Articles | Volume 22, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1201-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1201-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Apr 2022
Research article |
| 07 Apr 2022
| 07 Apr 2022
Education, financial aid, and awareness can reduce smallholder farmers' vulnerability to drought under climate change
Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Anne F. van Loon
Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Ted I. E. Veldkamp
Urban Technology, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts
Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Cited
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Geospatial assessment of agricultural drought vulnerability using integrated three-dimensional model in the upper Dwarakeshwar river basin in West Bengal, India U. Senapati & T. Das 10.1007/s11356-022-23663-9
- Adaptive change of land use to nature and society in China’s agro-pastoral ecotone X. Geng et al. 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106554
- A coupled agent-based model to analyse human-drought feedbacks for agropastoralists in dryland regions I. Streefkerk et al. 10.3389/frwa.2022.1037971
- Early warning systems in climate risk management: Roles and implementations in eradicating barriers and overcoming challenges M. Islam et al. 10.1016/j.nhres.2025.01.007
- Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution A. Jézéquel et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad7527
- Locally led adaptation metrics for Africa: a framework for building resilience in smallholder farming sectors N. Okeke-Ogbuafor et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1429462
- The Application of Artificial Intelligence Models for Food Security: A Review R. Sarku et al. 10.3390/agriculture13102037
- Place for sociohydrology in sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture: Review and ways forward S. Adla et al. 10.1017/wat.2023.16
- Threat appraisal and individual adaptation as drivers for collaborative drought management in the Netherlands L. De Graaff et al. 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109341
- Adaptive behavior of farmers under consecutive droughts results in more vulnerable farmers: a large-scale agent-based modeling analysis in the Bhima basin, India M. Kalthof et al. 10.5194/nhess-25-1013-2025
- Drivers of farmers’ adaptive behavior to climate change: The 3F-SEC framework A. Cano & B. Castro Campos 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103343
- Home garden mixed cropping practice by communities living on peatland in household’s income resilience and climate adaptation B. Premono et al. 10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/012003
- Drought impacts and community adaptation: Perspectives on the 2020–2023 drought in East Africa R. Odongo et al. 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105309
- Pressures and Challenges in Use and Management of Water in Rural Schools Affected by Drought in Valparaíso, Chile N. Hormazabal et al. 10.3390/w17070952
- Adaptation Measures to Drought Risk Perceived by Smallholder Crop Farmers in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: Implications for Food and Nutrition Security L. Mdoda et al. 10.3390/su162411154
- “You never farm alone”: Farmer land-use decisions influenced by social relations M. Githinji et al. 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103284
- Preferences for drought risk adaptation support in Kenya: Evidence from a discrete choice experiment and three decision-making theories T. Schrieks et al. 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108425
- Panta Rhei: a decade of progress in research on change in hydrology and society H. Kreibich et al. 10.1080/02626667.2025.2469762
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Geospatial assessment of agricultural drought vulnerability using integrated three-dimensional model in the upper Dwarakeshwar river basin in West Bengal, India U. Senapati & T. Das 10.1007/s11356-022-23663-9
- Adaptive change of land use to nature and society in China’s agro-pastoral ecotone X. Geng et al. 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106554
- A coupled agent-based model to analyse human-drought feedbacks for agropastoralists in dryland regions I. Streefkerk et al. 10.3389/frwa.2022.1037971
- Early warning systems in climate risk management: Roles and implementations in eradicating barriers and overcoming challenges M. Islam et al. 10.1016/j.nhres.2025.01.007
- Broadening the scope of anthropogenic influence in extreme event attribution A. Jézéquel et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad7527
- Locally led adaptation metrics for Africa: a framework for building resilience in smallholder farming sectors N. Okeke-Ogbuafor et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1429462
- The Application of Artificial Intelligence Models for Food Security: A Review R. Sarku et al. 10.3390/agriculture13102037
- Place for sociohydrology in sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture: Review and ways forward S. Adla et al. 10.1017/wat.2023.16
- Threat appraisal and individual adaptation as drivers for collaborative drought management in the Netherlands L. De Graaff et al. 10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109341
- Adaptive behavior of farmers under consecutive droughts results in more vulnerable farmers: a large-scale agent-based modeling analysis in the Bhima basin, India M. Kalthof et al. 10.5194/nhess-25-1013-2025
- Drivers of farmers’ adaptive behavior to climate change: The 3F-SEC framework A. Cano & B. Castro Campos 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103343
- Home garden mixed cropping practice by communities living on peatland in household’s income resilience and climate adaptation B. Premono et al. 10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/012003
- Drought impacts and community adaptation: Perspectives on the 2020–2023 drought in East Africa R. Odongo et al. 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105309
- Pressures and Challenges in Use and Management of Water in Rural Schools Affected by Drought in Valparaíso, Chile N. Hormazabal et al. 10.3390/w17070952
- Adaptation Measures to Drought Risk Perceived by Smallholder Crop Farmers in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: Implications for Food and Nutrition Security L. Mdoda et al. 10.3390/su162411154
- “You never farm alone”: Farmer land-use decisions influenced by social relations M. Githinji et al. 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103284
- Preferences for drought risk adaptation support in Kenya: Evidence from a discrete choice experiment and three decision-making theories T. Schrieks et al. 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108425
- Panta Rhei: a decade of progress in research on change in hydrology and society H. Kreibich et al. 10.1080/02626667.2025.2469762
Latest update: 10 Jul 2025
Short summary
In this paper, we present an application of the empirically calibrated drought risk adaptation model ADOPT for the case of smallholder farmers in the Kenyan drylands. ADOPT is used to evaluate the effect of various top-down drought risk reduction interventions (extension services, early warning systems, ex ante cash transfers, and low credit rates) on individual and community drought risk (adaptation levels, food insecurity, poverty, emergency aid) under different climate change scenarios.
In this paper, we present an application of the empirically calibrated drought risk adaptation...
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