Articles | Volume 22, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3461-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3461-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Oct 2022
Research article |
| 21 Oct 2022
| 21 Oct 2022
Interactions between precipitation, evapotranspiration and soil-moisture-based indices to characterize drought with high-resolution remote sensing and land-surface model data
Jaime Gaona
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología, CIALE,
Universidad de Salamanca, Villamayor, Salamanca, 37185, Spain
Hydrology and climate change, Observatori de l'Ebre (Universitat Ramon Llull – CSIC), Roquetes, 43520, Catalonia, Spain
Pere Quintana-Seguí
Hydrology and climate change, Observatori de l'Ebre (Universitat Ramon Llull – CSIC), Roquetes, 43520, Catalonia, Spain
María José Escorihuela
IsardSAT, Parc Tecnològic – Barcelona Activa, Barcelona, 08042,
Catalonia, Spain
Aaron Boone
Groupe de Météorologie de Moyenne Echelle, MOdélisation de l'Atmosphère Nuageuse et Analyse, GMME-MOANA, CNRM-GAME (URA CNRS & Météo-France), 42, Av. G. Coriolis, 31057, Toulouse CEDEX 1, France
María Carmen Llasat
Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of
Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Catalonia, Spain
Related authors
No articles found.
Sophie Barthelemy, Bertrand Bonan, Miquel Tomas-Burguera, Gilles Grandjean, Séverine Bernardie, Jean-Philippe Naulin, Patrick Le Moigne, Aaron Boone, and Jean-Christophe Calvet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2321–2337, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2321-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2321-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A drought index is developed that quantifies drought on an annual scale, making it applicable to monitoring clay shrinkage damage to buildings. A comparison with the number of insurance claims for subsidence shows that the presence of trees near individual houses must be taken into account. Significant soil moisture droughts occurred in France in 2003, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2022. Particularly high index values are observed in 2022. It is found that droughts will become more severe in the future.
Belén Martí, Jannis Groh, Guylaine Canut, and Aaron Boone
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1783, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1783, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The characterization of vegetation at two sites proved insufficient to simulate adequately the evapotranspiration. A dry surface layer was implemented in the land surface model SURFEX-ISBA v9.0. It is compared to simulations without a soil resistance. The application to an alfalfa site and a natural grass site in semiarid conditions results in an improvement in the estimation of the latent heat flux. The surface energy budget and the soil and vegetation characteristics are explored in detail.
Tanguy Ronan Lunel, Belen Marti, Aaron Boone, and Patrick Le Moigne
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3562, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3562, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Modelling evapotranspiration is essential for understanding the water cycle. While irrigation is known to increase evapotranspiration, it is less known that it also modifies local weather, which can in turn partially reduce evapotranspiration. This latter phenomenon is overlooked in some land surface model configurations. This study investigates and quantifies the impact of this oversight, showing that land surface models overestimate evapotranspiration by about 25% for crops in irrigated areas.
María Carmen Llasat, Montserrat Llasat-Botija, Erika Pardo, Raül Marcos-Matamoros, and Marc Lemus-Canovas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3423–3443, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3423-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3423-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows the first public and systematic dataset of flood episodes referring to the entire Pyrenees massif, at municipal scale, named PIRAGUA_flood. Of the 181 flood events (1981–2015) that produced 154 fatalities, 36 were transnational, with the eastern part of the massif most affected. Dominant weather types show a southern component flow, with a talweg on the Iberian Peninsula and a depression in the vicinity. A positive and significant trend was found in Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
Riccardo Biella, Anastasiya Shyrokaya, Ilias Pechlivanidis, Daniela Cid, Maria Carmen Llasat, Marthe Wens, Marleen Lam, Elin Stenfors, Samuel Sutanto, Elena Ridolfi, Serena Ceola, Pedro Alencar, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Monica Ionita, Mariana Madruga de Brito, Scott J. McGrane, Benedetta Moccia, Viorica Nagavciuc, Fabio Russo, Svitlana Krakovska, Andrijana Todorovic, Faranak Tootoonchi, Patricia Trambauer, Raffaele Vignola, and Claudia Teutschbein
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2073, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2073, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research by the Drought in the Anthropocene (DitA) network highlights the crucial role of forecasting systems and Drought Management Plans in European drought risk management. Based on a survey of water managers during the 2022 European drought, it underscores the impact of preparedness on response and the evolution of drought management strategies across the continent. The study concludes with a plea for a European Drought Directive.
Pierre Laluet, Luis Olivera-Guerra, Víctor Altés, Vincent Rivalland, Alexis Jeantet, Julien Tournebize, Omar Cenobio-Cruz, Anaïs Barella-Ortiz, Pere Quintana-Seguí, Josep Maria Villar, and Olivier Merlin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3695–3716, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3695-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3695-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring agricultural drainage flow in irrigated areas is key to water and soil management. In this paper, four simple drainage models are evaluated on two irrigated sub-basins where drainage flow is measured daily. The evaluation of their precision shows that they simulate drainage very well when calibrated with drainage data and that one of them is slightly better. The evaluation of their accuracy shows that only one model can provide rough drainage estimates without calibration data.
Riccardo Biella, Ansastasiya Shyrokaya, Monica Ionita, Raffaele Vignola, Samuel Sutanto, Andrijana Todorovic, Claudia Teutschbein, Daniela Cid, Maria Carmen Llasat, Pedro Alencar, Alessia Matanó, Elena Ridolfi, Benedetta Moccia, Ilias Pechlivanidis, Anne van Loon, Doris Wendt, Elin Stenfors, Fabio Russo, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Lucy Barker, Mariana Madruga de Brito, Marleen Lam, Monika Bláhová, Patricia Trambauer, Raed Hamed, Scott J. McGrane, Serena Ceola, Sigrid Jørgensen Bakke, Svitlana Krakovska, Viorica Nagavciuc, Faranak Tootoonchi, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Sandra Hauswirth, Shreedhar Maskey, Svitlana Zubkovych, Marthe Wens, and Lena Merete Tallaksen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2069, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2069, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research by the Drought in the Anthropocene (DitA) network highlights gaps in European drought management exposed by the 2022 drought and proposes a new direction. Using a Europe-wide survey of water managers, we examine four areas: increasing drought risk, impacts, drought management strategies, and their evolution. Despite growing risks, management remains fragmented and short-term. However, signs of improvement suggest readiness for change. We advocate for a European Drought Directive.
Tanguy Lunel, Maria Antonia Jimenez, Joan Cuxart, Daniel Martinez-Villagrasa, Aaron Boone, and Patrick Le Moigne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7637–7666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7637-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7637-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During the summer in Catalonia, a cool wind, the marinada, blows into the eastern Ebro basin in the afternoon. This study investigates its previously unclear dynamics using observations and a meteorological model. It is found to be driven by a cool marine air mass that flows over the mountains into the basin. The study shows how the sea breeze, upslope winds, larger weather patterns and irrigation play a prominent role in the formation and characteristics of the marinada.
Arnau Amengual, Romu Romero, María Carmen Llasat, Alejandro Hermoso, and Montserrat Llasat-Botija
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2215–2242, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On 22 October 2019, the Francolí River basin experienced a heavy precipitation event, resulting in a catastrophic flash flood. Few studies comprehensively address both the physical and human dimensions and their interrelations during extreme flash flooding. This research takes a step forward towards filling this gap in knowledge by examining the alignment among all these factors.
Jari-Pekka Nousu, Matthieu Lafaysse, Giulia Mazzotti, Pertti Ala-aho, Hannu Marttila, Bertrand Cluzet, Mika Aurela, Annalea Lohila, Pasi Kolari, Aaron Boone, Mathieu Fructus, and Samuli Launiainen
The Cryosphere, 18, 231–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-231-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-231-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The snowpack has a major impact on the land surface energy budget. Accurate simulation of the snowpack energy budget is difficult, and studies that evaluate models against energy budget observations are rare. We compared predictions from well-known models with observations of energy budgets, snow depths and soil temperatures in Finland. Our study identified contrasting strengths and limitations for the models. These results can be used for choosing the right models depending on the use cases.
Heidi Kreibich, Kai Schröter, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Anne F. Van Loon, Maurizio Mazzoleni, Guta Wakbulcho Abeshu, Svetlana Agafonova, Amir AghaKouchak, Hafzullah Aksoy, Camila Alvarez-Garreton, Blanca Aznar, Laila Balkhi, Marlies H. Barendrecht, Sylvain Biancamaria, Liduin Bos-Burgering, Chris Bradley, Yus Budiyono, Wouter Buytaert, Lucinda Capewell, Hayley Carlson, Yonca Cavus, Anaïs Couasnon, Gemma Coxon, Ioannis Daliakopoulos, Marleen C. de Ruiter, Claire Delus, Mathilde Erfurt, Giuseppe Esposito, Didier François, Frédéric Frappart, Jim Freer, Natalia Frolova, Animesh K. Gain, Manolis Grillakis, Jordi Oriol Grima, Diego A. Guzmán, Laurie S. Huning, Monica Ionita, Maxim Kharlamov, Dao Nguyen Khoi, Natalie Kieboom, Maria Kireeva, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, Hong-Yi Li, Maria Carmen LLasat, David Macdonald, Johanna Mård, Hannah Mathew-Richards, Andrew McKenzie, Alfonso Mejia, Eduardo Mario Mendiondo, Marjolein Mens, Shifteh Mobini, Guilherme Samprogna Mohor, Viorica Nagavciuc, Thanh Ngo-Duc, Huynh Thi Thao Nguyen, Pham Thi Thao Nhi, Olga Petrucci, Nguyen Hong Quan, Pere Quintana-Seguí, Saman Razavi, Elena Ridolfi, Jannik Riegel, Md Shibly Sadik, Nivedita Sairam, Elisa Savelli, Alexey Sazonov, Sanjib Sharma, Johanna Sörensen, Felipe Augusto Arguello Souza, Kerstin Stahl, Max Steinhausen, Michael Stoelzle, Wiwiana Szalińska, Qiuhong Tang, Fuqiang Tian, Tamara Tokarczyk, Carolina Tovar, Thi Van Thu Tran, Marjolein H. J. van Huijgevoort, Michelle T. H. van Vliet, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Thorsten Wagener, Yueling Wang, Doris E. Wendt, Elliot Wickham, Long Yang, Mauricio Zambrano-Bigiarini, and Philip J. Ward
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2009–2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2009-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2009-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As the adverse impacts of hydrological extremes increase in many regions of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of changes in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management. We present a dataset containing data of paired events, i.e. two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area. The dataset enables comparative analyses and allows detailed context-specific assessments. Additionally, it supports the testing of socio-hydrological models.
Jacopo Dari, Luca Brocca, Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Angelica Tarpanelli, Silvia Barbetta, Raphael Quast, Mariette Vreugdenhil, Vahid Freeman, Anaïs Barella-Ortiz, Pere Quintana-Seguí, David Bretreger, and Espen Volden
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1555–1575, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1555-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1555-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Irrigation is the main source of global freshwater consumption. Despite this, a detailed knowledge of irrigation dynamics (i.e., timing, extent of irrigated areas, and amounts of water used) are generally lacking worldwide. Satellites represent a useful tool to fill this knowledge gap and monitor irrigation water from space. In this study, three regional-scale and high-resolution (1 and 6 km) products of irrigation amounts estimated by inverting the satellite soil moisture signals are presented.
Malak Sadki, Simon Munier, Aaron Boone, and Sophie Ricci
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 427–448, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-427-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-427-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting water resource evolution is a key challenge for the coming century.
Anthropogenic impacts on water resources, and particularly the effects of dams and reservoirs on river flows, are still poorly known and generally neglected in global hydrological studies. A parameterized reservoir model is reproduced to compute monthly releases in Spanish anthropized river basins. For global application, an exhaustive sensitivity analysis of the model parameters is performed on flows and volumes.
Kunlong He, Wei Zhao, Luca Brocca, and Pere Quintana-Seguí
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 169–190, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-169-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-169-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we developed a soil moisture-based precipitation downscaling (SMPD) method for spatially downscaling the GPM daily precipitation product by exploiting the connection between surface soil moisture and precipitation according to the soil water balance equation. Based on this physical method, the spatial resolution of the daily precipitation product was downscaled to 1 km and the SMPD method shows good potential for the development of the high-resolution precipitation product.
Yves Tramblay and Pere Quintana Seguí
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1325–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1325-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1325-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring soil moisture is important during droughts, but very few measurements are available. Consequently, land-surface models are essential tools for reproducing soil moisture dynamics. In this study, a hybrid approach allowed for regionalizing soil water content using a machine learning method. This approach proved to be efficient, compared to the use of soil property maps, to run a simple soil moisture accounting model, and therefore it can be applied in various regions.
Animesh K. Gain, Yves Bühler, Pascal Haegeli, Daniela Molinari, Mario Parise, David J. Peres, Joaquim G. Pinto, Kai Schröter, Ricardo M. Trigo, María Carmen Llasat, and Heidi Kreibich
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 985–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-985-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-985-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To mark the 20th anniversary of Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS), an interdisciplinary and international journal dedicated to the public discussion and open-access publication of high-quality studies and original research on natural hazards and their consequences, we highlight 11 key publications covering major subject areas of NHESS that stood out within the past 20 years.
Yongkang Xue, Tandong Yao, Aaron A. Boone, Ismaila Diallo, Ye Liu, Xubin Zeng, William K. M. Lau, Shiori Sugimoto, Qi Tang, Xiaoduo Pan, Peter J. van Oevelen, Daniel Klocke, Myung-Seo Koo, Tomonori Sato, Zhaohui Lin, Yuhei Takaya, Constantin Ardilouze, Stefano Materia, Subodh K. Saha, Retish Senan, Tetsu Nakamura, Hailan Wang, Jing Yang, Hongliang Zhang, Mei Zhao, Xin-Zhong Liang, J. David Neelin, Frederic Vitart, Xin Li, Ping Zhao, Chunxiang Shi, Weidong Guo, Jianping Tang, Miao Yu, Yun Qian, Samuel S. P. Shen, Yang Zhang, Kun Yang, Ruby Leung, Yuan Qiu, Daniele Peano, Xin Qi, Yanling Zhan, Michael A. Brunke, Sin Chan Chou, Michael Ek, Tianyi Fan, Hong Guan, Hai Lin, Shunlin Liang, Helin Wei, Shaocheng Xie, Haoran Xu, Weiping Li, Xueli Shi, Paulo Nobre, Yan Pan, Yi Qin, Jeff Dozier, Craig R. Ferguson, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Qing Bao, Jinming Feng, Jinkyu Hong, Songyou Hong, Huilin Huang, Duoying Ji, Zhenming Ji, Shichang Kang, Yanluan Lin, Weiguang Liu, Ryan Muncaster, Patricia de Rosnay, Hiroshi G. Takahashi, Guiling Wang, Shuyu Wang, Weicai Wang, Xu Zhou, and Yuejian Zhu
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4465–4494, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4465-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4465-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The subseasonal prediction of extreme hydroclimate events such as droughts/floods has remained stubbornly low for years. This paper presents a new international initiative which, for the first time, introduces spring land surface temperature anomalies over high mountains to improve precipitation prediction through remote effects of land–atmosphere interactions. More than 40 institutions worldwide are participating in this effort. The experimental protocol and preliminary results are presented.
Marc Sanuy, Tomeu Rigo, José A. Jiménez, and M. Carmen Llasat
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3759–3781, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3759-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3759-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a preliminary study to characterize events of simultaneous heavy rainfall and damaging waves at the regional scale (~600 km of coastline) in the NW Mediterranean. The atmospheric pressure conditions of such events are also classified into three main weather types, which are characterized in terms of severity of the forcing and probability of co-occurrence of simultaneous hazardous waves and rain. The study also presents some historical cases that are compared with obtained results.
Thibault Guinaldo, Simon Munier, Patrick Le Moigne, Aaron Boone, Bertrand Decharme, Margarita Choulga, and Delphine J. Leroux
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1309–1344, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lakes are of fundamental importance in the Earth system as they support essential environmental and economic services such as freshwater supply. Despite the impact of lakes on the water cycle, they are generally not considered in global hydrological studies. Based on a model called MLake, we assessed both the importance of lakes in simulating river flows at global scale and the value of their level variations for water resource management.
Michel Le Page, Younes Fakir, Lionel Jarlan, Aaron Boone, Brahim Berjamy, Saïd Khabba, and Mehrez Zribi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 637–651, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-637-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-637-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the context of major changes, the southern Mediterranean area faces serious challenges with low and continuously decreasing water resources mainly attributed to agricultural use. A method for projecting irrigation water demand under both anthropogenic and climatic changes is proposed. Time series of satellite imagery are used to determine a set of semiempirical equations that can be easily adapted to different future scenarios.
Adrien Napoly, Aaron Boone, and Théo Welfringer
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6523–6545, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6523-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6523-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate modeling of snow impact on surface energy and mass fluxes is required from land surface models. This new version of the SURFEX model improves the representation of the snowpack. In particular, it prevents its ablation from occurring too early in the season, which also leads to better soil temperatures and energy fluxes toward the atmosphere. This was made possible with a more explicit and distinct representation of each layer that constitutes the surface (soil, snow, and vegetation).
Richard Essery, Hyungjun Kim, Libo Wang, Paul Bartlett, Aaron Boone, Claire Brutel-Vuilmet, Eleanor Burke, Matthias Cuntz, Bertrand Decharme, Emanuel Dutra, Xing Fang, Yeugeniy Gusev, Stefan Hagemann, Vanessa Haverd, Anna Kontu, Gerhard Krinner, Matthieu Lafaysse, Yves Lejeune, Thomas Marke, Danny Marks, Christoph Marty, Cecile B. Menard, Olga Nasonova, Tomoko Nitta, John Pomeroy, Gerd Schädler, Vladimir Semenov, Tatiana Smirnova, Sean Swenson, Dmitry Turkov, Nander Wever, and Hua Yuan
The Cryosphere, 14, 4687–4698, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are uncertain in predicting how warming changes snow cover. This paper compares 22 snow models with the same meteorological inputs. Predicted trends agree with observations at four snow research sites: winter snow cover does not start later, but snow now melts earlier in spring than in the 1980s at two of the sites. Cold regions where snow can last until late summer are predicted to be particularly sensitive to warming because the snow then melts faster at warmer times of year.
Patrick Le Moigne, François Besson, Eric Martin, Julien Boé, Aaron Boone, Bertrand Decharme, Pierre Etchevers, Stéphanie Faroux, Florence Habets, Matthieu Lafaysse, Delphine Leroux, and Fabienne Rousset-Regimbeau
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3925–3946, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3925-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3925-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The study describes how a hydrometeorological model, operational at Météo-France, has been improved. Particular emphasis is placed on the impact of climatic data, surface, and soil parametrizations on the model results. Model simulations and evaluations carried out on a variety of measurements of river flows and snow depths are presented. All improvements in climate, surface data, and model physics have a positive impact on system performance.
Cited articles
AghaKouchak, A. and Nakhjiri, N.: A near real-time satellite-based global
drought climate data record, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 044037, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044037, 2012.
AghaKouchak, A., Farahmand, A., Melton, F. S., Teixeira, J., Anderson, M.
C., Wardlow, B. D., and Hain, C. R.: Remote sensing of drought: Progress,
challenges and opportunities, Rev. Geophys., 53, 452–480, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000456, 2015.
Avissar, R. and Pielke, R. A.: A parameterization of heterogeneous land
surfaces for atmospheric numerical models and its impact on regional
meteorology, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 2113–2136, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2113:APOHLS>2.0.CO;2,1989.
Barbeta, A., Mejía-Chang, M., Ogaya, R., Voltas, J., Dawson, T. E., and
Peñuelas, J.: The combined effects of a long-term experimental drought
and an extreme drought on the use of plant-water sources in a Mediterranean
forest, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 1213–1225, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12785, 2015.
Barella-Ortiz, A. and Quintana-Seguí, P.: Evaluation of drought representation and propagation in regional climate model simulations across Spain, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 5111–5131, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-5111-2019, 2019.
Barker, L. J., Hannaford, J., Chiverton, A., and Svensson, C.: From meteorological to hydrological drought using standardised indicators, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2483–2505, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2483-2016, 2016.
Barnston, A. G. and Livezey, R. E.: Classification, Seasonality and
Persistence of Low-Frequency Atmospheric Circulation Patterns, Mon. Weather
Rev., 115, 1083–1126, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<1083:CSAPOL>2.0.CO;2, 1987.
Bartalis, Z., Wagner, W., Naeimi, V., Hasenauer, S., Scipal, K., Bonekamp,
H., Figa, J., and Anderson, C.: Initial soil moisture retrievals from the METOP-A Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L20401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031088, 2007.
Beck, H. E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., and
Wood, E. F.: Present and future Köppen–Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution, Scientific Data, 5, 180214, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.214, 2018.
Bisselink, B. and Dolman, A. J.: Precipitation recycling: Moisture sources
over Europe using ERA-40 data, J. Hydrometeorol., 9, 1073–1083, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JHM962.1, 2008.
Boone, A., Calvet, J. C., and Noilhan, J.: Inclusion of a Third Soil Layer in
a Land Surface Scheme Using the Force–Restore Method, J. Appl. Meteorol.,
38, 1611–1630, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<1611:IOATSL>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Boulet, G., Jarlan, L., Olioso, A., and Nieto, H.: Chapter 2:
Evapotranspiration in the Mediterranean region, in: Water resources in the
Mediterranean region, Elsevier, 23–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818086-0.00002-9, 2020.
Brubaker, K. L. and Entekhabi, D.: Analysis of feedback mechanisms in
land-atmosphere interaction, Water Resour. Res., 32, 1343–1357, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00005, 1996.
CNRM: SURFEX, CNRM [data set], https://www.umr-cnrm.fr/surfex/spip.php?rubrique, last access: 18 October 2022.
Conte, M., Giuffrida, S., and Tedesco, S.: The Mediterranean oscillation: impact on precipitation and hydrology in Italy, in: Proceedings of the Conference on Climate and Water, Vol. 1, Publications of Academy of Finland, Helsinki, 121–137, 1989.
Dai, A.: Drought under global warming: a review, WIREs Clim. Change, 2, 45–65, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.81, 2011.
Dari, J., Quintana-Seguí, P., Escorihuela, M. J., Stefan, V., Brocca,
L., and Morbidelli, R.: Detecting and mapping irrigated areas in a
Mediterranean environment by using remote sensing soil moisture and a land
surface model, J. Hydrol., 596, 126129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126129,
2021.
Dasari, H. P., Pozo, I., Ferri-Yáñez, F., and Araújo, M. B.: A
regional climate study of heat waves over the Iberian Peninsula, Atmospheric
and Climate Sciences, 4, 841, https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2014.45074, 2014.
David, C. H., Habets, F., Maidment, D. R., and Yang, Z. L.: RAPID applied to
the SIM-France model, Hydrol. Process., 25, 3412–3425, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8070, 2011.
Decharme, B., Boone, A., Delire, C., and Noilhan, J.: Local evaluation of
the Interaction between Soil Biosphere Atmosphere soil multilayer diffusion
scheme using four pedotransfer functions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D20126,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016002, 2011.
De Kauwe, M. G., Zhou, S.-X., Medlyn, B. E., Pitman, A. J., Wang, Y.-P., Duursma, R. A., and Prentice, I. C.: Do land surface models need to include differential plant species responses to drought? Examining model predictions across a mesic-xeric gradient in Europe, Biogeosciences, 12, 7503–7518,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7503-2015, 2015.
Dorigo, W., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, P. D., Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., de Jeu, R., Kidd, R., Lahoz, W., Liu, Y. Y., Miralles, D.,
Mistelbauer, T., Nicolai-Shaw, N., Parinussa, R., Pratola, C., Reimer, C.,
van der Schalie, R., Seneviratne, S. I., Smolander, T., and Lecomte, P.: ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions, Remote Sens. Environ., 203, 185–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001, 2017.
Durand, Y., Giraud, G., Brun, E., Merindol, L., and Martin, E.: A
computer-based system simulating snowpack structures as a tool for regional
avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 45, 469–484, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000001337, 1999.
Entekhabi, D., Njoku, E. G., O'Neill, P. E., Kellogg, K. H., Crow, W. T., Edelstein, W. N., Entin, J. K., Goodman, S. D., Jackson, T. J., Johnson, J., Kimball, J., Piepmeier, J. R., Koster, R. D., Martin, N., McDonald, K. C., Moghaddam, M., Moran, S., Reichle, R., Shi, J. C., Spencer, M. W., Thurman, S. W., Tsang, L., and Van Zyl, J.: The soil moisture active passive (SMAP) mission, P. IEEE, 98, 704–716, https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2010.2043918, 2010.
Escorihuela, M. J. and Quintana-Seguí, P.: Comparison of remote
sensing and simulated soil moisture datasets in Mediterranean landscapes,
Remote Sens. Environ., 180, 99–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.046, 2016.
Escorihuela, M. J., Merlin, O., Stefan, V., Moyano, G., Eweys, O. A., Zribi,
M., Kamara, S., Benahi, A. S., Ebbe, M. A. B., Chihrane, J., Ghaout, S., Cissé, S., Diakité, F., Lazar, M., Pellarin, T., Grippa, M., Cressman, K.,
and Piou, C.: SMOS based high resolution soil moisture estimates
for desert locust preventive management, Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 11, 140–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2018.06.002, 2018.
Farahmand, A. and AghaKouchak, A.: A generalized framework for deriving
nonparametric standardized drought indicators, Adv. Water Resour., 76,
140–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.11.012, 2015.
Faroux, S., Kaptué Tchuenté, A. T., Roujean, J.-L., Masson, V., Martin, E., and Le Moigne, P.: ECOCLIMAP-II/Europe: a twofold database of ecosystems and surface parameters at 1 km resolution based on satellite information for use in land surface, meteorological and climate models, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 563–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-563-2013, 2013.
Gimeno, L., Nieto, R., Trigo, R. M., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., and
López-Moreno, J. I.: Where does the Iberian Peninsula moisture come
from? An answer based on a Lagrangian approach, J. Hydrometeorol., 11, 421–436, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JHM1182.1, 2010.
Gudmundsson, L., Rego, F. C., Rocha, M., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Predicting
above normal wildfire activity in southern Europe as a function of
meteorological drought, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 084008, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084008, 2014.
Habets, F., Boone, A., Champeaux, J.L., Etchevers, P., Franchistéguy,
L., Leblois, E., Ledoux, E., Le Moigne, P., Martin, E., Morel, S.,
Noilhan, J., Quintana-Seguí, P., Rousset-Regimbeau, F., and Viennot,
P.: The SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU hydrometeorological model applied over France, J.
Geophys. Res., 113, D06113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008548, 2008.
Herold, N., Kala, J., and Alexander, L. V.: The influence of soil moisture
deficits on Australian heatwaves, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 064003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/6/064003, 2016.
Herrera-Estrada, J. E., Satoh, Y., and Sheffield, J.: Spatiotemporal
dynamics of global drought, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 2254–2263,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071768, 2017.
Hoerling, M., Eischeid, J., Perlwitz, J., Quan, X., Zhang, T., and Pegion,
P.: On the increased frequency of Mediterranean drought, J. Climate, 25,
2146–2161, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00296.1, 2012.
Hornacek, M., Wagner, W., Sabel, D., Truong, H. L., Snoeij, P., Hahmann, T.,
Diedrich, E., and Doubková, M.: Potential for high resolution systematic global surface soil moisture retrieval via change detection using Sentinel-1, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 5, 1303–1311, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2190136, 2012.
Jiménez, M. A., Jaksic, F. M., Armesto, J. J., Gaxiola, A., Meserve, P.
L., Kelt, D. A., and Gutiérrez, J. R.: Extreme climatic events change
the dynamics and invasibility of semi-arid annual plant communities, Ecol.
Lett., 14, 1227–1235, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01693.x, 2011.
Katul, G. G., Oren, R., Manzoni, S., Higgins, C., and Parlange, M. B.:
Evapotranspiration: a process driving mass transport and energy exchange in
the soil-plant-atmosphere-climate system, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG3002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000366, 2012.
Kerr, R. A.: A North Atlantic Climate Pacemaker for the Centuries, Science,
288, 1984–1985, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5473.1984, 2000.
Kerr, Y. H., Waldteufel, P., Wigneron, J. P., Delwart, S., Cabot, F., Boutin, J., Escorihuela, M.-J., Font, J., Reul, N., Gruhier, C., Juglea, S. E., Drinkwater, M. R., Hahne, A., Martín-Neira, M., and Mecklenburg, S.: The SMOS mission: New tool for monitoring key elements of the global water cycle, P. IEEE, 98, 666–687, https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2010.2043032, 2010.
Lansu, E. M., van Heerwaarden, C. C., Stegehuis, A. I., and Teuling, A. J.:
Atmospheric aridity and apparent soil moisture drought in European forest
during heat waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087091, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087091, 2020.
Ledoux, E., Girard, G., De Marsily, G., Villeneuve, J. P., and Deschenes,
J.: Spatially distributed modeling: conceptual approach, coupling surface
water and groundwater, in: Unsaturated Flow in Hydrologic Modeling, Springer, Dordrecht, 435–454, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2352-2_16, 1989.
Le Moigne, P., Besson, F., Martin, E., Boé, J., Boone, A., Decharme, B., Etchevers, P., Faroux, S., Habets, F., Lafaysse, M., Leroux, D., and Rousset-Regimbeau, F.: The latest improvements with SURFEX v8.0 of the Safran–Isba–Modcou hydrometeorological model for France, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3925–3946, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3925-2020, 2020.
Liu, W. T. and Kogan, F. N.: Monitoring regional drought using the
vegetation condition index, Int. J. Remote Sens., 17, 2761–2782, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169608949106, 1996.
López-Moreno, J. I., Zabalza, J., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Revuelto, J.,
Gilaberte, M., Azorin-Molina, C., Morán-Tejeda, E., García-Ruiz, J. M., and Tague, C.: Impact of climate and land use change on water availability and reservoir management: Scenarios in the Upper Aragón River, Spanish Pyrenees, Sci. Total Environ., 493, 1222–1231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.031, 2014.
Manning, C., Widmann, M., Bevacqua, E., Van Loon, A. F., Maraun, D., and
Vrac, M.: Soil moisture drought in Europe: a compound event of precipitation
and potential evapotranspiration on multiple time scales, J. Hydrometeorol.,
19, 1255–1271, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0017.1, 2018.
Martens, B., Miralles, D. G., Lievens, H., van der Schalie, R., de Jeu, R. A. M., Fernández-Prieto, D., Beck, H. E., Dorigo, W. A., and Verhoest, N. E. C.: GLEAM v3: satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1903–1925, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1903-2017, 2017.
Martínez-Fernández, J., González-Zamora, A., Sánchez, N.,
Gumuzzio, A., and Herrero-Jiménez, C. M.: Satellite soil moisture for
agricultural drought monitoring: Assessment of the SMOS derived Soil Water
Deficit Index, Remote Sens. Environ., 177, 277–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.064, 2016.
Masson, V., Le Moigne, P., Martin, E., Faroux, S., Alias, A., Alkama, R., Belamari, S., Barbu, A., Boone, A., Bouyssel, F., Brousseau, P., Brun, E., Calvet, J.-C., Carrer, D., Decharme, B., Delire, C., Donier, S., Essaouini, K., Gibelin, A.-L., Giordani, H., Habets, F., Jidane, M., Kerdraon, G., Kourzeneva, E., Lafaysse, M., Lafont, S., Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Lemonsu, A., Mahfouf, J.-F., Marguinaud, P., Mokhtari, M., Morin, S., Pigeon, G., Salgado, R., Seity, Y., Taillefer, F., Tanguy, G., Tulet, P., Vincendon, B., Vionnet, V., and Voldoire, A.: The SURFEXv7.2 land and ocean surface platform for coupled or offline simulation of earth surface variables and fluxes, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 929–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-929-2013, 2013.
Mauser, W. and Schadlich, S.: Modelling the Spatial Distribution of
Evapotranspiration Using Remote Sensing Data and PROMET, J. Hydrol., 212–213, 250–267, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00228-5, 1998.
McKee, T. B., Doesken, N. J., and Kleist, J.: The relationship of drought
frequency and duration to time scale, in: Proceedings of the Eighth
Conference on Applied Climatology, Anaheim, California, 17–22 January 1993,
American Meteorological Society, Boston, 179–184, 1993.
Merlin, O., Rudiger, C., Al Bitar, A., Richaume, P., Walker, J. P., and
Kerr, Y. H.: Disaggregation of SMOS soil moisture in Southeastern Australia,
IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 50, 1556–1571, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2175000, 2012.
Merlin, O., Escorihuela, M. J., Mayoral, M. A., Hagolle, O., Al Bitar, A.,
and Kerr, Y.: Self-calibrated evaporation-based disaggregation of SMOS soil
moisture: An evaluation study at 3 km and 100 m resolution in Catalunya,
Spain, Remote Sens. Environ., 130, 25–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.11.008,
2013.
Miralles, D. G., Holmes, T. R. H., De Jeu, R. A. M., Gash, J. H., Meesters, A. G. C. A., and Dolman, A. J.: Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 453–469, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-453-2011, 2011.
Miralles, D. G., Gentine, P., Seneviratne, S. I., and Teuling, A. J.: Land–atmospheric feedbacks during droughts and heatwaves: state of the
science and current challenges, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1436, 19–35,
https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13912, 2019.
MMA: Libro Blanco del Agua en España, Spanish Ministry of Environment
(MMA), http://www.cedex.es/CEDEX/LANG_CASTELLANO/ORGANISMO/CENTYLAB/CEH/Documentos_Descargas/LB_LibroBlancoAgua.htm
(last access: 18 October 2022), 2000.
Molero, B., Merlin, O., Malbéteau, Y., Al Bitar, A., Cabot, F., Stefan,
V., Kerr, Y., Bacon, S., Cosh, M. H., Bindlish, R., and Jackson, T. J.: SMOS disaggregated soil moisture product at 1 km resolution: Processor overview and first validation results, Remote Sens. Environ., 180, 361–376, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.045, 2016.
Monteleone, B., Bonaccorso, B., and Martina, M.: A joint probabilistic index for objective drought identification: the case study of Haiti, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 471–487, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-471-2020, 2020.
Mu, Q., Zhao, M., and Running, S. W.: MODIS global terrestrial
evapotranspiration (ET) product (NASA MOD16A2/A3), Algorithm Theoretical
Basis Document, Collection, Vol. 5, p. 60, https://modis-land.gsfc.nasa.gov/pdf/MOD16ATBD.pdf (last access: 18 October 2022), 2013.
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Dutra, E., Agustí-Panareda, A., Albergel, C., Arduini, G., Balsamo, G., Boussetta, S., Choulga, M., Harrigan, S., Hersbach, H., Martens, B., Miralles, D. G., Piles, M., Rodríguez-Fernández, N. J., Zsoter, E., Buontempo, C., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4349–4383, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4349-2021, 2021.
Narasimhan, B. and Srinivasan, R.: Development and evaluation of Soil
Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI) and Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (ETDI)
for agricultural drought monitoring, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 133, 69–88,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.07.012, 2005.
Nogueira, M., Albergel, C., Boussetta, S., Johannsen, F., Trigo, I. F., Ermida, S. L., Martins, J. P. A., and Dutra, E.: Role of vegetation in representing land surface temperature in the CHTESSEL (CY45R1) and SURFEX-ISBA (v8.1) land surface models: a case study over Iberia, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3975–3993, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3975-2020, 2020.
Noilhan, J. and Mahfouf, J.-F.: The ISBA land surface parameterisation
scheme, Global Planet. Change, 13, 145–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(95)00043-7, 1996.
Otkin, J. A., Anderson, M. C., Hain, C., Mladenova, I. E., Basara, J. B.,
and Svoboda, M.: Examining rapid onset drought development using the thermal
infrared–based evaporative stress index, J. Hydrometeorol., 14, 1057–1074, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-12-0144.1, 2013.
Otkin, J. A., Anderson, M. C., Hain, C., and Svoboda, M.: Using temporal
changes in drought indices to generate probabilistic drought intensification
forecasts, J. Hydrometeorol., 16, 88–105, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0064.1, 2015.
Pablos, M., Martínez-Fernández, J., Sánchez, N., and
González-Zamora, Á.: Temporal and spatial comparison of agricultural
drought indices from moderate resolution satellite soil moisture data over
Northwest Spain, Remote Sens., 9, 1168, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111168, 2017.
Palmer, W. C.: Meterolological drought, U.S. Weather Bureau, Res. Pap. No. 45, 58 pp., 1965.
Peters, A. J., Rundquist, D. C., and Wilhite, D. A.: Satellite detection of
the geographic core of the 1988 Nebraska drought, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 57, 35–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(91)90077-4, 1991.
Queguiner, S., Martin, E., Lafont, S., Calvet, J.-C., Faroux, S., and Quintana-Seguí, P.: Impact of the use of a CO2 responsive land surface model in simulating the effect of climate change on the hydrology of French Mediterranean basins, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 2803–2816, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2803-2011, 2011.
Quintana Segui, P.: SAFRAN analysis over Spain, ESPRI/IPSL [data set], https://doi.org/10.14768/MISTRALS-HYMEX.1388, 2015.
Quintana-Seguí, P., Le Moigne, P., Durand, Y., Martin, E., Habets, F., Baillon, M., Canellas, C., Franchisteguy, L., and Morel, S.: Analysis of near-surface atmospheric variables: Validation of the SAFRAN analysis over France, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 47, 92–107, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAMC1636.1, 2008.
Quintana-Seguí, P., Peral, M. C., Turco, M., Llasat, M. C., and Martin,
E.: Meteorological Analysis Systems in North-East Spain: Validation of
SAFRAN and SPAN, J. Environ. Inform., 27, 116–130,
https://doi.org/10.3808/jei.201600335, 2016.
Quintana-Seguí, P., Turco, M., Herrera, S., and Miguez-Macho, G.: Validation of a new SAFRAN-based gridded precipitation product for Spain and comparisons to Spain02 and ERA-Interim, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2187–2201, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2187-2017, 2017.
Quintana-Seguí, P., Barella-Ortiz, A., Regueiro-Sanfiz, S., and
Miguez-Macho, G.: The utility of land-surface model simulations to provide
drought information in a water management context using global and local
forcing datasets, Water Resour. Manag., 34, 2135–2156, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-2160-9, 2020.
Rasmijn, L. M., Van der Schrier, G., Bintanja, R., Barkmeijer, J., Sterl,
A., and Hazeleger, W.: Future equivalent of 2010 Russian heatwave
intensified by weakening soil moisture constraints, Nat. Clim. Change, 8,
381–385, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0114-0, 2018.
Ribeiro, A. F., Russo, A., Gouveia, C. M., and Páscoa, P.: Modelling
drought-related yield losses in Iberia using remote sensing and multiscalar
indices, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 136, 203–220, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2478-5, 2019.
Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., Entekhabi, D., and Bras, R. L.: Nonlinear dynamics of
soil moisture at climate scales: 1. Stochastic analysis, Water Resour. Res., 27, 1899–1906, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR01035, 1991.
Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., Porporato, A., Laio, F., and Ridolfi, L.: Plants in
water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress: I. Scope and general outline, Adv. Water Resour., 24, 695–705, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00004-5, 2001.
Rowntree, P. R. and Bolton, J. A.: Simulation of the atmospheric response
to soil moisture anomalies over Europe, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 109,
501–526, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710946105, 1983.
Running, S. W., Mu, Q., Zhao, M., and Moreno, A.: MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) product (MOD16A2/A3 and year-end gap-filled MOD16A2GF/A3GF) NASA Earth Observing System MODIS Land Algorithm (for collection 6), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, USA [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD16A2.061, 2019.
Sahoo, A. K., Sheffield, J., Pan, M., and Wood, E. F.: Evaluation of the
tropical rainfall measuring mission multi-satellite precipitation analysis
(TMPA) for assessment of large-scale meteorological drought, Remote Sens.
Environ., 159, 181–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.11.032, 2015.
Saini, H. S. and Westgate, M. E.: Reproductive development in grain
crops during drought, Adv. Agron., 68, 59–96,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60843-3, 1999.
Samaniego, L., Thober, S., Kumar, R., Wanders, N., Rakovec, O., Pan, M., and
Marx, A.: Anthropogenic warming exacerbates European soil moisture droughts,
Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 421–426, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0138-5, 2018.
Sánchez, N., González-Zamora, Á., Piles, M., and
Martínez-Fernández, J.: A new Soil Moisture Agricultural Drought
Index (SMADI) integrating MODIS and SMOS products: A case of study over the
Iberian Peninsula, Remote Sens., 8, 287, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040287, 2016.
Savenije, H. H. G.: The importance of interception and why we should delete the term evapotranspiration from our vocabulary, Hydrol. Process., 18,
1507–1511, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5563, 2004.
Scaini, A., Sánchez, N., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., and Martínez-Fernández, J.: SMOS-derived soil moisture anomalies and
drought indices: a comparative analysis using in situ measurements, Hydrol.
Process., 29, 373–383, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10150, 2015.
Schultz, K., Franks, S., and Beven, K.: TOPUP – A TOPMODEL based SVAT model to calculate evaporative fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere, Version 1.1, Program 25 documentation, Department of Environmental Science, Lancaster University, UK, 1998.
Seneviratne, S. I., Lüthi, D., Litschi, M., and Schär, C.:
Land–atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe, Nature, 443, 205–209, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05095, 2006.
Seneviratne, S. I., Corti, T., Davin, E. L., Hirschi, M., Jaeger, E. B.,
Lehner, I., Orlowsky, B., and Teuling, A. J.: Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 99, 125–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004, 2010.
Sepulcre-Canto, G., Horion, S., Singleton, A., Carrao, H., and Vogt, J.: Development of a Combined Drought Indicator to detect agricultural drought in Europe, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 3519–3531, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3519-2012, 2012.
Sousa, P. M., Trigo, R. M., Aizpurua, P., Nieto, R., Gimeno, L., and Garcia-Herrera, R.: Trends and extremes of drought indices throughout the 20th century in the Mediterranean, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 33–51, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-33-2011, 2011.
Svoboda, M., LeComte, D., Hayes, M., Heim, R., Gleason, K., Angel, J., Rippey, B., Tinker, R., Palecki, M., Stooksbury, D., Miskus, D., and Stephens, S.: The drought monitor, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 1181–1190, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-83.8.1181, 2002.
Teuling, A. J.: hot future for European droughts, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 364–365, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0154-5, 2018.
Teuling, A. J., Seneviratne, S. I., Williams, C., and Troch, P. A.: Observed timescales of evapotranspiration response to soil moisture, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028178, 2006.
Teuling, A. J., Van Loon, A. F., Seneviratne, S. I., Lehner, I., Aubinet, M., Heinesch, B., Bernhofer, C., Grünwald, T., Prasse, H., and Spank, U.: Evapotranspiration amplifies European summer drought, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2071–2075, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50495, 2013.
Tigkas, D. and Tsakiris, G.: Early estimation of drought impacts on rainfed
wheat yield in Mediterranean climate, Environmental Processes, 2, 97–114, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-014-0052-4, 2015.
Tramblay, Y., Koutroulis, A., Samaniego, L., Vicente-Serrano, S. M.,
Volaire, F., Boone, A., and Polcher, J.: Challenges for drought assessment
in the Mediterranean region under future climate scenarios, Earth-Sci. Rev., 210, 103348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103348, 2021.
Turco, M. and Llasat, M. C.: Trends in indices of daily precipitation extremes in Catalonia (NE Spain), 1951–2003, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 3213–3226, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-3213-2011, 2011.
Ukkola, A. M., Pitman, A. J., Decker, M., De Kauwe, M. G., Abramowitz, G., Kala, J., and Wang, Y.-P.: Modelling evapotranspiration during precipitation deficits: identifying critical processes in a land surface model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2403–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2403-2016, 2016.
USGS: MOD16A2 v006, USGS [data set], https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod16a2v006/, last access: 18 October 2022.
Van Der Knijff, J. M., Younis, J., and De Roo, A. P. J.: LISFLOOD: a
GIS-based distributed model for river basin scale water balance and flood
simulation, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci., 24, 189–212, https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810802549154, 2008.
Van Loon, A. F.: Hydrological drought explained, WIREs Water, 2, 359–392, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1085, 2015.
Vicente-Serrano, S. M., González-Hidalgo, J. C., de Luis, M., and
Raventós, J.: Drought patterns in the Mediterranean area: the Valencia
region (eastern Spain), Clim. Res., 26, 5–15, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr026005,
2004.
Vicente-Serrano, S. M.: Evaluating the Impact of Drought Using Remote
Sensing in a Mediterranean, Semi-arid Region, Nat. Hazards, 40, 173–208, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-0009-7, 2006.
Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Azorin-Molina, C., Peña-Gallardo, M., Tomas-Burguera, M., Domínguez-Castro, F., Martín-Hernández, N., Beguería, S., El Kenawy, A., Noguera, I., and García, M.: A high-resolution spatial assessment of the impacts of drought variability on vegetation activity in Spain from 1981 to 2015, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1189–1213, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1189-2019, 2019.
Wagner, W., Blöschl, G., Pampaloni, P., Calvet, J. C., Bizzarri, B.,
Wigneron, J. P., and Kerr, Y.: Operational readiness of microwave remote
sensing of soil moisture for hydrologic applications, Hydrol. Res., 38,
1–20, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2007.029, 2007.
Watts, G., Christierson, B. von, Hannaford, J., and Lonsdale, K.: Testing
the resilience of water supply systems to long droughts, J. Hydrol.,
414–415, 255–267, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.10.038, 2012.
West, H., Quinn, N., and Horswell, M.: Remote sensing for drought monitoring
& impact assessment: Progress, past challenges and future opportunities,
Remote Sens. Environ., 232, 111291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111291, 2019.
Zampieri, M., D’Andrea, F., Vautard, R., Ciais, P., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., and Yiou, P.: Hot European summers and the role of soil moisture in the
propagation of Mediterranean drought, J. Climate, 22, 4747–4758, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2568.1, 2009.
Short summary
Droughts represent a particularly complex natural hazard and require explorations of their multiple causes. Part of the complexity has roots in the interaction between the continuous changes in and deviation from normal conditions of the atmosphere and the land surface. The exchange between the atmospheric and surface conditions defines feedback towards dry or wet conditions. In semi-arid environments, energy seems to exceed water in its impact over the evolution of conditions, favoring drought.
Droughts represent a particularly complex natural hazard and require explorations of their...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint