Articles | Volume 21, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-995-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-995-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Mar 2021
Research article |
| 15 Mar 2021
| 15 Mar 2021
Drought impact in the Bolivian Altiplano agriculture associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation using satellite imagery data
Claudia Canedo-Rosso
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Division of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box
118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
Instituto de Hidráulica e Hidrología, Universidad Mayor de
San Andrés, Cotacota 30, La Paz, Bolivia
Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA),
Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Georg Pflug
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA),
Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Institute of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of
Economics, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
Bruno Condori
Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA),
Defensores del Chaco 1997, La Paz, Bolivia
Ronny Berndtsson
Division of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box
118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Lund University, P.O. Box 201,
22100 Lund, Sweden
Related authors
Claudia Canedo Rosso, Lars Nyberg, and Ilias Pechlivanidis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1843, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1843, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Severe droughts have increasingly affected water supply, farming, and forestry in Sweden. This study explored how drought risks have changed over time and across regions using meteorological and hydrological data. Results showed that droughts are becoming more frequent in central and south-eastern Sweden, while northern areas are getting wetter. These insights can support early warnings and help guide decisions on drought preparedness and climate adaptation.
Claudia Canedo Rosso, Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler, Georg Pflug, Bruno Condori, and Ronny Berndtsson
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2018-133, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2018-133, 2018
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
An early warning system with a risk-based approach for drought assessment in the Bolivian Altiplano was established using satellite imagery data focusing on ENSO phases. During warm ENSO phase resulted a great difference in risk and crop yield. ENSO early warning forecasts and possible crop deficits could be established, including the identification of hotspots for the growing season. Our approach could lead a proactive approach for drought management that can include risk reduction instruments.
Nicole van Maanen, Marleen de Ruiter, Wiebke Jäger, Veronica Casartelli, Roxana Ciurean, Noemi Padron, Anne Sophie Daloz, David Geurts, Stefania Gottardo, Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler, Abel López Diez, Jaime Díaz Pacheco, Pedro Dorta Antequera, Tamara Febles Arévalo, Sara García González, Raúl Hernández-Martín, Carmen Alvarez-Albelo, Juan José Diaz-Hernandez, Lin Ma, Letizia Monteleone, Karina Reiter, Tristian Stolte, Robert Šakić Trogrlić, Silvia Torresan, Sharon Tatman, David Romero Manrique de Lara, Yeray Hernández González, and Philip J. Ward
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3075, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3075, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth System Dynamics (ESD).
Short summary
Short summary
Disaster risk management faces growing challenges from multiple, changing hazards. Interviews with stakeholders in five European regions reveal that climate change, urban growth, and socio-economic shifts increase vulnerability and exposure. Measures to reduce one risk can worsen others, highlighting the need for better coordination. The study calls for flexible, context-specific strategies that connect scientific risk assessments with real-world decision-making.
Claudia Canedo Rosso, Lars Nyberg, and Ilias Pechlivanidis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1843, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1843, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Severe droughts have increasingly affected water supply, farming, and forestry in Sweden. This study explored how drought risks have changed over time and across regions using meteorological and hydrological data. Results showed that droughts are becoming more frequent in central and south-eastern Sweden, while northern areas are getting wetter. These insights can support early warnings and help guide decisions on drought preparedness and climate adaptation.
Julius Schlumberger, Robert Šakić Trogrlić, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, Jung-Hee Hyun, Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler, Marleen de Ruiter, and Marjolijn Haasnoot
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3655, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3655, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a dashboard to help decision-makers manage risks in a changing climate. Using interactive visualizations, it simplifies complex choices, even with uncertain information. Tested with 54 users of varying expertise, it enabled accurate responses to 71–80 % of questions. Users valued its scenario exploration and detailed data features. While effective, the guidance and set of visualizations could be extended and the prototype could be adapted for broader applications.
Kai Schröter, Pia-Johanna Schweizer, Benedikt Gräler, Lydia Cumiskey, Sukaina Bharwani, Janne Parviainen, Chahan Kropf, Viktor Wattin Hakansson, Martin Drews, Tracy Irvine, Clarissa Dondi, Heiko Apel, Jana Löhrlein, Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler, Stefano Bagli, Levente Huszti, Christopher Genillard, Silvia Unguendoli, and Max Steinhausen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-135, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-135, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
With the increasing negative impacts of extreme weather events globally, it's crucial to align efforts to manage disasters with measures to adapt to climate change. We identify challenges in systems and organizations working together. We suggest that collaboration across various fields is essential and propose an approach to improve collaboration, including a framework for better stakeholder engagement and an open-source data system that helps gather and connect important information.
Georg C. Pflug, Viktoria Kittler, and Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-194, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-194, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Multi-hazard events can be devastating and there are indications that in such situations the exposed risk-bearers are affected more severely compared to single-hazard events. We present some statistical modeling approaches to determine possible interrelationships of hazards and tested them for the specific case of the countries within the Danube Region. We especially focused on the question whether certain hazards are more likely to occur due to preceding hazardous events.
Philip J. Ward, James Daniell, Melanie Duncan, Anna Dunne, Cédric Hananel, Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler, Annegien Tijssen, Silvia Torresan, Roxana Ciurean, Joel C. Gill, Jana Sillmann, Anaïs Couasnon, Elco Koks, Noemi Padrón-Fumero, Sharon Tatman, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Adewole Adesiyun, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, Alexander Alabaster, Bernard Bulder, Carlos Campillo Torres, Andrea Critto, Raúl Hernández-Martín, Marta Machado, Jaroslav Mysiak, Rene Orth, Irene Palomino Antolín, Eva-Cristina Petrescu, Markus Reichstein, Timothy Tiggeloven, Anne F. Van Loon, Hung Vuong Pham, and Marleen C. de Ruiter
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1487–1497, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1487-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1487-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The majority of natural-hazard risk research focuses on single hazards (a flood, a drought, a volcanic eruption, an earthquake, etc.). In the international research and policy community it is recognised that risk management could benefit from a more systemic approach. In this perspective paper, we argue for an approach that addresses multi-hazard, multi-risk management through the lens of sustainability challenges that cut across sectors, regions, and hazards.
Hamideh Kazemi, Hossein Hashemi, Fatemeh Fadia Maghsood, Seyyed Hasan Hosseini, Ranjan Sarukkalige, Sadegh Jamali, and Ronny Berndtsson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-618, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-618, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This paper uses the Budyko method to investigate mean annual streamflow changes, due to climate variation and human influence, in the important Karkheh River Basin in western Iran. The results show that the observed streamflow decrease in the Karkheh River is associated with both climate variation and human influence. The combination of increased irrigated area, reduction of forests and decreasing annual precipitation has significantly reduced streamflow in the basin.
Ramiro Pillco Zolá, Lars Bengtsson, Ronny Berndtsson, Belen Martí-Cardona, Frederic Satgé, Franck Timouk, Marie-Paule Bonnet, Luis Mollericon, Cesar Gamarra, and José Pasapera
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 657–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-657-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-657-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The evaporation was computed at a daily time step and compared with the estimated evaporation using mean monthly meteorological observations. We found that the most reliable method of determining the annual lake evaporation is using the heat balance approach.
Roohollah Noori, Mehrnaz Dodangeh, Ronny Berndtsson, Farhad Hooshyaripor, Jan Franklin Adamowski, Saman Javadi, and Akbar Baghvand
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-222, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-222, 2018
Preprint withdrawn
Claudia Canedo Rosso, Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler, Georg Pflug, Bruno Condori, and Ronny Berndtsson
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2018-133, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2018-133, 2018
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
An early warning system with a risk-based approach for drought assessment in the Bolivian Altiplano was established using satellite imagery data focusing on ENSO phases. During warm ENSO phase resulted a great difference in risk and crop yield. ENSO early warning forecasts and possible crop deficits could be established, including the identification of hotspots for the growing season. Our approach could lead a proactive approach for drought management that can include risk reduction instruments.
Qing Cao, Zhenchun Hao, Feifei Yuan, Zhenkuan Su, Ronny Berndtsson, Jie Hao, and Tsring Nyima
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5415–5426, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5415-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5415-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzed the rainy-season precipitation in China influenced by various ENSO types. The precipitation anomalies were investigated under different ENSO types, which may be attributed to the combined influence of anti-cyclone in the western North Pacific and the Indian monsoon. The results improve the understanding of linkages between the precipitation and global teleconnection patterns. The results suggest a certain predictability of flood and drought related to different ENSO types.
H. Hashemi, C. B. Uvo, and R. Berndtsson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4165–4181, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4165-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4165-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In order to evaluate the future water availability in an artificial recharge area located in arid Iran, different climate and water management scenarios were applied. This was done through the simulation of surface water and groundwater by numerical modeling. The results showed that the pumping scenarios have the most substantial effect on groundwater level and continuation of current pumping rate would lead to a total depletion of the aquifer in the upcoming decade.
H. Hashemi, R. Berndtsson, M. Kompani-Zare, and M. Persson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 637–650, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-637-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-637-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Atmospheric, Meteorological and Climatological Hazards
Exploring the interplay between observed warming, atmospheric circulation, and soil–atmosphere feedbacks on heatwaves in a temperate mountain region
Temporal dynamic vulnerability – impact of antecedent events on residential building losses to wind storm events in Germany
Verifying the relationships among the variabilities of summer rainfall extremes over Japan in the d4PDF climate ensemble, Pacific sea surface temperature, and monsoon activity
Tree fall along railway lines: modelling the impact of wind and other meteorological factors
The probabilistic skill of extended-range heat wave forecasts over Europe
An appraisal of the value of simulated weather data for quantifying coastal flood hazard in the Netherlands
Insights into thunderstorm characteristics from geostationary lightning jump and dive observations
The unique features in the 4 d widespread extreme rainfall event over North China in July 2023
Classifying extratropical cyclones and their impact on Finland's electricity grid: insights from 92 damaging windstorms
Evaluation of machine learning approaches for large-scale agricultural drought forecasts to improve monitoring and preparedness in Brazil
Soil moisture–atmosphere coupling strength over central Europe in the recent warming climate
A data-driven framework for assessing climatic impact drivers in the context of food security
Soil conditioner mixtures as an agricultural management alternative to mitigate drought impacts: a proof of concept
Insights from hailstorm track analysis in European climate change simulations
Extreme heat and mortality in the State of Rio de Janeiro in the 2023/24 season: attribution to climate change and ENSO
Compound winter low-wind and cold events impacting the French electricity system: observed evolution and role of large-scale circulation
Probabilistic hazard analysis of the gas emission of Mefite d'Ansanto, southern Italy
Are heavy-rainfall events a major trigger of associated natural hazards along the German rail network?
Brief communication: Forecasting extreme precipitation from atmospheric rivers in New Zealand
The record-breaking precipitation event of December 2022 in Portugal
Compound events in Germany in 2018: drivers and case studies
Indirect assimilation of radar reflectivity data with an adaptive hydrometer retrieval scheme for the short-term severe weather forecasts
Assimilation of temperature and relative humidity observations from personal weather stations in AROME-France
The anomalously thundery month of June 1925 in southwest Spain: description and synoptic analysis
Spatial identification of regions exposed to multi-hazards at the pan-European level
Classification of North Atlantic and European extratropical cyclones using multiple measures of intensity
Subseasonal forecasts of heat waves in West African cities
Impacts on and damage to European forests from the 2018–2022 heat and drought events
Brief communication: Training of AI-based nowcasting models for rainfall early warning should take into account user requirements
Examining the Eastern European extreme summer temperatures of 2023 from a long-term perspective: the role of natural variability vs. anthropogenic factors
How well are hazards associated with derechos reproduced in regional climate simulations?
Is considering runs (in)consistency so useless for weather forecasting?
Reconstructing hail days in Switzerland with statistical models (1959–2022)
High-Resolution Data Assimilation for Two Maritime Extreme Weather Events: A comparison between 3DVar and EnKF
Reask UTC: a machine learning modeling framework to generate climate connected tropical cyclone event sets globally
Historical changes in drought characteristics and its impact on vegetation cover over Madagascar
Multi-hazards in Scandinavia: Impacts and risks from compound heatwaves, droughts and wildfires
GTDI: a game-theory-based integrated drought index implying hazard-causing and hazard-bearing impact change
Insurance loss model vs. meteorological loss index – how comparable are their loss estimates for European windstorms?
Invited perspectives: Thunderstorm Intensification from Mountains to Plains
Intense rains in Israel associated with the train effect
Review article: The growth in compound weather events research in the decade since SREX
Convection-permitting climate model representation of severe convective wind gusts and future changes in southeastern Australia
Impact-based temporal clustering of multiple meteorological hazard types in southwestern Germany
On the potential of using smartphone sensors for wildfire hazard estimation through citizen science
Global estimates of 100-year return values of daily precipitation from ensemble weather prediction data
Exploring the sensitivity of extreme event attribution of two recent extreme weather events in Sweden using long-running meteorological observations
Probabilistic short-range forecasts of high-precipitation events: optimal decision thresholds and predictability limits
The ability of a stochastic regional weather generator to reproduce heavy precipitation events across scales
Surprise floods: the role of our imagination in preparing for disasters
Marc Lemus-Canovas, Sergi Gonzalez-Herrero, Laura Trapero, Anna Albalat, Damian Insua-Costa, Martin Senande-Rivera, and Gonzalo Miguez-Macho
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2503–2518, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2503-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2503-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the intense heatwaves of 2022 in the Pyrenees. The interplay of the synoptic circulation with the complex topography and the pre-existing soil moisture deficits played an important role in driving the spatial variability of their temperature anomalies. Moreover, human-driven climate change has made these heatwaves more severe compared to the past. This research helps us better understand how climate change affects extreme weather in mountainous regions.
Andreas Trojand, Henning W. Rust, and Uwe Ulbrich
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2331–2350, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2331-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2331-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study investigates how the intensity of previous windstorm events and the time between two events affect the vulnerability of residential buildings in Germany. By analyzing 23 years of data, it was found that higher intensity of previous events generally reduces vulnerability in subsequent storms, while shorter intervals between events increase vulnerability. The results emphasize the approach of considering vulnerability in risk assessments as temporally dynamic.
Shao-Yi Lee, Sicheng He, and Tetsuya Takemi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2225–2253, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2225-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2225-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The authors performed verification on the relationships between extreme monsoon rainfall over Japan and Pacific sea surface temperature variability in the “database for Policy Decision-making for Future climate changes” (d4PDF). Observations showed widespread weak relationships between hourly extremes and the warming mode but reversed relationships between daily extremes and the decadal variability mode. Biases in d4PDF could be explained by the monsoon's slower movement over Japan in the model.
Rike Lorenz, Nico Becker, Barry Gardiner, Uwe Ulbrich, Marc Hanewinkel, and Benjamin Schmitz
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2179–2196, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2179-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2179-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Tree fall events have an impact on forests and transport systems. Our study explored tree fall in relation to wind and other weather conditions. We used tree fall data along railway lines and ERA5 and radar meteorological data to build a logistic regression model. We found that high and prolonged wind speeds, wet conditions, and high air density increase tree fall risk. These factors might change in the changing climate, which in return will change risks for trees, forests and transport.
Natalia Korhonen, Otto Hyvärinen, Virpi Kollanus, Timo Lanki, Juha Jokisalo, Risto Kosonen, David S. Richardson, and Kirsti Jylhä
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1865–1879, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1865-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1865-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The skill of hindcasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in forecasting heat wave days, defined as periods with the 5 d moving average temperature exceeding its local summer 90th percentile over Europe 1 to 4 weeks ahead, is examined. Forecasts of heat wave days show potential for warning of heat risk 1 to 2 weeks in advance and enhanced accuracy in forecasting prolonged heat waves up to 3 weeks ahead, when the heat wave had already begun before forecast issuance.
Cees de Valk and Henk van den Brink
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1769–1788, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1769-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1769-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Estimates of the risk posed by rare and catastrophic weather events are often derived from relatively short measurement records, which renders them highly uncertain. We investigate if (and by how much) this uncertainty can be reduced by making use of large datasets of simulated weather. More specifically, we focus on coastal flood hazard in the Netherlands and on the challenge of estimating the once in 10 million years coastal water level and wind stress as accurately as possible.
Felix Erdmann and Dieter Roel Poelman
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1751–1768, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1751-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1751-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides detailed insight into the thunderstorm characteristics associated with abrupt changes in the lightning activity of a thunderstorm – lightning jumps (LJs) and lightning dives (LDs) – using geostationary satellite observations. Thunderstorms exhibiting one or multiple LJs or LDs feature characteristics similar to severe thunderstorms. Storms with multiple LJs contain strong convective updrafts and are prone to produce high rain rates, large hail, or tornadoes.
Jinfang Yin, Feng Li, Mingxin Li, Rudi Xia, Xinghua Bao, Jisong Sun, and Xudong Liang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1719–1735, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1719-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1719-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A persistent severe rainfall event occurred over North China in July 2023, which was regarded as one of the most extreme episodes globally during that year. The extreme rainfall was significantly underestimated by forecasters at that time. Flooding from this event affected 1.3 million people, causing severe human casualties and economic losses. We examined the convective initiation and subsequent persistent heavy rainfall based on simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model.
Ilona Láng-Ritter, Terhi Kristiina Laurila, Antti Mäkelä, Hilppa Gregow, and Victoria Anne Sinclair
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1697–1717, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1697-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1697-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a classification method for extratropical cyclones and windstorms and show their impacts on Finland's electricity grid by analysing the 92 most damaging windstorms (2005–2018). The south-west- and north-west-arriving windstorms cause the most damage to the power grid. The most relevant parameters for damage are the wind gust speed and extent of wind gusts. Windstorms are more frequent and damaging in autumn and winter, but weaker wind speeds in summer also cause significant damage.
Joseph W. Gallear, Marcelo Valadares Galdos, Marcelo Zeri, and Andrew Hartley
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1521–1541, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1521-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1521-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In Brazil, drought is of national concern and can have major consequences for agriculture. Here, we determine how to develop forecasts for drought stress on vegetation health using machine learning. Results aim to inform future developments in operational drought monitoring at the National Centre for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN) in Brazil. This information is essential for disaster preparedness and planning of future actions to support areas affected by drought.
Thomas Schwitalla, Lisa Jach, Volker Wulfmeyer, and Kirsten Warrach-Sagi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1405–1424, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1405-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1405-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
During recent decades, Europe has experienced increasing periods of severe drought and heatwave. To provide an overview of how land-surface conditions shape land–atmosphere (LA) coupling, the interannual LA coupling strength variability for the summer seasons of 1991–2022 is investigated by means of ERA5 data. The results clearly reflect ongoing climate change by a shift in the coupling relationships towards reinforced heating and drying by the land surface.
Marcos Roberto Benso, Roberto Fray Silva, Gabriela Chiquito Gesualdo, Antonio Mauro Saraiva, Alexandre Cláudio Botazzo Delbem, Patricia Angélica Alves Marques, José Antonio Marengo, and Eduardo Mario Mendiondo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1387–1404, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1387-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1387-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study applies climate extreme indices to assess climate risks to food security. Using an explainable machine learning analysis, key climate indices affecting maize and soybean yields in Brazil were identified. Results reveal the temporal sensitivity of these indices and critical yield loss thresholds, informing policy and adaptation strategies.
Juan F. Dueñas, Edda Kunze, Huiying Li, and Matthias C. Rillig
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1377–1386, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1377-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1377-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the potential of adding mixtures composed of minimum dosages of several popular amendment types to soil. Our goal was to increase the resistance of agricultural soil to drought stress. We found that adding mixtures of three to five amendment types increased the capacity of soil to retain water, reduced soil erosion, and increased fungal abundance while buffering soil from drastic changes in pH. More research is encouraged to validate this approach.
Killian P. Brennan, Iris Thurnherr, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-918, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-918, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Hailstorms can cause severe damage to homes, crops, and infrastructure. Using high-resolution climate simulations, we tracked thousands of hailstorms across Europe to study future changes. Large hail will become more frequent, hail-covered areas will expand, and extreme hail combined with heavy rain will double. These shifts could increase risks for communities and businesses, highlighting the need for better preparedness and adaptation.
Soledad Collazo, David Barriopedro, Ricardo García-Herrera, and Santiago Beguería
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-792, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-792, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In the 2023/24 season, Rio de Janeiro experienced record-breaking heatwaves linked to climate change and El Niño. Our study shows global warming made these extreme temperatures at least 2°C hotter than in pre-industrial times. Heat-related deaths surged, with climate change contributing to 1 in 3 fatalities during the peak event. Without adaptation, future heatwaves will claim even more lives. This underscores the urgent need for policies to mitigate climate impacts from escalating heat threats.
François Collet, Margot Bador, Julien Boé, Laurent Dubus, and Bénédicte Jourdier
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 843–856, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-843-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-843-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our aim is to characterize the observed evolution of compound winter low-wind and cold events impacting the French electricity system. The frequency of compound events exhibits a decrease over the 1950–2022 period, which is likely due to a decrease in cold days. Large-scale atmospheric circulation is an important driver of compound event occurrence and has likely contributed to the decrease in cold days, while we cannot draw conclusions on its influence on the decrease in compound events.
Fabio Dioguardi, Giovanni Chiodini, and Antonio Costa
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 657–674, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-657-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-657-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present results of non-volcanic-gas (CO2) hazard assessment at the Mefite d’Ansanto area (Italy) where a cold-gas stream, which has already been lethal to humans and animals, forms in the valleys surrounding the emission zone. We took the uncertainty related to the gas emission and meteorological conditions into account. Results include maps of CO2 concentrations at defined probability levels and the probability of overcoming specified CO2 concentrations over specified time intervals.
Sonja Szymczak, Frederick Bott, Vigile Marie Fabella, and Katharina Fricke
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 683–707, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-683-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-683-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the correlation between heavy-rainfall events and three associated natural hazards along the German rail network using GIS analyses and random-effects logistic models. The results show that 23 % of floods, 14 % of gravitational mass movements, and 2 % of tree fall events between 2017 and 2020 occurred after a heavy-rainfall event, and the probability of occurrence of flood and tree fall events significantly increased. This study contributes to more resilient rail transport.
Daniel G. Kingston, Liam Cooper, David A. Lavers, and David M. Hannah
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 675–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-675-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-675-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme rainfall comprises a major hydrohazard for New Zealand and is commonly associated with atmospheric rivers – narrow plumes of very high atmospheric moisture transport. Here, we focus on improved forecasting of these events by testing a forecasting tool previously applied to similar situations in western Europe. However, our results for New Zealand suggest the performance of this forecasting tool may vary depending on geographical setting.
Tiago M. Ferreira, Ricardo M. Trigo, Tomás H. Gaspar, Joaquim G. Pinto, and Alexandre M. Ramos
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 609–623, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-609-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-609-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the synoptic evolution associated with the occurrence of an atmospheric river that led to a 24 h record-breaking extreme precipitation event (120.3 mm) in Lisbon, Portugal, on 13 December 2022. The synoptic background allowed the formation, on 10 December, of an atmospheric river associated with a deep extratropical cyclone and with a high moisture content and an inflow of moisture, due to the warm conveyor belt, throughout its life cycle. The system made landfall on 12 December.
Elena Xoplaki, Florian Ellsäßer, Jens Grieger, Katrin M. Nissen, Joaquim G. Pinto, Markus Augenstein, Ting-Chen Chen, Hendrik Feldmann, Petra Friederichs, Daniel Gliksman, Laura Goulier, Karsten Haustein, Jens Heinke, Lisa Jach, Florian Knutzen, Stefan Kollet, Jürg Luterbacher, Niklas Luther, Susanna Mohr, Christoph Mudersbach, Christoph Müller, Efi Rousi, Felix Simon, Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, Svenja Szemkus, Sara M. Vallejo-Bernal, Odysseas Vlachopoulos, and Frederik Wolf
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 541–564, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-541-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-541-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Europe frequently experiences compound events, with major impacts. We investigate these events’ interactions, characteristics, and changes over time, focusing on socio-economic impacts in Germany and central Europe. Highlighting 2018’s extreme events, this study reveals impacts on water, agriculture, and forests and stresses the need for impact-focused definitions and better future risk quantification to support adaptation planning.
Lixin Song, Feifei Shen, Zhixin He, Dongmei Xu, Aiqing Shu, and Jiajun Chen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-203, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-203, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
When retrieving hydrometeors from reflectivity, there are two methods to allocate hydrometeor types: temperature-based and background hydrometer-dependent schemes. The temperature-based method divides hydrometeor proportions based on the background temperature, while the other scheme calculates average weights of each hydrometeor in various reflectivity intervals from background fields. The blending scheme adaptively combines these methods and is found to improve precipitation forecast accuracy.
Alan Demortier, Marc Mandement, Vivien Pourret, and Olivier Caumont
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 429–449, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-429-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-429-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The use of numerical weather prediction models enables the forecasting of hazardous weather situations. The incorporation of new temperature and relative humidity observations from personal weather stations into the French limited-area model is evaluated in this study. This leads to the improvement of the associated near-surface variables of the model during the first hours of the forecast. Examples are provided for a sea breeze case during a heatwave and a fog episode.
Francisco Javier Acero, Manuel Antón, Alejandro Jesús Pérez Aparicio, Nieves Bravo-Paredes, Víctor Manuel Sánchez Carrasco, María Cruz Gallego, José Agustín García, Marcelino Núñez, Irene Tovar, Javier Vaquero-Martínez, and José Manuel Vaquero
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 305–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-305-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-305-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The month of June 1925 was found to be exceptional in the southwest interior of the Iberian Peninsula due to the large number of thunderstorms and their significant impacts, with serious losses of human lives and material resources. We analyzed this event from different, complementary perspectives: reconstruction of the history of the events from newspapers, study of monthly meteorological variables of the longest series available, and the analysis of the meteorological synoptic situation.
Tiberiu-Eugen Antofie, Stefano Luoni, Aloïs Tilloy, Andrea Sibilia, Sandro Salari, Gustav Eklund, Davide Rodomonti, Christos Bountzouklis, and Christina Corbane
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 287–304, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-287-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-287-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first study that uses spatial patterns (clusters/hotspots) and meta-analysis in order to identify the regions at a European level at risk of multi-hazards. The findings point out the socioeconomic dimension as a determining factor in the potential risk of multi-hazards. The outcome provides valuable input for the disaster risk management policy support and will assist national authorities on the implementation of a multi-hazard approach in national risk assessment preparation.
Joona Cornér, Clément Bouvier, Benjamin Doiteau, Florian Pantillon, and Victoria A. Sinclair
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 207–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-207-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-207-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Classification reduces the considerable variability between extratropical cyclones (ETCs) and thus simplifies studying their representation in climate models and changes in the future climate. In this paper we present an objective classification of ETCs using measures of ETC intensity. This is motivated by the aim of finding a set of ETC intensity measures which together comprehensively describe both the dynamical and impact-relevant nature of ETC intensity.
Cedric G. Ngoungue Langue, Christophe Lavaysse, and Cyrille Flamant
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 147–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-147-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-147-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The present study addresses the predictability of heat waves at subseasonal timescales in West African cities over the period 2001–2020. Two models, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the UK Met Office models, were evaluated using two reanalyses: ERA5 and MERRA. The results suggest that at subseasonal timescales, the forecast models provide a better forecast than climatology, but the hit rate and false alarm rate are sub-optimal.
Florian Knutzen, Paul Averbeck, Caterina Barrasso, Laurens M. Bouwer, Barry Gardiner, José M. Grünzweig, Sabine Hänel, Karsten Haustein, Marius Rohde Johannessen, Stefan Kollet, Mortimer M. Müller, Joni-Pekka Pietikäinen, Karolina Pietras-Couffignal, Joaquim G. Pinto, Diana Rechid, Efi Rousi, Ana Russo, Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, Sarah Veit, Julian Wendler, Elena Xoplaki, and Daniel Gliksman
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 77–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-77-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-77-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research, involving 22 European scientists, investigated drought and heat impacts on forests in 2018–2022. Findings reveal that climate extremes are intensifying, with central Europe being most severely impacted. The southern region showed resilience due to historical drought exposure, while northern and Alpine areas experienced emerging or minimal impacts. The study highlights the need for region-specific strategies, improved data collection, and sustainable practices to safeguard forests.
Georgy Ayzel and Maik Heistermann
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 41–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-41-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-41-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Forecasting rainfall over the next hour is an essential feature of early warning systems. Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a powerful alternative to conventional nowcasting technologies, but it still struggles to adequately predict impact-relevant heavy rainfall. We think that DL could do much better if the training tasks were defined more specifically and that such specification presents an opportunity to better align the output of nowcasting models with actual user requirements.
Monica Ionita, Petru Vaideanu, Bogdan Antonescu, Catalin Roibu, Qiyun Ma, and Viorica Nagavciuc
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4683–4706, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Eastern Europe's heat wave history is explored from 1885 to 2023, with a focus on pre-1960 events. The study reveals two periods with more frequent and intense heat waves (HWs): 1920s–1960s and 1980s–present. The research highlights the importance of a long-term perspective, revealing that extreme heat events have occurred throughout the entire study period, and it emphasizes the combined influence of climate change and natural variations on increasing HW severity.
Tristan Shepherd, Frederick Letson, Rebecca J. Barthelmie, and Sara C. Pryor
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4473–4505, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A historic derecho in the USA is presented. The 29 June 2012 derecho caused more than 20 deaths and millions of US dollars of damage. We use a regional climate model to understand how model fidelity changes under different initial conditions. We find changes drive different convective conditions, resulting in large variation in the simulated hazards. The variation using different reanalysis data shows that framing these results in the context of contemporary and future climate is a challenge.
Hugo Marchal, François Bouttier, and Olivier Nuissier
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-208, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-208, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the relationship between changes in weather forecasts and predictability, which has so far been considered weak. By focusing on the persistence of weather scenarios over successive forecasts, we found that it significantly affects the reliability of forecasts.
Lena Wilhelm, Cornelia Schwierz, Katharina Schröer, Mateusz Taszarek, and Olivia Martius
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3869–3894, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In our study we used statistical models to reconstruct past hail days in Switzerland from 1959–2022. This new time series reveals a significant increase in hail day occurrences over the last 7 decades. We link this trend to increases in moisture and instability variables in the models. This time series can now be used to unravel the complexities of Swiss hail occurrence and to understand what drives its year-to-year variability.
Diego Saúl Carrió, Vincenzo Mazzarella, and Rossella Ferretti
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-177, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-177, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Populated coastal regions in the Mediterranean are known to be severely affected by extreme weather events that are initiated over maritime regions. These weather events are known to pose a serious problem in terms of numerical predictability. Different Data Assimilation techniques are used in this study with the main aim of enhancing short-range forecasts of two challenging severe weather events.
Thomas Loridan and Nicolas Bruneau
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3253, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3253, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical Cyclone (TC) risk models have been used by the insurance industry to quantify occurrence and severity risk since the 90s. To date these models are mostly built from backward looking statistics and portray risk under a static view of the climate. We here introduce a novel approach, based on machine learning, that allows sampling of climate variability when assessing TC risk globally. This is of particular importance when computing forward looking views of TC risk.
Herijaona Hani-Roge Hundilida Randriatsara, Eva Holtanova, Karim Rizwan, Hassen Babaousmail, Mirindra Finaritra Tanteliniaina Rabezanahary, Kokou Romaric Posset, Donnata Alupot, and Brian Odhiambo Ayugi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-191, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-191, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of drought (duration, frequency, severity, intensity) over Madagascar during 1981–2022 by using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI-3, -6 and -12). Additionally, the impact of drought on vegetation over the studied area was assessed based on the relationship evaluation between SPI and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) during 2000–2022.
Gwendoline Ducros, Timothy Tiggeloven, Lin Ma, Anne Sophie Daloz, Nina Schuhen, and Marleen C. de Ruiter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3158, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3158, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study finds that heatwave, drought and wildfire events occurring simultaneously in Scandinavia are pronounced in the summer months; and the heat-drought 2018 event led to a drop in gross domestic product, affecting agriculture and forestry imports, further impacting Europe’s trade balance. This research shows the importance of ripple effects of multi-hazard, and that forest management and adaptation measures are vital to reducing the risks of heat-related multi-hazards in vulnerable areas.
Xiaowei Zhao, Tianzeng Yang, Hongbo Zhang, Tian Lan, Chaowei Xue, Tongfang Li, Zhaoxia Ye, Zhifang Yang, and Yurou Zhang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3479–3495, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3479-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3479-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To effectively track and identify droughts, we developed a novel integrated drought index that combines the effects of precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture on drought. After comparison and verification, the integrated drought index shows superior performance compared to a single meteorological drought index or agricultural drought index in terms of drought identification.
Julia Moemken, Inovasita Alifdini, Alexandre M. Ramos, Alexandros Georgiadis, Aidan Brocklehurst, Lukas Braun, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3445–3460, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3445-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3445-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
European windstorms regularly cause damage to natural and human-made environments, leading to high socio-economic losses. For the first time, we compare estimates of these losses using a meteorological loss index (LI) and the insurance loss (catastrophe) model of Aon Impact Forecasting. We find that LI underestimates high-impact windstorms compared to the insurance model. Nonetheless, due to its simplicity, LI is an effective index, suitable for estimating impacts and ranking storm events.
Jannick Fischer, Pieter Groenemeijer, Alois Holzer, Monika Feldmann, Katharina Schröer, Francesco Battaglioli, Lisa Schielicke, Tomáš Púčik, Christoph Gatzen, Bogdan Antonescu, and the TIM Partners
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2798, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2798, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Strong thunderstorms have been studied mainly over flat terrain and in computer simulations in the past. However, they are particularly frequent near mountain ranges, which emphasizes the need to study storms near mountains. This article gives an overview about our existing knowledge on this topic and presents plans for a large European field campaign with the goals to fill these knowledge gaps, validate tools for thunderstorm warnings, and improve numerical weather prediction near mountains.
Baruch Ziv, Uri Dayan, Lidiya Shendrik, and Elyakom Vadislavsky
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3267–3277, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The train effect is related to convective cells that pass over the same place. Trains produce heavy rainfall and sometimes floods and are reported in North America during spring and summer. In Israel, 17 trains associated with Cyprus lows were identified by radar images and were found within the cold sector south of the low center and in the left flank of a maximum wind belt; they cross the Israeli coast, with a mean length of 45 km; last 1–3 h; and yield 35 mm of rainfall up to 60 mm.
Lou Brett, Christopher J. White, Daniela I.V. Domeisen, Bart van den Hurk, Philip Ward, and Jakob Zscheischler
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-182, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-182, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Compound events, where multiple weather or climate hazards occur together, pose significant risks to both society and the environment. These events, like simultaneous wind and rain, can have more severe impacts than single hazards. Our review of compound event research from 2012–2022 reveals a rise in studies, especially on events that occur concurrently, hot and dry events and compounding flooding. The review also highlights opportunities for research in the coming years.
Andrew Brown, Andrew Dowdy, and Todd P. Lane
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3225–3243, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3225-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3225-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A computer model that simulates the climate of southeastern Australia is shown here to represent extreme wind events associated with convective storms. This is useful as it allows us to investigate possible future changes in the occurrences of these events, and we find in the year 2050 that our model simulates a decrease in the number of occurrences. However, the model also simulates too many events in the historical climate compared with observations, so these future changes are uncertain.
Katharina Küpfer, Alexandre Tuel, and Michael Kunz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2803, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2803, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using loss data, we assess when and how single and multiple types of meteorological extremes (river floods and heavy rainfall events, windstorms and convective gusts, and hail). We find that the combination of several types of hazards clusters robustly on a seasonal scale, whereas only some single hazard types occur in clusters. This can be associated with higher losses compared to isolated events. We argue for the relevance of jointly considering multiple types of hazards.
Hofit Shachaf, Colin Price, Dorita Rostkier-Edelstein, and Cliff Mass
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3035–3047, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3035-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3035-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have used the temperature and relative humidity sensors in smartphones to estimate the vapor pressure deficit (VPD), an important atmospheric parameter closely linked to fuel moisture and wildfire risk. Our analysis for two severe wildfire case studies in Israel and Portugal shows the potential for using smartphone data to compliment the regular weather station network while also providing high spatial resolution of the VPD index.
Florian Ruff and Stephan Pfahl
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2939–2952, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2939-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2939-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
High-impact river floods are often caused by extreme precipitation. Flood protection relies on reliable estimates of the return values. Observational time series are too short for a precise calculation. Here, 100-year return values of daily precipitation are estimated on a global grid based on a large set of model-generated precipitation events from ensemble weather prediction. The statistical uncertainties in the return values can be substantially reduced compared to observational estimates.
Erik Holmgren and Erik Kjellström
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2875–2893, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2875-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2875-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Associating extreme weather events with changes in the climate remains difficult. We have explored two ways these relationships can be investigated: one using a more common method and one relying solely on long-running records of meteorological observations.
Our results show that while both methods lead to similar conclusions for two recent weather events in Sweden, the commonly used method risks underestimating the strength of the connection between the event and changes to the climate.
François Bouttier and Hugo Marchal
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2793–2816, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2793-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2793-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Weather prediction uncertainties can be described as sets of possible scenarios – a technique called ensemble prediction. Our machine learning technique translates them into more easily interpretable scenarios for various users, balancing the detection of high precipitation with false alarms. Key parameters are precipitation intensity and space and time scales of interest. We show that the approach can be used to facilitate warnings of extreme precipitation.
Xiaoxiang Guan, Dung Viet Nguyen, Paul Voit, Bruno Merz, Maik Heistermann, and Sergiy Vorogushyn
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-143, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-143, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated a multi-site stochastic regional weather generator (nsRWG) for its ability to capture the cross-scale extremity of high precipitation events (HPEs) in Germany. We generated 100 realizations of 72 years of daily synthetic precipitation data. The performance was assessed using WEI and xWEI indices, which measure event extremity across spatio-temporal scales. Results show nsRWG simulates well the extremity patterns of HPEs, though it overestimates short-duration, small-extent events.
Joy Ommer, Jessica Neumann, Milan Kalas, Sophie Blackburn, and Hannah L. Cloke
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2633–2646, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2633-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2633-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
What’s the worst that could happen? Recent floods are often claimed to be beyond our imagination. Imagination is the picturing of a situation in our mind and the emotions that we connect with this situation. But why is this important for disasters? This survey found that when we cannot imagine a devastating flood, we are not preparing in advance. Severe-weather forecasts and warnings need to advance in order to trigger our imagination of what might happen and enable us to start preparing.
Cited articles
Aceituno, P.: On the Functioning of the Southern Oscillation in the South
American Sector. Part I: Surface Climate, Mon. Weather Rev., 116, 505–524,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<0505:OTFOTS>2.0.CO;2, 1988.
Alva, A. K., Moore, A. D., and Collins, H. P.: Impact of Deficit Irrigation
on Tuber Yield and Quality of Potato Cultivars, J. Crop Improv.,
26, 211–227, https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2011.626891,
2012.
Anderson, W., Seager, R., Baethgen, W., and Cane, M.: Life cycles of
agriculturally relevant ENSO teleconnections in North and South America,
Int. J. Climatol., 37, 3297–3318,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4916, 2017.
Bartholmes, J. C., Thielen, J., Ramos, M. H., and Gentilini, S.: The european flood alert system EFAS – Part 2: Statistical skill assessment of probabilistic and deterministic operational forecasts, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 141–153, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-141-2009, 2009.
Beaudoing, H. and Rodell, M.: NASA/GSFC/HSL: GLDAS Noah Land Surface Model L4 monthly 0.25 × 0.25 degree V2.0, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), https://doi.org/10.5067/9SQ1B3ZXP2C5, 2019.
Beck, P. S. A., Atzberger, C., Høgda, K. A., Johansen, B., and Skidmore,
A. K.: Improved monitoring of vegetation dynamics at very high latitudes: A
new method using MODIS NDVI, Remote Sens. Environ., 100, 321–334,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.10.021, 2006.
Bhuiyan, C. and Kogan, F. N.: Monsoon variation and vegetative drought
patterns in the Luni Basin in the rain-shadow zone, Int. J. Remote Sens., 31,
3223–3242, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160903159332, 2010.
BID: Analisis ambiental y social, in: Programa de Saneamiento del Lago
Titicaca, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), La Paz, Bolivia, 2016.
Blacutt, L. A., Herdies, D. L., de Gonçalves, L. G. G., Vila, D. A., and
Andrade, M.: Precipitation comparison for the CFSR, MERRA, TRMM3B42 and
Combined Scheme datasets in Bolivia, Atmos. Res., 163, 117–131,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.02.002, 2015.
Buxton, N., Escobar, M., Purkey, D., and Lima, N.: Water scarcity, climate
change and Bolivia: Planning for climate uncertainties, SEI discussion
brief, Stockholm Environment Institute, Davis, USA, 4 pp., 2013.
CAF: Las lecciones de El Niño, Bolivia. Memorias del fenómeno El
Niño 1997–1998, retos y propuestas para la región andina.,
Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF), Caracas, Venezuela, 2000.
Chuai, X. W., Huang, X. J., Wang, W. J., and Bao, G.: NDVI, temperature and
precipitation changes and their relationships with different vegetation
types during 1998–2007 in Inner Mongolia, China, Int. J. Climatol., 33,
1696–1706, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3543, 2013.
Condom, T., Rau, P., and Espinoza, J. C.: Correction of TRMM 3B43 monthly
precipitation data over the mountainous areas of Peru during the period
1998–2007, Hydrol. Process., 25, 1924–1933,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7949, 2011.
Corbari, C., Sobrino, J. A., Mancini, M., and Hidalgo, V.: Land surface temperature representativeness in a heterogeneous area through a distributed energy-water balance model and remote sensing data, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2141–2151, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2141-2010, 2010.
Cui, L. and Shi, J.: Temporal and spatial response of vegetation NDVI to
temperature and precipitation in eastern China, J. Geogr. Sci., 20, 163–176, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-010-0163-4, 2010.
Desinventar Sendai: Disaster loss data for sustainable development goals and Sendai framework monitoring system. United nations office for disaster risk reduction (UNDRR), available at: https://www.desinventar.net/, last access: 1 June 2020.
Duan, Y., Wilson, A. M., and Barros, A. P.: Scoping a field experiment: error diagnostics of TRMM precipitation radar estimates in complex terrain as a basis for IPHEx2014, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1501–1520, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1501-2015, 2015.
EM-DAT: The emergency events database. Center for research on the epidemiology of disasters (CRED), available at: https://www.emdat.be/, last access: 15 July 2020.
FAO: 2015–2016 El Nino early action and response for agriculture, Food security and nutrition, and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, 43 pp., ISBN 978-92-5-109383-2, 2016.
FAO: Global early warning – Early action report on food security and
agriculture July–September 2017, Early Warning – Early Action (EWEA),
Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA), and Food and Agricultural
Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, ISBN 978-92-5-109806-6, 27,
2017.
Funk, C.: Rainfall Estimates from Rain Gauge and Satellite Observations (CHIRPS), United States Geological Survey (USGS) and Climate Hazard Center of the University of California, Santa Barbara, available at: https://data.chc.ucsb.edu/products/CHIRPS-2.0/global_monthly/netcdf/ (last access: 22 February 2021), 2015.
Funk, C., Peterson, P., Landsfeld, M., Pedreros, D., Verdin, J., Shukla, S.,
Husak, G., Rowland, J., Harrison, L., Hoell, A., and Michaelsen, J.: The
climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations – a new environmental
record for monitoring extremes, Sci. Data, 2, 150066,
https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.66, 2015.
Garcia, M., Raes, D., and Jacobsen, S.-E.: Evapotranspiration analysis and
irrigation requirements of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in the Bolivian
highlands, Agr. Water Manage., 60, 119–134,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00162-2, 2003.
Garcia, M., Raes, D., Jacobsen, S. E., and Michel, T.: Agroclimatic
constraints for rainfed agriculture in the Bolivian Altiplano, J. Arid
Environ., 71, 109–121,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.02.005, 2007.
Garcia, M., Condori, B., and Del Castillo, C.: Agroecological and agronomic cultural practices of quinoa in South America, in: Quinoa: Improvement and Sustainable Production, edited by: Murphy, K. and Matanguihan, J., John Wiley & Sons. Inc., Hoboken, USA, 25–46, ISBN 978-1-118-62805-8, 2015.
Garcia, M. and Alavi, G.: Bolivia, in: Atlas de Sequía de América
Latina y el Caribe, edited by: Núñez Cobo, J. and Verbist, K.,
UNESCO y CAZALAC, La Serena, Chile, 29–42, 2018 (in Spanish).
Garreaud, R., Vuille, M., and Clement, A. C.: The climate of the Altiplano:
observed current conditions and mechanisms of past changes, Palaeogeogr.
Palaeocl., 194, 5–22,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00269-4, 2003.
Garreaud, R. D. and Aceituno, P.: Interannual rainfall variability over the
South American Altiplano, J. Climate, 14, 2779–2789,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2779:Irvots>2.0.Co;2, 2001.
Geerts, S., Raes, D., Garcia, M., Mendoza, J., and Huanca, R.: Crop water
use indicators to quantify the flexible phenology of quinoa (Chenopodium
quinoa Willd.) in response to drought stress, Field Crops Res., 108,
150–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.04.008, 2008.
Geerts, S., Raes, D., Garcia, M., Miranda, R., Cusicanqui, J. A., Taboada,
C., Mendoza, J., Huanca, R., Mamani, A., Condori, O., Mamani, J., Morales,
B., Osco, V., and Steduto, P.: Simulating Yield Response of Quinoa to Water
Availability with AquaCrop, Agron. J., 101, 499–508,
https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2008.0137s, 2009.
Helman, D., Givati, A., and Lensky, I. M.: Annual evapotranspiration retrieved from satellite vegetation indices for the eastern Mediterranean at 250 m spatial resolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12567–12579, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12567-2015, 2015.
Holben, B. N.: Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from
temporal AVHRR data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 7, 1417–1434,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431168608948945, 1986.
Huang, M., Piao, S., Ciais, P., Peñuelas, J., Wang, X., Keenan, T. F.,
Peng, S., Berry, J. A., Wang, K., Mao, J., Alkama, R., Cescatti, A., Cuntz,
M., De Deurwaerder, H., Gao, M., He, Y., Liu, Y., Luo, Y., Myneni, R. B.,
Niu, S., Shi, X., Yuan, W., Verbeeck, H., Wang, T., Wu, J., and Janssens, I.
A.: Air temperature optima of vegetation productivity across global biomes,
Nat. Ecol. Evol., 3, 772–779,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0838-x, 2019.
Iizumi, T., Luo, J.-J., Challinor, A. J., Sakurai, G., Yokozawa, M., Sakuma,
H., Brown, M. E., and Yamagata, T.: Impacts of El Niño Southern
Oscillation on the global yields of major crops, Nat. Commun., 5,
3712, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4712, 2014.
INE: Censo Agropecuario de Bolivia 2013, first ed., The National Institute
of Statistics (INE) of Bolivia, La Paz, 143 pp., 2015 (in Spanish).
IPCC: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate
Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, 582, 2012.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of
Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner,
G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V.,
and Midgley, G. F., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., 2013.
Ji, L. and Peters, A. J.: Assessing vegetation response to drought in the
northern Great Plains using vegetation and drought indices, Remote Sens.
Environ., 87, 85–98,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00174-3, 2003.
Karnieli, A., Agam, N., Pinker, R. T., Anderson, M., Imhoff, M. L., Gutman,
G. G., Panov, N., and Goldberg, A.: Use of NDVI and Land Surface Temperature
for Drought Assessment: Merits and Limitations, J. Climate, 23, 618–633,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2900.1, 2010.
Kogan, F. and Guo, W.: Strong 2015–2016 El Niño and implication to
global ecosystems from space data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 38, 161–178,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2016.1259679, 2017.
Kogan, F. N.: Application of vegetation index and brightness temperature for
drought detection, Adv. Space Res., 15, 91–100,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(95)00079-T, 1995.
Kogan, F. N.: Satellite-Observed Sensitivity of World Land Ecosystems to El
Niño/La Niña, Remote Sens. Environ., 74, 445–462,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00137-1, 2000.
Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., and Neter, J.: Applied linear regression models, forth ed., McGraw-Hill/Irwin Series: Operations and decision sciences, Ohio, US, 701 pp., ISBN 978-0073014661, 2004.
Legates, D. R. and Willmott, C. J.: Mean seasonal and spatial variability
in gauge-corrected, global precipitation, Int. J. Climatol., 10, 111–127,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370100202, 1990a.
Legates, D. R. and Willmott, C. J.: Mean seasonal and spatial variability
in global surface air temperature, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 41, 11–21,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00866198, 1990b.
Moran, M. S., Clarke, T. R., Inoue, Y., and Vidal, A.: Estimating crop water
deficit using the relation between surface-air temperature and spectral
vegetation index, Remote Sens. Environ., 49, 246–263,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)90020-5, 1994.
Null, J.: El Niño and La Niña Years and Intensities, available at: https://ggweather.com/enso/oni.htm (last access: 11 February 2020), 2018.
Ochoa, A., Pineda, L., Crespo, P., and Willems, P.: Evaluation of TRMM 3B42 precipitation estimates and WRF retrospective precipitation simulation over the Pacific–Andean region of Ecuador and Peru, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3179–3193, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3179-2014, 2014.
Ottlé, C. and Vidal-Madjar, D.: Estimation of land surface temperature
with NOAA9 data, Remote Sens. Environ., 40, 27–41,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(92)90124-3, 1992.
Paredes-Trejo, F. J., Álvarez Barbosa, H., Peñaloza-Murillo, M. A.,
Moreno, M. A., and Farias, A.: Intercomparison of improved satellite
rainfall estimation with CHIRPS gridded product and rain gauge data over
Venezuela, Atmosphere, 29, 323–342,
https://doi.org/10.20937/atm.2016.29.04.04, 2016.
Paredes-Trejo, F. J., Barbosa, H. A., and Lakshmi Kumar, T. V.: Validating
CHIRPS-based satellite precipitation estimates in Northeast Brazil, J. Arid
Environ., 139, 26–40,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.12.009, 2017.
Pinzon, J. E. and Tucker, C. J.: NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index-3rd generation using GIMMS from AVHRR sensors, Retrieved from Climate Data Guide, edited by: National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff, available at: https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/ndvi-normalized-difference-vegetation-index-3rd-generation-nasagfsc-gimms (last access: 19 July 2020), 2018.
Quiroz, R., Yarlequé, C., Posadas, A., Mares, V., and Immerzeel, W. W.:
Improving daily rainfall estimation from NDVI using a wavelet transform,
Environ. Model. Softw., 26, 201–209,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.07.006, 2011.
Ramirez-Rodrigues, M. A., Asseng, S., Fraisse, C., Stefanova, L., and
Eisenkolbi, A.: Tailoring wheat management to ENSO phases for increased
wheat production in Paraguay, Climate Risk Management, 3, 24–38,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2014.06.001, 2014.
Rencher, A. C.: Methods of Multivariate Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 1995.
Rivera, J. A., Marianetti, G., and Hinrichs, S.: Validation of CHIRPS
precipitation dataset along the Central Andes of Argentina, Atmos.
Res., 213, 437–449,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.06.023, 2018.
Rodell, M., Houser, P. R., Jambor, U., Gottschalck, J., Mitchell, K., Meng,
C.-J., Arsenault, K., Cosgrove, B., Radakovich, J., Bosilovich, M., Entin,
J. K., Walker, J. P., Lohmann, D., and Toll, D.: The Global Land Data
Assimilation System, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 85, 381–394,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-85-3-381, 2004.
Sánchez, N., Martínez-Fernández, J., González-Piqueras, J.,
González-Dugo, M. P., Baroncini-Turrichia, G., Torres, E., Calera, A.,
and Pérez-Gutiérrez, C.: Water balance at plot scale for soil
moisture estimation using vegetation parameters, Agr. Forest
Meteor., 166–167, 1–9,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.07.005, 2012.
Santos, J. L.: The Impact of El Niño – Southern Oscillation Events on South America, Adv. Geosci., 6, 221–225, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-6-221-2006, 2006.
Santoso, A., Hendon, H., Watkins, A., Power, S., Dommenget, D., England, M.
H., Frankcombe, L., Holbrook, N. J., Holmes, R., Hope, P., Lim, E.-P., Luo,
J.-J., McGregor, S., Neske, S., Nguyen, H., Pepler, A., Rashid, H., Gupta,
A. S., Taschetto, A. S., Wang, G., Abellán, E., Sullivan, A., Huguenin,
M. F., Gamble, F., and Delage, F.: Dynamics and Predictability of El
Niño–Southern Oscillation: An Australian Perspective on Progress and
Challenges, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 100, 403–420,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0057.1, 2019.
Satgé, F., Bonnet, M.-P., Gosset, M., Molina, J., Hernan Yuque Lima, W.,
Pillco Zolá, R., Timouk, F., and Garnier, J.: Assessment of satellite
rainfall products over the Andean plateau, Atmos. Res., 167, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.07.012, 2016.
SENAMHI: Sismet, gauged precipitation and temperature monthly datasets, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI) de Bolivia, available at: http://senamhi.gob.bo/index.php/sismet, last access: 15 September 2019 (in Spanish).
Shinoda, M.: Seasonal phase lag between rainfall and vegetation activity in
tropical Africa as revealed by NOAA satellite data, Int. J. Climatol., 15,
639–656, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370150605, 1995.
Thibeault, J., Seth, A., and Wang, G. L.: Mechanisms of summertime
precipitation variability in the Bolivian Altiplano: present and future,
Int. J. Climatol., 32, 2033–2041, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2424, 2012.
Thompson, L. G., Mosley-Thompson, E., and Arnao, B. M.: El Niño-Southern
Oscillation events recorded in the stratigraphy of the tropical Quelccaya
ice cap, Peru, Science, 226, 50–53,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.226.4670.50, 1984.
Tippett, M. K., Barnston, A. G., and Li, S.: Performance of Recent
Multimodel ENSO Forecasts, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 51, 637–654,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-093.1, 2012.
UNDP: Tras las huellas del cambio climático en Bolivia. Estado del arte
del conocimiento sobre adaptación al cambio climático: agua y
seguridad alimentaria, UNDP-Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia, 144 pp., 2011 (in Spanish).
UNEP: Diagnostico Ambiental del Sistema Titicaca-Desaguadero-Poopo-Salar de Coipasa (Sistema TDPS) Bolivia – Perú, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Washington, D.C., 1996 (in Spanish).
UNISDR: Drought Risk Reduction Framework and Practices: Contributing to the
Implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action, United Nations secretariat
of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), Geneva,
Switzerland, 2009.
UNISDR: Making Development Sustainable: The Future of Disaster Risk
Management, Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, United
Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), Geneva, Switzerland, 2015.
van Loon, C. D.: The effect of water stress on potato growth, development,
and yield, Am. Potato J., 58, 51–69,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02855380, 1981.
Verbist, K., Amani, A., Mishra, A., and Cisneros, B. J.: Strengthening
drought risk management and policy: UNESCO International Hydrological
Programme's case studies from Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean,
Water Policy, 18, 245–261, https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.223,
2016.
Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Chura, O., López-Moreno, J. I., Azorin-Molina,
C., Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Aguilar, E., Moran-Tejeda, E., Trujillo, F.,
Martínez, R., and Nieto, J. J.: Spatio-temporal variability of droughts
in Bolivia: 1955–2012, Int. J. Climatol., 35, 3024–3040,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4190, 2015.
Vuille, M.: Atmospheric circulation over the Bolivian Altiplan10.1175/1520-0493(1988)1o during dry
and wet periods and extreme phases of the Southern Oscillation, Int. J.
Climatol., 19, 1579–1600, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19991130)19:14<1579::AID-JOC441>3.0.CO;2-N, 1999.
Wilhite, D. A. and Glantz, M. H.: Understanding: The Drought Phenomenon:
The Role of Definitions, in: Planning for Drought: Toward a Reduction of
Social Vulnerability, edited by: Wilhite, D. A., Easterling, W. E., and
Wood, D. A., Westview Press, Boulder, USA, 10–30, 1985.
Wilks, D. S.: Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences, second ed.,
Academic Press, Oxford, UK, 648 pp., 2006.
Willmott, C. J. and Matsuura, K.: Smart Interpolation of Annually Averaged
Air Temperature in the United States, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34,
2577–2586, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<2577:sioaaa>2.0.co;2, 1995.
Willmott, C. J. and Matsuura, K.: Terrestrial Air Temperature and Precipitation: Monthly and Annual Time Series 1950–1999 provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSL, Boulder, Colorado, USA, available at: https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.UDel_AirT_Precip.html (last access: 1 May 2020), 2001.
Yarleque, C., Vuille, M., Hardy, D. R., Posadas, A., and Quiroz, R.:
Multiscale assessment of spatial precipitation variability over complex
mountain terrain using a high-resolution spatiotemporal wavelet
reconstruction method, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 12198–12216,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025647, 2016.
Zhou, J. and Lau, K.-M.: Does a monsoon climate exist over South America?,
J. Climate, 11, 1020–1040,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<1020:damceo>2.0.co;2, 1998.
Short summary
Drought is a major natural hazard that causes large losses for farmers. This study evaluated drought severity based on a drought classification scheme using NDVI and LST, which was related to the ENSO anomalies. In addition, the spatial distribution of NDVI was associated with precipitation and air temperature at the local level. Our findings show that drought severity increases during El Niño years, and as a consequence the socio-economic drought risk of farmers will likely increase.
Drought is a major natural hazard that causes large losses for farmers. This study evaluated...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint