I would like to support the proposal by the reviewer and the handling editor. This innovative study reconstructs the precursory phenomena of the 1538 Campi Flegrei eruption using historical records and recent volcanological data to develop two alternative scenarios that inform civil protection strategies for managing current unrest and potential eruptions in the densely populated area.

This paper presents a new Pluvial Flood Index (PFI) for assessing and communicating the hazard from pluvial flash floods caused by intense, localised rainfall. As climate change intensifies heavy rainfall and urbanisation increases surface sealing, pluvial flooding is becoming an increasingly important source of damage and disruption. The PFI combines key hydrological and hydraulic factors into a clear, practical and interpretable measure of pluvial flood hazard. It identifies both the extent and location of potential pluvial flood hazard areas, while remaining accessible for communication with non-specialist audiences. The paper shows how the PFI can support operational flash flood forecasting and warning systems across large regions, as well as broader assessments of pluvial flood susceptibility. It can also help authorities prioritise preparedness and mitigation measures where pluvial flood risk is greatest.

This paper provides policy-relevant insights into how climate extremes threaten transport infrastructure across Europe. Using a structured multi-hazard framework, it offers a Europe-wide assessment of the exposure of roads, railways, and inland waterways under different warming scenarios, showing that exposure to heatwaves, floods, and wildfires could increase substantially by mid-century. These findings are directly relevant to EU climate adaptation and transport policy, particularly for strategic investment in the TEN-T network. By translating complex climate data into actionable insights for infrastructure planning, the paper has strong potential to inform policymakers and engage the wider public.

This paper systematically reviews 250 studies (2010–2023) on the use of social media data (SMD) in disaster management, highlighting its applications in relevance filtering, actionable information extraction, and decision-making enhancement. It develops a comprehensive literature database and identifies key trends, advantages, and challenges, proposing best practices for leveraging SMD to improve disaster response, communication, and management strategies.

The study draws on a unique dataset collected from a survey of nearly 500 water managers engaged in addressing the 2022 European Drought. It offers valuable insights into how preparedness influences outcomes during large-scale drought events and highlights pathways to strengthen European Drought Risk Management. The manuscript is accompanied by a companion paper, "The 2022 Drought Needs to Be a Turning Point for European Drought Risk Management" (egusphere-2024-2069), which focuses on the drought’s impacts and response. Together, the two studies underscore the urgent need for coordinated action and conclude with policy recommendations for establishing a European Union Drought Directive

This study presents the first end-to-end Earthquake Early Warning system designed specifically for Italy’s high-speed railway. It details the full implementation process, demonstrating the technical and operational complexities of integrating real-time seismic alerts with rigid railway control interfaces capable of triggering automatic emergency braking. The successful pilot application has led the Italian railway company (Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, RFI) to prepare for expansion of this system to additional high-speed rail segments across the national network.

This study provides new insights into hailstorm diagnosis from future European climate simulations.