Articles | Volume 22, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-187-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-187-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Investigating the interaction of waves and river discharge during compound flooding at Breede Estuary, South Africa
Sunna Kupfer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Coastal Risks and Sea-Level Rise Research Group, Department of Geography, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
Sara Santamaria-Aguilar
Coastal Risks and Sea-Level Rise Research Group, Department of Geography, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
Lara van Niekerk
Coastal Systems Research Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
Melanie Lück-Vogel
Coastal Systems Research Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
Department for Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
Athanasios T. Vafeidis
Coastal Risks and Sea-Level Rise Research Group, Department of Geography, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Cited
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A Hybrid Framework for Rapidly Locating Transition Zones: A Comparison of Event‐ and Response‐Based Return Water Levels in the Suwannee River FL R. Jane et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032481
- Extreme coastal water levels with potential flooding risk at the low-lying Saint Louis historic city, Senegal (West Africa) C. Cisse et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.993644
- Leveraging Coupled Hydrodynamic with Data-Driven GeoAI Models for Advancing Systemic Compound Flood Risk Evaluation in Coastal Urban Areas T. Atmaja et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-025-10394-6
- Modeling compound flood risk and risk reduction using a globally applicable framework: a pilot in the Sofala province of Mozambique D. Eilander et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2251-2023
- Quantifying compound flood event uncertainties in a wave and tidally dominated coastal region: The impacts of copula selection, sampling, record length, and precipitation gauge selection J. Lucey & T. Gallien https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12984
- Assessing the application of the revised Remane Model to fish species in a fluvially dominated cool-temperate southern African coastal system F. Nashima et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31259-7
- Towards a typology for hybrid compound flood modeling S. Radfar et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1397-2026
- Review article: A comprehensive review of compound flooding literature with a focus on coastal and estuarine regions J. Green et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-747-2025
- Trends and Applications of Hydro-Morphological Modeling in Estuarine Systems: A Systematic Review of the Past 15 Years N. Mora-Uribe et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061056
- A Numerical Investigation of Hurricane Florence‐Induced Compound Flooding in the Cape Fear Estuary Using a Dynamically Coupled Hydrological‐Ocean Model D. Bao et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003131
- The influence of wind and basin geometry on surge attenuation along a microtidal channel in the western Baltic Sea J. Kiesel et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.11
- Coastal Compound Flood Simulation through Coupled Multidimensional Modeling Framework A. Hasan Tanim et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130691
- Wave–current interactions within microtidal systems M. Brocchini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104932
- Extreme Coastal Water Levels Evolution at Dakar (Senegal, West Africa) C. Cissé et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11010006
- Modelling compound flooding: a case study from Jakarta, Indonesia W. Bennett et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06001-1
- Consideration of compound drivers and impacts in the disaster risk reduction cycle B. van den Hurk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.106030
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A Hybrid Framework for Rapidly Locating Transition Zones: A Comparison of Event‐ and Response‐Based Return Water Levels in the Suwannee River FL R. Jane et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032481
- Extreme coastal water levels with potential flooding risk at the low-lying Saint Louis historic city, Senegal (West Africa) C. Cisse et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.993644
- Leveraging Coupled Hydrodynamic with Data-Driven GeoAI Models for Advancing Systemic Compound Flood Risk Evaluation in Coastal Urban Areas T. Atmaja et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-025-10394-6
- Modeling compound flood risk and risk reduction using a globally applicable framework: a pilot in the Sofala province of Mozambique D. Eilander et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2251-2023
- Quantifying compound flood event uncertainties in a wave and tidally dominated coastal region: The impacts of copula selection, sampling, record length, and precipitation gauge selection J. Lucey & T. Gallien https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12984
- Assessing the application of the revised Remane Model to fish species in a fluvially dominated cool-temperate southern African coastal system F. Nashima et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31259-7
- Towards a typology for hybrid compound flood modeling S. Radfar et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1397-2026
- Review article: A comprehensive review of compound flooding literature with a focus on coastal and estuarine regions J. Green et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-747-2025
- Trends and Applications of Hydro-Morphological Modeling in Estuarine Systems: A Systematic Review of the Past 15 Years N. Mora-Uribe et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061056
- A Numerical Investigation of Hurricane Florence‐Induced Compound Flooding in the Cape Fear Estuary Using a Dynamically Coupled Hydrological‐Ocean Model D. Bao et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003131
- The influence of wind and basin geometry on surge attenuation along a microtidal channel in the western Baltic Sea J. Kiesel et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.11
- Coastal Compound Flood Simulation through Coupled Multidimensional Modeling Framework A. Hasan Tanim et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130691
- Wave–current interactions within microtidal systems M. Brocchini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104932
- Extreme Coastal Water Levels Evolution at Dakar (Senegal, West Africa) C. Cissé et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11010006
- Modelling compound flooding: a case study from Jakarta, Indonesia W. Bennett et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06001-1
- Consideration of compound drivers and impacts in the disaster risk reduction cycle B. van den Hurk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.106030
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Jun 2026
Short summary
In coastal regions, flooding can occur from combined tides, storms, river discharge, and waves. Effects of waves are commonly neglected when assessing flooding, although these may strongly contribute to extreme water levels. We find that waves combined with tides and river discharge at Breede Estuary, South Africa, increased flood extent and depth and caused earlier flooding than when waves were neglected. This highlights the need to consider all major flood drivers in future flood assessments.
In coastal regions, flooding can occur from combined tides, storms, river discharge, and waves....
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