I would like to support the proposal by the reviewer and the handling editor. This innovative study reconstructs the precursory phenomena of the 1538 Campi Flegrei eruption using historical records and recent volcanological data to develop two alternative scenarios that inform civil protection strategies for managing current unrest and potential eruptions in the densely populated area.

Observations suggest a clustering of severe convective storms near orography. The paper provides information on the gaps in our process understanding and the measurement techniques which are currently hampering an improved prediction of the events and their associated hazards. It provides an outline of a multinational coordinated European field campaign on Thunderstorm Intensification from Mountains to Plains.

The Ahr valley flood of 2021 has been one of the most severe flooding events in Germany, with the highest death toll since the coastal storm surge event of 1962, and severe destruction across the valley associated also with extreme financial loss. Deficits in the warning procedures were re-visited after this event, and major improvements like cell broadcast warnings were introduced. The question remains open if the event could have been even more devastating under (almost) the same weather situation. The spatial shift of the rainfall fields the authors conduct is a simple but very reasonable approach as input for estimating counterfactual flooding scenarios with their numerical models. In the paper they demonstrate that the flood could have been much worse in terms of the flood peaks, inundation areas and maximum depths as well as exposed assets, given a shift of the rainfall fields of only about 20 km.

This paper shows a very useful analysis of social media activities during volcanic eruptions. The authors used social sensing of Twitter posts to track social action and reaction changes throughout the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Island of Hawaiʻi.

This paper demonstrates a significant technological advance, from measurements of snow depth at a point at high temporal resolution, to mapping snow depth at the 100m scale with high temporal resolution. It has important applications in snow hydrology, snow avalanche research, and climate monitoring. The approach and design are described in detail and will be useful for other researchers looking to apply this approach. The paper is clear and well written, with important details included.

The avalanche event of 2022 investigated in this paper is one of the deadliest historically recorded in the Alps. The assessment of the predisposing and triggering factors is of particular relevance in a climate change context, as the occurrence of extremely high temperatures is expected to occur in increasing frequency. The paper provides a numerical simulation approach that can assist a more general risk analysis for this type of natural hazards.

This paper addresses an important research question for the region of interest in the special issue, "Current and future water-related risks in the Berlin-Brandenburg region." The article analyzes groundwater trends using a rigorous methodology that takes into account all factors that could justify the results found. It is therefore highly relevant for water resource management, which is particularly affected by climate change.

This study uses insurance loss data to examine how different types of extreme weather—such as floods, heavy rain, windstorms, and hail—occur together. It finds that multiple hazards often cluster seasonally, leading to higher losses than when events happen alone. The results highlight the need to assess multiple weather extremes jointly to better understand and manage risk.

While there are many examples on vulnerability mapping for climate-related hazards in the academic literature, there is very limited evidence of those maps being used by practitioners to achieve a systematic and long-term reduction of risk and vulnerability from climate-related hazards. The authors have identified spatial planners as key players in reducing risks from climate-related hazards in urban areas and use existing spatial planning laws as the starting point to define the legal requirements vulnerability maps need to fulfill to be usable by spatial planners. This innovative approach presented for the example of spatial planning in Stuttgart, Germany demonstrates a promising way to overcome the current gap between research and practice on urban climate change adaptation.

The paper provides new and interesting insights on risk assessments for sensitive infrastructure. While risk assessments for critical infrastructure are relatively established the authors highlight the need for similar definitions and procedures for sensitive infrastructure such as special needs education facilities. The paper makes an important contribution by both defining sensitive infrastructure and developing a risk assessment process. A case study for a special needs school affected by the 2021 floods in the Ahr valley, Germany provides interesting insights on how to apply the risk assessment method developed by the authors to inform a 'build back better' approach.

The study draws on a unique dataset collected from a survey of nearly 500 water managers engaged in addressing the 2022 European Drought. It offers valuable insights into how preparedness influences outcomes during large-scale drought events and highlights pathways to strengthen European Drought Risk Management. The manuscript is accompanied by a companion paper, "The 2022 Drought Needs to Be a Turning Point for European Drought Risk Management" (egusphere-2024-2069), which focuses on the drought’s impacts and response. Together, the two studies underscore the urgent need for coordinated action and conclude with policy recommendations for establishing a European Union Drought Directive

This study shows that damaging weather events such as hail, floods, and storms frequently cluster in time, especially in summer, and that such multi-hazard clusters are linked to significantly higher losses. The findings offer practical insights for improving multi-hazard early warning systems and risk communication.

This paper systematically reviews 250 studies (2010–2023) on the use of social media data (SMD) in disaster management, highlighting its applications in relevance filtering, actionable information extraction, and decision-making enhancement. It develops a comprehensive literature database and identifies key trends, advantages, and challenges, proposing best practices for leveraging SMD to improve disaster response, communication, and management strategies.

This study provides new insights into hailstorm diagnosis from future European climate simulations.