Articles | Volume 25, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1071-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1071-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Mar 2025
Research article |
| 11 Mar 2025
| 11 Mar 2025
Dynamics and impacts of monsoon-induced geological hazards: a 2022 flood study along the Swat River in Pakistan
Nazir Ahmed Bazai
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, CAS-HEC, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
Mehtab Alam
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Department of Civil Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640,Swabi District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Peng Cui
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation/Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, CAS-HEC, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
Wang Hao
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Adil Poshad Khan
Department of Civil Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640,Swabi District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Muhammad Waseem
Department of Civil Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640,Swabi District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Yao Shunyu
China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
Muhammad Ramzan
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Li Wanhong
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, CAS-HEC, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
Tashfain Ahmed
Deep Tech Lab, Computer Science and Engineering Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA
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Cited
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Analysis of flood and channel dynamics adversity in the Upper Beas basin during 9–11 July 2023, Himachal Pradesh V. Pandey et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2025.09.001
- Integrated Data-Driven Multi-Criteria Analysis and Machine Learning Approaches for Assessment of Flood Susceptibility Mapping M. Rashid et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18070844
- Forest-based NBS in disaster-prone landscapes: evidence from the 2022 Swat floods, Pakistan N. Imran et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2026.100373
- Enhancing landslide susceptibility mapping in the Himalayas: geospatial and machine learning with explainable AI (XAI) M. Utthasini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2025.08.003
- UAV-Based Flood Mapping and Damage Assessment in Harnai Khawar, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan I. Hameed et al. https://doi.org/10.33411/IJIST/1609
- Impact of land cover land use changes on the ecosystem services in northern Pakistan N. Ahmad et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ae7187
- Layout Optimization of Urban Emergency Shelter Sites Under Compound Disaster Scenarios Based on MOGWO Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18172945
- Flood risk assessment in the Swat river catchment through GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis N. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1567796
- Optimizing landslide susceptibility mapping under climatic variability: A hybrid approach M. Ramzan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2025.07.012
- Climate-driven flood hazard assessment in data-scarce mountainous basins using a GIS-based machine learning and hydrodynamic modelling under CMIP6 SSP scenarios S. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31390-7
- Correlation of tree stem diameter with root architecture, mechanical properties, and slope stability in a mountainous Cryptomeria plantation M. Alam et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-025-9966-8
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Analysis of flood and channel dynamics adversity in the Upper Beas basin during 9–11 July 2023, Himachal Pradesh V. Pandey et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2025.09.001
- Integrated Data-Driven Multi-Criteria Analysis and Machine Learning Approaches for Assessment of Flood Susceptibility Mapping M. Rashid et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18070844
- Forest-based NBS in disaster-prone landscapes: evidence from the 2022 Swat floods, Pakistan N. Imran et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2026.100373
- Enhancing landslide susceptibility mapping in the Himalayas: geospatial and machine learning with explainable AI (XAI) M. Utthasini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2025.08.003
- UAV-Based Flood Mapping and Damage Assessment in Harnai Khawar, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan I. Hameed et al. https://doi.org/10.33411/IJIST/1609
- Impact of land cover land use changes on the ecosystem services in northern Pakistan N. Ahmad et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ae7187
- Layout Optimization of Urban Emergency Shelter Sites Under Compound Disaster Scenarios Based on MOGWO Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18172945
- Flood risk assessment in the Swat river catchment through GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis N. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1567796
- Optimizing landslide susceptibility mapping under climatic variability: A hybrid approach M. Ramzan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2025.07.012
- Climate-driven flood hazard assessment in data-scarce mountainous basins using a GIS-based machine learning and hydrodynamic modelling under CMIP6 SSP scenarios S. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31390-7
- Correlation of tree stem diameter with root architecture, mechanical properties, and slope stability in a mountainous Cryptomeria plantation M. Alam et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-025-9966-8
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 12 Sep 2026
Short summary
The 2022 monsoon in Pakistan's Swat River basin brought record rainfall, exceeding averages by 7–8%, triggering catastrophic debris flows and floods. Key factors include extreme rainfall, deforestation, and steep slopes. Fieldwork, remote sensing, and simulations highlight land degradation's role in intensifying floods. Recommendations include reforestation, early warning systems, and land use reforms to protect communities and reduce future risks
The 2022 monsoon in Pakistan's Swat River basin brought record rainfall, exceeding averages by...
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