Articles | Volume 21, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-743-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-743-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Feb 2021
Research article |
| 24 Feb 2021
| 24 Feb 2021
Assessing Chinese flood protection and its social divergence
Dan Wang
School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal
University, Shanghai, China
Paolo Scussolini
Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,
Amsterdam, the Netherlands
School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal
University, Shanghai, China
Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,
Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Institute of Urban Studies, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai,
China
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Cited
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Analysis of the impact and moderating effect of high-density development on urban flooding C. Son et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22695
- Increasing exposure to floods in China revealed by nighttime light data and flood susceptibility mapping J. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac263e
- Varying flood exposure due to uncertain data of flood hazard and population distribution W. Shao et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae0fae
- Increasing population exposed to both seismicity and flooding in low-income countries L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2025.2493217
- Substantial reduction in population exposure to sea level changes along the Chinese mainland coast through emission mitigation H. Jin et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad801d
- Economic growth dominates rising potential flood risk in the Yangtze River and benefits of raising dikes from 1991 to 2015 W. Qi et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5561
- Flood Defense Standard Estimation Using Machine Learning and Its Representation in Large‐Scale Flood Hazard Modeling G. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032395
- Reconstructing a georeferenced inventory of flooding hazards in Raoping, Guangdong province, China, from 1492 to 1985 L. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2024.270
- Exploring urban expansion pattern associations with flood Vulnerability: Spatial heterogeneity in multidimensional linkages across China's Min Delta urban agglomeration D. Huang & G. Xiao https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127449
- Development policy affects coastal flood exposure in China more than sea-level rise Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02439-2
- Sea-level rise amplifies tsunami risk and population exposure in coastal Guangdong, China H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108269
- Climate change-induced floods disrupt intercity mobility in China: A national-scale assessment Q. Yao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2025.101132
- Assessing the spatial pattern of capacity and demand for coastal protection ecosystem services in mainland China S. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107815
- China’s growing human displacement risk caused by floods under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C global warming and beyond W. Qi et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad0a1d
- Compound coastal flood exposure in global deltas: an integrated assessment of sea-level rise, subsidence, and socioeconomic dynamics S. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2025.100775
- Exposed Built-Up Lands Grew Faster than Total Flood Areas in China During 2000–2020 H. Shen et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-026-00713-1
- Integrated community-based approaches to urban pluvial flooding research, trends and future directions: A review K. Azizi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101237
- Substantial increase in future fluvial flood risk projected in China’s major urban agglomerations R. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01049-0
- Dynamics-constrained rainfall projection reveals substantial increase in population exposure to unprecedented floods in the North China Plain L. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02457-0
- Does flood protection affect urban expansion in the coastal flood-prone area of China? Y. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.951828
- Impact of tropical cyclones and socioeconomic exposure on flood risk distribution in the Mekong Basin A. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01868-9
- A global open-source database of flood-protection levees on river deltas (openDELvE) J. Nienhuis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-4087-2022
- Brief communication: Bridging the data gap – a call to enhance the representation of global coastal flood protection N. van Maanen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2075-2025
- Projecting flood exposure in China under future climate and population change: an age-structured analysis based on the SSP-RCP scenarios Q. Yao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.136055
- Future flood risk concentration for residents near small rivers across the USA R. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-026-01896-7
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Analysis of the impact and moderating effect of high-density development on urban flooding C. Son et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22695
- Increasing exposure to floods in China revealed by nighttime light data and flood susceptibility mapping J. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac263e
- Varying flood exposure due to uncertain data of flood hazard and population distribution W. Shao et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae0fae
- Increasing population exposed to both seismicity and flooding in low-income countries L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2025.2493217
- Substantial reduction in population exposure to sea level changes along the Chinese mainland coast through emission mitigation H. Jin et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad801d
- Economic growth dominates rising potential flood risk in the Yangtze River and benefits of raising dikes from 1991 to 2015 W. Qi et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5561
- Flood Defense Standard Estimation Using Machine Learning and Its Representation in Large‐Scale Flood Hazard Modeling G. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032395
- Reconstructing a georeferenced inventory of flooding hazards in Raoping, Guangdong province, China, from 1492 to 1985 L. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2024.270
- Exploring urban expansion pattern associations with flood Vulnerability: Spatial heterogeneity in multidimensional linkages across China's Min Delta urban agglomeration D. Huang & G. Xiao https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127449
- Development policy affects coastal flood exposure in China more than sea-level rise Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02439-2
- Sea-level rise amplifies tsunami risk and population exposure in coastal Guangdong, China H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108269
- Climate change-induced floods disrupt intercity mobility in China: A national-scale assessment Q. Yao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2025.101132
- Assessing the spatial pattern of capacity and demand for coastal protection ecosystem services in mainland China S. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107815
- China’s growing human displacement risk caused by floods under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C global warming and beyond W. Qi et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad0a1d
- Compound coastal flood exposure in global deltas: an integrated assessment of sea-level rise, subsidence, and socioeconomic dynamics S. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2025.100775
- Exposed Built-Up Lands Grew Faster than Total Flood Areas in China During 2000–2020 H. Shen et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-026-00713-1
- Integrated community-based approaches to urban pluvial flooding research, trends and future directions: A review K. Azizi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101237
- Substantial increase in future fluvial flood risk projected in China’s major urban agglomerations R. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01049-0
- Dynamics-constrained rainfall projection reveals substantial increase in population exposure to unprecedented floods in the North China Plain L. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02457-0
- Does flood protection affect urban expansion in the coastal flood-prone area of China? Y. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.951828
- Impact of tropical cyclones and socioeconomic exposure on flood risk distribution in the Mekong Basin A. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01868-9
- A global open-source database of flood-protection levees on river deltas (openDELvE) J. Nienhuis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-4087-2022
- Brief communication: Bridging the data gap – a call to enhance the representation of global coastal flood protection N. van Maanen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2075-2025
- Projecting flood exposure in China under future climate and population change: an age-structured analysis based on the SSP-RCP scenarios Q. Yao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.136055
- Future flood risk concentration for residents near small rivers across the USA R. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-026-01896-7
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 13 Aug 2026
Short summary
Flood protection level (FPL) is vital for risk analysis and management but scarce in realty particularly for developing countries. This paper develops a policy-based FPL dataset for China and validates it using local FPL designs. The FPLs are much higher than that in a global database, suggesting Chinese flood risk could be lower with the policy-required FPLs. Moreover, the FPLs are lower for western China and vulnerable people, implying a spatial and social divergence of the FPLs.
Flood protection level (FPL) is vital for risk analysis and management but scarce in realty...
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