Articles | Volume 21, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-683-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-683-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
17 Feb 2021
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 17 Feb 2021
| 17 Feb 2021
Radar-based assessment of hail frequency in Europe
Elody Fluck
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
now at: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Michael Kunz
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe, Germany
Peter Geissbuehler
RenaissanceRe Risk Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
Stefan P. Ritz
RenaissanceRe Risk Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cited
29 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Hail as a damage vector for renewable energy S. Pryor & R. Barthelmie
- A Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS)-based synthetic event set of U.S. tornado outbreaks K. Malloy & M. Tippett
- Hailstorm prediction and loss assessment using high-resolution hazard and claims data M. Fonseca-Cerda et al.
- Hail events in Germany: rare or frequent natural hazards? T. Wilke et al.
- A machine learning model for the prediction of hail-affected area in Germany S. Li et al.
- A climatology of hail in Europe (2014–2024) based on GPM-DPR sensor data L. Rivero-Ordaz et al.
- Increased hailstorms in cities through cell merger mechanism across North America and East Asia A. Zhou et al.
- Climatology of large hail in Europe: characteristics of the European Severe Weather Database F. Hulton & D. Schultz
- Reconstructing hail days in Switzerland with statistical models (1959–2022) L. Wilhelm et al.
- Analysis of the development mechanisms of a large-hail storm event on the Adriatic Sea A. Ricchi et al.
- Changing local climate patterns through hail suppression systems: conflict and inequalities between farmers and wine producers in the Burgundy Region (France) S. Petit et al.
- Evaluation of convective parameters derived from pressure level and native ERA5 data and different resolution WRF climate simulations over Central Europe Á. Varga & H. Breuer
- A Comparison between Radar Variables and Hail Pads for a Twenty-Year Period T. Rigo & C. Farnell
- Hail vulnerability modeling for Calgary, Canada using environmental and socioeconomic data with multivariate regression and machine learning techniques Y. Li et al.
- A 20-year spatio-temporal analysis of 3D radar-based hail tracks in Germany: trends and regional differences S. Mohr et al.
- Characteristics of hail hazard in South Africa based on satellite detection of convective storms H. Punge et al.
- Detection of High Radar Reflectivity Volumes at High Tropospheric Levels in Large Hail Events T. Rigo & C. Farnell
- Influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on annual spatio-temporal lightning clusters in western and central Europe M. Augenstein et al.
- Weather Radar in Complex Orography U. Germann et al.
- Invited perspectives: Thunderstorm intensification from mountains to plains J. Fischer et al.
- Modelling hail hazard over Italy with ERA5 large-scale variables V. Torralba et al.
- Gazing inside a giant-hail-bearing Mediterranean supercell by dual-polarization Doppler weather radar M. Montopoli et al.
- Climatology of severe hail potential in Europe based on a convection-permitting simulation A. Kahraman et al.
- Characterizing hail-prone environments using convection-permitting reanalysis and overshooting top detections over south-central Europe A. Giordani et al.
- Swabian MOSES 2021: An interdisciplinary field campaign for investigating convective storms and their event chains M. Kunz et al.
- An object-based climatology of precipitation systems in Sydney, Australia H. Ayat et al.
- Analysis of convective cell evolution with split and merge events using a graph-based methodology J. Ritvanen et al.
- Forecasting large hail and lightning using additive logistic regression models and the ECMWF reforecasts F. Battaglioli et al.
- Comparison of hailfall and nonhailfall clouds in a severe storm: Observations and mesoscale simulations H. Yang et al.
29 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Hail as a damage vector for renewable energy S. Pryor & R. Barthelmie
- A Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS)-based synthetic event set of U.S. tornado outbreaks K. Malloy & M. Tippett
- Hailstorm prediction and loss assessment using high-resolution hazard and claims data M. Fonseca-Cerda et al.
- Hail events in Germany: rare or frequent natural hazards? T. Wilke et al.
- A machine learning model for the prediction of hail-affected area in Germany S. Li et al.
- A climatology of hail in Europe (2014–2024) based on GPM-DPR sensor data L. Rivero-Ordaz et al.
- Increased hailstorms in cities through cell merger mechanism across North America and East Asia A. Zhou et al.
- Climatology of large hail in Europe: characteristics of the European Severe Weather Database F. Hulton & D. Schultz
- Reconstructing hail days in Switzerland with statistical models (1959–2022) L. Wilhelm et al.
- Analysis of the development mechanisms of a large-hail storm event on the Adriatic Sea A. Ricchi et al.
- Changing local climate patterns through hail suppression systems: conflict and inequalities between farmers and wine producers in the Burgundy Region (France) S. Petit et al.
- Evaluation of convective parameters derived from pressure level and native ERA5 data and different resolution WRF climate simulations over Central Europe Á. Varga & H. Breuer
- A Comparison between Radar Variables and Hail Pads for a Twenty-Year Period T. Rigo & C. Farnell
- Hail vulnerability modeling for Calgary, Canada using environmental and socioeconomic data with multivariate regression and machine learning techniques Y. Li et al.
- A 20-year spatio-temporal analysis of 3D radar-based hail tracks in Germany: trends and regional differences S. Mohr et al.
- Characteristics of hail hazard in South Africa based on satellite detection of convective storms H. Punge et al.
- Detection of High Radar Reflectivity Volumes at High Tropospheric Levels in Large Hail Events T. Rigo & C. Farnell
- Influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on annual spatio-temporal lightning clusters in western and central Europe M. Augenstein et al.
- Weather Radar in Complex Orography U. Germann et al.
- Invited perspectives: Thunderstorm intensification from mountains to plains J. Fischer et al.
- Modelling hail hazard over Italy with ERA5 large-scale variables V. Torralba et al.
- Gazing inside a giant-hail-bearing Mediterranean supercell by dual-polarization Doppler weather radar M. Montopoli et al.
- Climatology of severe hail potential in Europe based on a convection-permitting simulation A. Kahraman et al.
- Characterizing hail-prone environments using convection-permitting reanalysis and overshooting top detections over south-central Europe A. Giordani et al.
- Swabian MOSES 2021: An interdisciplinary field campaign for investigating convective storms and their event chains M. Kunz et al.
- An object-based climatology of precipitation systems in Sydney, Australia H. Ayat et al.
- Analysis of convective cell evolution with split and merge events using a graph-based methodology J. Ritvanen et al.
- Forecasting large hail and lightning using additive logistic regression models and the ECMWF reforecasts F. Battaglioli et al.
- Comparison of hailfall and nonhailfall clouds in a severe storm: Observations and mesoscale simulations H. Yang et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 18 May 2026
Short summary
Severe convective storms (SCSs) and the related hail events constitute major atmospheric hazards in parts of Europe. In our study, we identified the regions of France, Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg that were most affected by hail over a 10 year period (2005 to 2014). A cell-tracking algorithm was computed on remote-sensing data to enable the reconstruction of several thousand SCS tracks. The location of hail hotspots will help us understand hail formation and improve hail forecasting.
Severe convective storms (SCSs) and the related hail events constitute major atmospheric hazards...
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