The paper presents an explicit stabilized two-phase material point method (MPM) based on the one-point two-phase MPM scheme. The novelty of the work lies in the employment of stabilized techniques, including the strain smoothing method and the multi-field variational principle. With its effective and easy-to-implement stabilized techniques, the proposed model offers an effective and reliable approach for simulating both static and dynamic processes in solid–fluid porous media.

In this study, a new permafrost stability mapping is obtained by integrating time-series InSAR and machine learning method, this method provides another alternative for measuring permafrost degradation when the ground temperature is limited to the site-specific measurements. Also, the influences of topography and vegetation coverage on the ground deformations are studied to illustrate that the permafrost stability is high related to the environmental factors.