlich & R. Jaspal
- Integration of the EM-DAT dataset and Google Trends to depict river floods across Europe H. Hamidifar & M. Nones
- Characterization of the wood transport regime of a river with a neural network model H. Ghaffarian et al.
- Evaluation of the high-energy flood of mid-July 2021 as a morphologic driver in the anthropogenically developed Ahr Valley, Germany, in interaction with infrastructures S. Wolf et al.
- Using analogue methods to identify trends in circulation patterns of midlatitude heatwaves V. Thompson et al.
- Inventory of aqueous and sediment-associated organic pollutants released by the 2021 flood in the Vicht–Inde catchment, Germany P. Bellanova et al.
- Return Period of Nonconcurrent Climate Compound Events: A Nonparametric Bivariate Generalized Pareto Approach G. Jacquemin et al.
- The impact of the 2021 flood on the outpatient care in the North Rhine region, Germany: a cross-sectional study L. Wiesehahn & A. Kaifie
- Intercomparison of Earth Observation products for hyper-resolution hydrological modelling over Europe A. García-García et al.
- Computer vision in flash flood forecasting: A narrative review of applications, integration pathways, and future directions H. Adikari et al.
- Saharan rainfall climatology and its relationship with surface cyclones M. Armon et al.
- Integrating social vulnerability into high-resolution global flood risk mapping S. Fox et al.
- Unravelling the drivers of the April–May 2024 extreme precipitation event in Rio Grande do Sul A. Pérez-Alarcón et al.
- Water Management Instructions as an Element of Improving the State of the Pakoski Reservoir (Central–Western Poland) B. Nowak et al.
- Was the extreme rainfall that caused the August 2022 flood in Pakistan predictable? I. Malik et al.
- The risk may not be limited to flooding: polluted flood sediments pose a human health threat to the unaware public A. Weber et al.
- Devastating “DANA” Floods in Valencia: Insights on Resilience, Challenges, and Strategies Addressing Future Disasters J. Martin-Moreno et al.
- Compilation method of a catalogue of reasonable worst-case rainfall series for flash flood simulations of short, convective rainstorms E. Paton et al.
- Aware but not prepared: understanding situational awareness during the century flood in Germany in 2021 K. Zander et al.
- Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von natürlichem oder technischem Hochwasserschutz am Beispiel der Ahr S. Wolf et al.
- Transmission Line Failures Due to High-Impact, Low-Probability Meteorological Conditions M. Çelik et al.
- Key Drivers of Flash Flood Damage to Private Households D. Rodríguez Castro et al.
- Widespread flooding dynamics under climate change: characterising floods using grid-based hydrological modelling and regional climate projections A. Griffin et al.
- Increasing extreme precipitation variability plays a key role in future record-shattering event probability I. de Vries et al.
- HESS Opinions: Floods and droughts – are land use, soil management, and landscape hydrology more significant drivers than increasing CO2? K. Auerswald et al.
- The climatology and nature of warm-season convective cells in cold-frontal environments over Germany G. Pacey et al.
- Macroplastic deposition and flushing in the Meuse river following the July 2021 European floods R. Hauk et al.
- Disaster Narratives in Emergency Services: Tools for Crisis and Disaster Governance J. Schmidt & L. Gerhold
- Invited perspectives: Fostering interoperability of data, models, communication, and governance for disaster resilience through transdisciplinary knowledge co-production K. Schröter et al.
- Framework for stochastic urban flood hazard mapping using coupled and industry-standard hydrologic and hydraulic models S. Abedin & B. MacVicar
- HESS Opinions: The sword of Damocles of the impossible flood A. Montanari et al.
- Mapping and evaluating the impact of flood hazards on tourism in South African national parks K. Dube et al.
- The projected changes of hydrological indicators in European catchments with different climatic conditions A. Kis & R. Pongrácz
- Financing the Future of Water: Unlocking Investment, Innovation, and Governance for Resilient Infrastructure in a Changing Climate F. Granata & F. Di Nunno
- Artificial intelligence for modeling and understanding extreme weather and climate events G. Camps-Valls et al.
- Relationship of the Interannual Variation in Quasi-Stationary Heavy Precipitation Systems over Kyushu, Southwestern Japan with the Sea Level Pressure Pattern K. WAKAO et al.
- Mitigating infectious disease risks through non-stationary flood frequency analysis: a case study in Malaysia based on natural disaster reduction strategy N. Mat Jan et al.
- Infilling of missing rainfall radar data with a memory-assisted deep learning approach J. Meuer et al.
- Content analysis of multi-annual time series of flood-related Twitter (X) data N. Veigel et al.
- Monte Carlo-based sensitivity analysis of the RIM2D hydrodynamic model for the 2021 flood event in western Germany S. Khosh Bin Ghomash et al.
- Simulation of flood processes under extreme precipitation scenarios based on an improved HEC-HMS model in a typical karst mountainous basin, southwest China C. Mo et al.
- Zur Machbarkeit eines Tunnels zur Hochwasserentlastung von der Ahr in den Rhein C. Seckler & S. Wolf
- Urban Resilience Policy Instruments: How Local Strategic Documents Address Greening and Rainwater Management—Case Studies from Polish Cities K. Samborska-Goik et al.
- The July 2021 flood event in the Eifel-Ardennes mountains as simulated by the high-resolution integrated hydrologic model ParFlow K. Goergen et al.
- Assessing the impact of the 2021 flood event on the archaeological heritage of the Rhineland (Germany) I. Schmidt et al.
- A decade of German heatwave data reveals shift in local impact perception K. Zander et al.
- Case study of a long-lived Siberian summer cyclone that evolved from a heat low into an Arctic cyclone F. Schnyder et al.
- A 131-year evidence of more extreme and higher total amount of hourly precipitation in Hong Kong Y. Lai et al.
- The exceptional hydrological disaster of April-May 2024 in southern Brazil W. Collischonn et al.
- Beaver dam failures: Reconciling science, perception and policy for sustainable river management in Quebec (Canada) P. Biron et al.
- Qualitative risk assessment of sensitive infrastructures at the local level: flooding and heavy rainfall A. Truedinger et al.
- Atmospheric moisture tracking with WAM2layers v3 P. Kalverla et al.
- New Ways in Municipal Flood Mitigation: a Mixed-Integer Programming Approach and its Practical Application J. Boeckmann & C. Thielen
- Bayesian extreme value analysis of extreme sea levels along the German Baltic coast using historical information L. MacPherson et al.
- A dataset of floating debris accumulation at bridges after July 2021 flood in Germany and Belgium S. Erpicum et al.
- Impacts on and damage to European forests from the 2018–2022 heat and drought events F. Knutzen et al.
- Error-correction across gauged and ungauged locations: A data assimilation-inspired approach to post-processing river discharge forecasts G. Matthews et al.
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- Enormous headward and gully erosion in a floodplain area reclaimed for open-cast lignite mining during the July 2021 flood in the Inde River valley (Western Germany) J. Keßels et al.
- Geomorphic changes after the 2021 Central European flood in the Ahr Valley by LiDAR-based differences V. Steinritz et al.
- Impact-based temporal clustering of multiple meteorological hazard types in southwestern Germany K. Küpfer et al.
- Changing dynamics of Western European summertime cut‐off lows: A case study of the July 2021 flood event V. Thompson et al.
- Urban flood drifters (UFD): Identification, classification and characterisation A. Bayón et al.
- The ability of a stochastic regional weather generator to reproduce heavy-precipitation events across scales X. Guan et al.
- Holocene and Late Pleistocene Flood Events in Central Europe Reconstructed from Eifel Maar Lake Sediments J. Albert & F. Sirocko
- Flood risk assessment for Mulde River catchment transferring data from an observed meteorological flood event B. Aslantas et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 11 May 2026
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Short summary
The flood event in July 2021 was one of the most severe disasters in Europe in the last half century. The objective of this two-part study is a multi-disciplinary assessment that examines the complex process interactions in different compartments, from meteorology to hydrological conditions to hydro-morphological processes to impacts on assets and environment. In addition, we address the question of what measures are possible to generate added value to early response management.
The flood event in July 2021 was one of the most severe disasters in Europe in the last half...
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