Articles | Volume 24, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1203-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1203-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 Apr 2024
Research article |
| 05 Apr 2024
| 05 Apr 2024
SEATANI: hazards from seamounts in Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands (eastern India)
Andrea Verolino
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Su Fen Wee
Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Susanna F. Jenkins
Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Fidel Costa
Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cite, CNRS, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
Adam D. Switzer
Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Related authors
Susanna F. Jenkins, Sébastien Biass, George T. Williams, Josh L. Hayes, Eleanor Tennant, Qingyuan Yang, Vanesa Burgos, Elinor S. Meredith, Geoffrey A. Lerner, Magfira Syarifuddin, and Andrea Verolino
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1233–1265, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1233-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1233-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
There is a need for large-scale comparable assessments of volcanic threat, but previous approaches assume circular hazard to exposed population. Our approach quantifies and ranks five exposure types to four volcanic hazards for 40 volcanoes in Southeast Asia. Java has the highest median exposure, with Merapi consistently ranking as the highest-threat volcano. This study and the tools developed provide a road map with the possibility to extend them to other regions and/or towards impact and loss.
Elinor S. Meredith, Rui Xue Natalie Teng, Susanna F. Jenkins, Josh L. Hayes, Sébastien Biass, and Heather Handley
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2731–2749, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2731-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2731-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Cities near volcanoes expose populations to hazards. We ranked 1106 cities by population exposed to volcanoes within < 100 km, nearest distance, and number of nearby volcanoes. Bandung ranks highest, with ~8 M exposed within < 30 km of 12 volcanoes. Jakarta leads populations exposed within <100 km (~38 M). Central America has the highest proportion of city exposure, with San Salvador near 23 volcanoes. We provide a global city exposure perspective, identifying areas for localized mitigation.
Rónadh Cox, Mary C. Bourke, Max Engel, Andrew B. Kennedy, Annie Lau, Serge Suanez, Sarah J. Boulton, Maria Alexandra Oliveira, Raphaël Paris, Dimitra Salmanidou, Michaela Spiske, Wayne Stephenson, Storm Roberts, Adam D. Switzer, Nadia Mhammdi, Niamh D. Cullen, and Masashi Watanabe
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1913, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1913, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal boulder deposits record extreme wave events, both storm and tsunami. Fully understanding hazards as recorded in these deposits requires high-quality data for comparison among sites and over time. We analysed methodologies and constructed a comprehensive set of field measurements to improve data consistency and reproducibility. We aim to help geomorphologists produce of data that can be widely shared and used to build extensive analytic understanding of coastal boulder deposits.
Eleanor Tennant, Susanna F. Jenkins, Victoria Miller, Richard Robertson, Bihan Wen, Sang-Ho Yun, and Benoit Taisne
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4585–4608, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4585-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4585-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
After a volcanic eruption, assessing building damage quickly is important for responding to and recovering from the disaster. Traditional damage assessment methods such as ground surveys can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, hindering rapid response and recovery efforts. To overcome this, we have developed an automated approach for tephra fall building damage assessment. Our approach uses drone-acquired optical images and deep learning to rapidly generate building damage data.
Zhi Yang Koh, Benjamin S. Grandey, Dhrubajyoti Samanta, Adam D. Switzer, Benjamin P. Horton, Justin Dauwels, and Lock Yue Chew
Ocean Sci., 20, 1495–1511, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying tide–surge interaction (TSI) is a complex task. We enhance existing statistical methods with a more-robust test that accounts for complex tides. We also develop a semi-empirical model to investigate the influence of one mechanism of TSI, tidal-phase alteration. We apply these techniques to tide-gauge records from Singapore and the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. We find TSI at all studied locations: tidal-phase alteration can change the timing of large surges.
Jun Yu Puah, Ivan D. Haigh, David Lallemant, Kyle Morgan, Dongju Peng, Masashi Watanabe, and Adam D. Switzer
Ocean Sci., 20, 1229–1246, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1229-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1229-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal currents have wide implications for port activities, transport of sediments, and coral reef ecosystems; thus a deeper understanding of their characteristics is needed. We collected data on current velocities for a year using current meters at shallow waters in Singapore. The strength of the currents is primarily affected by tides and winds and generally increases during the monsoon seasons across various frequencies.
Sébastien Biass, Susanna F. Jenkins, William H. Aeberhard, Pierre Delmelle, and Thomas Wilson
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2829–2855, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2829-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2829-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a methodology that combines big Earth observation data and interpretable machine learning to revisit the impact of past volcanic eruptions recorded in archives of multispectral satellite imagery. Using Google Earth Engine and dedicated numerical modelling, we revisit and constrain processes controlling vegetation vulnerability to tephra fallout following the 2011 eruption of Cordón Caulle volcano, illustrating how this approach can inform the development of risk-reduction policies.
Raquel P. Felix, Judith A. Hubbard, Kyle E. Bradley, Karen H. Lythgoe, Linlin Li, and Adam D. Switzer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1665–1682, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1665-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1665-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Flores Thrust lies along the north coasts of Bali and Lombok. We model how an earthquake on this fault could trigger a tsunami that would impact the regional capital cities of Mataram and Denpasar. We show that for 3–5 m of slip on the fault (a Mw 7.5–7.9+ earthquake), the cities would experience a wave ca. 1.6–2.7 and ca. 0.6–1.4 m high, arriving in < 9 and ca. 23–27 min, respectively. They would also experience subsidence of 20–40 cm, resulting in long-term exposure to coastal hazards.
Susanna F. Jenkins, Sébastien Biass, George T. Williams, Josh L. Hayes, Eleanor Tennant, Qingyuan Yang, Vanesa Burgos, Elinor S. Meredith, Geoffrey A. Lerner, Magfira Syarifuddin, and Andrea Verolino
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1233–1265, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1233-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1233-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
There is a need for large-scale comparable assessments of volcanic threat, but previous approaches assume circular hazard to exposed population. Our approach quantifies and ranks five exposure types to four volcanic hazards for 40 volcanoes in Southeast Asia. Java has the highest median exposure, with Merapi consistently ranking as the highest-threat volcano. This study and the tools developed provide a road map with the possibility to extend them to other regions and/or towards impact and loss.
Kai Wan Yuen, Adam D. Switzer, Paul P. S. Teng, and Janice Ser Huay Lee
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-4, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-4, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Few databases provide standardized reporting of disaster-related agricultural damage and loss. We compiled cyclone-induced rice damage data from 1970–2018 in four countries in Asia (Bangladesh, Myanmar, Philippines and Vietnam). Of the 1,046 cyclone events recorded, 13 % or 138 events were associated with rice damage. Philippines and Vietnam accounted for 128 of these events. While higher cyclone intensity tend to cause most damage, lower intensity events were more frequent.
Dominik Jackisch, Bi Xuan Yeo, Adam D. Switzer, Shaoneng He, Danica Linda M. Cantarero, Fernando P. Siringan, and Nathalie F. Goodkin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 213–226, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-213-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-213-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Philippines is a nation very vulnerable to devastating typhoons. We investigate if stable isotopes of precipitation can be used to detect typhoon activities in the Philippines based on daily isotope measurements from Metropolitan Manila. We find that strong typhoons such as Rammasun, which occurred in July 2014, leave detectable isotopic signals in precipitation. Besides other factors, the distance of the typhoon to the sampling site plays a key role in influencing the signal.
Constance Ting Chua, Adam D. Switzer, Anawat Suppasri, Linlin Li, Kwanchai Pakoksung, David Lallemant, Susanna F. Jenkins, Ingrid Charvet, Terence Chua, Amanda Cheong, and Nigel Winspear
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1887–1908, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1887-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1887-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Port industries are extremely vulnerable to coastal hazards such as tsunamis. Despite their pivotal role in local and global economies, there has been little attention paid to tsunami impacts on port industries. For the first time, tsunami damage data are being extensively collected for port structures and catalogued into a database. The study also provides fragility curves which describe the probability of damage exceedance for different port industries given different tsunami intensities.
Kai Wan Yuen, Tang Thi Hanh, Vu Duong Quynh, Adam D. Switzer, Paul Teng, and Janice Ser Huay Lee
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1473–1493, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used flow diagrams to represent the ways in which anthropogenic land use and natural hazards have affected rice production in the two
mega-deltas of Vietnam. Anthropogenic developments meant to improve productivity may create negative feedbacks on rice production and quality. Natural hazards further amplify problems created by human activities. A systems-thinking approach can yield nuanced perspectives for tackling environmental challenges.
Santiago Arellano, Bo Galle, Fredy Apaza, Geoffroy Avard, Charlotte Barrington, Nicole Bobrowski, Claudia Bucarey, Viviana Burbano, Mike Burton, Zoraida Chacón, Gustavo Chigna, Christian Joseph Clarito, Vladimir Conde, Fidel Costa, Maarten De Moor, Hugo Delgado-Granados, Andrea Di Muro, Deborah Fernandez, Gustavo Garzón, Hendra Gunawan, Nia Haerani, Thor H. Hansteen, Silvana Hidalgo, Salvatore Inguaggiato, Mattias Johansson, Christoph Kern, Manne Kihlman, Philippe Kowalski, Pablo Masias, Francisco Montalvo, Joakim Möller, Ulrich Platt, Claudia Rivera, Armando Saballos, Giuseppe Salerno, Benoit Taisne, Freddy Vásconez, Gabriela Velásquez, Fabio Vita, and Mathieu Yalire
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1167–1188, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1167-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a dataset of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from 2005–2017. Measurements were obtained by Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC) scanning differential optical absorption spectrometer (ScanDOAS) instruments at 32 volcanoes and processed using a standardized procedure. We show statistics of volcanic gas emissions under a variety of conditions and compare them with averages derived from measurements from space and historical inventories.
Cited articles
Austin-Erickson, A., Büttner, R., Dellino, P., Ort, M. H., and Zimanowski, B.: Phreatomagmatic explosions of rhyolitic magma: Experimental and field evidence, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B11201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005731, 2008.
Berthod, C., Médard, E., Bachèlery, P., Gurioli, L., Di Muro, A., Peltier, A., Komorowski, J.-C., Benbakkar, M., Devidal, J.-L., Langlade, J., Besson, P., Boudon, G., Rose-Koga, E., Deplus, C., Le Friant, A., Bickert, M., Nowak, S., Thinon, I., Burckel, P., Hidalgo, S., Kaliwoda, M., Jorry, S. J., Fouquet, Y., and Feuillet, N.: The 2018-ongoing Mayotte submarine eruption: Magma migration imaged by petrological monitoring, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 571, 117085, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117085, 2021.
Brown, S. K., Sparks, R. S. J., and Jenkins, S. F.: Global distribution of volcanic threat, in: Global Volcanic Hazards and Risk, edited by: Loughlin, S. C., Sparks, S., Brown, S. K., Jenkins, S. F., and Vye-Brown, C., Cambridge University Press, 359–370, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316276273.025, 2015.
Brune, S., Babeyko, A. Y., Gaedicke, C., and Ladage, S.: Hazard assessment of underwater landslide-generated tsunamis: a case study in the Padang region, Indonesia, Nat. Hazards, 53, 205–218, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9424-x, 2010.
Büttner, R. and Zimanowski, B.: Physics of thermohydraulic explosions, Phys. Rev. E, 57, 5726–5729, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.57.5726, 1998.
Cañón-Tapia, E.: Seamount chains and hotspot tracks: Superficially similar, deeply different, Geosci. Front., 14, 101659, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101659, 2023.
Caress, D. W., Clague, D. A., Paduan, J. B., Martin, J. F., Dreyer, B. M., Chadwick, W. W., Denny, A., and Kelley, D. S.: Repeat bathymetric surveys at 1-metre resolution of lava flows erupted at Axial Seamount in April 2011, Nat. Geosci., 5, 483–488, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1496, 2012.
Carey, R. J., Wysoczanski, R., Wunderman, R., and Jutzeler, M.: Discovery of the Largest Historic Silicic Submarine Eruption, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 95, 157–159, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EO190001, 2014.
Carter, G. D. O., Cooper, R., Gafeira, J., Howe, J. A., and Long, D.: Morphology of small-scale submarine mass movement events across the northwest United Kingdom, Geomorphology, 365, 107282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107282, 2020.
Cas, R. A. F.: Submarine volcanism; eruption styles, products, and relevance to understanding the host-rock successions to volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits, Econ. Geol., 87, 511–541, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.3.511, 1992.
Chadwick, W. W., Cashman, K. V., Embley, R. W., Matsumoto, H., Dziak, R. P., de Ronde, C. E. J., Lau, T. K., Deardorff, N. D., and Merle, S. G.: Direct video and hydrophone observations of submarine explosive eruptions at NW Rota-1 volcano, Mariana arc: SUBMARINE EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS AT NW ROTA-1, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B08S10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005215, 2008.
Chandrasekharam, D., Santo, A. P., Capaccioni, B., Vaselli, O., Alam, M. A., Manetti, P., and Tassi, F.: Volcanological and petrological evolution of Barren Island (Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean), J. Asian Earth Sci., 35, 469–487, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.02.010, 2009.
Clague, D. A., Holcomb, R. T., Sinton, J. M., Detrick, R. S., and Torresan, M. E.: Pliocene and Pleistocene alkalic flood basalts on the seafloor north of the Hawaiian islands, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 98, 175–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(90)90058-6, 1990.
Clague, D. A., Paduan, J. B., Caress, D. W., Thomas, H., Chadwick Jr., W. W., and Merle, S. G.: Volcanic morphology of West Mata Volcano, NE Lau Basin, based on high-resolution bathymetry and depth changes, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 12, QOAF03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003791, 2011.
Clague, D. A., Dreyer, B. M., Paduan, J. B., Martin, J. F., Chadwick, W. W., Caress, D. W., Portner, R. A., Guilderson, T. P., McGann, M. L., Thomas, H., Butterfield, D. A., and Embley, R. W.: Geologic history of the summit of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 14, 4403–4443, https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20240, 2013.
Dai Dien, L.: Overview on tsunami risk evaluation and NPP project in Vietnam. 1st Kawashiwazaki International Symposium on Seismic Safety of Nuclear Installations, 24–26 November 2010, NIIT, Niigata, Japan, http://www.nsr.go.jp/archive/jnes/seismic-symposium10/presentationdata/3_sessionB/B-09.pdf (last access: 26 January 2022), 2010.
Deardorff, N. D., Cashman, K. V., and Chadwick, W. W.: Observations of eruptive plume dynamics and pyroclastic deposits from submarine explosive eruptions at NW Rota-1, Mariana arc, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 202, 47–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.01.003, 2011.
Diekmann, B., Hofmann, J., Henrich, R., Fütterer, D. K., Röhl, U., and Wei, K.-Y.: Detrital sediment supply in the southern Okinawa Trough and its relation to sea-level and Kuroshio dynamics during the late Quaternary, Mar. Geol., 255, 83–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.08.001, 2008.
Dürig, T., White, J. D. L., Murch, A. P., Zimanowski, B., Büttner, R., Mele, D., Dellino, P., Carey, R. J., Schmidt, L. S., and Spitznagel, N.: Deep-sea eruptions boosted by induced fuel–coolant explosions, Nat. Geosci., 13, 498–503, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0603-4, 2020.
Dziak, R. P., Bohnenstiehl, D. R., Baker, E. T., Matsumoto, H., Caplan-Auerbach, J., Embley, R. W., Merle, S. G., Walker, S. L., Lau, T.-K., and Chadwick Jr., W. W.: Long-term explosive degassing and debris flow activity at West Mata submarine volcano, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1480–1487, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062603, 2015.
Embley, R. W., Chadwick, W. W., Baker, E. T., Butterfield, D. A., Resing, J. A., de Ronde, C. E. J., Tunnicliffe, V., Lupton, J. E., Juniper, S. K., Rubin, K. H., Stern, R. J., Lebon, G. T., Nakamura, K., Merle, S. G., Hein, J. R., Wiens, D. A., and Tamura, Y.: Long-term eruptive activity at a submarine arc volcano, Nature, 441, 494–497, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04762, 2006.
Fan, C., Xia, S., Zhao, F., Sun, J., Cao, J., Xu, H., and Wan, K.: New insights into the magmatism in the northern margin of the South China Sea: Spatial features and volume of intraplate seamounts: INTRAPLATE SEAMOUNTS IN THE SCS, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 18, 2216–2239, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006792, 2017.
Felix, R. P., Hubbard, J. A., Bradley, K. E., Lythgoe, K. H., Li, L., and Switzer, A. D.: Tsunami hazard in Lombok and Bali, Indonesia, due to the Flores back-arc thrust, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1665–1682, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1665-2022, 2022.
Feuillet, N., Jorry, S., Crawford, W. C., Deplus, C., Thinon, I., Jacques, E., Saurel, J. M., Lemoine, A., Paquet, F., Satriano, C., Aiken, C., Foix, O., Kowalski, P., Laurent, A., Rinnert, E., Cathalot, C., Donval, J.-P., Guyader, V., Gaillot, A., Scalabrin, C., Moreira, M., Peltier, A., Beauducel, F., Grandin, R., Ballu, V., Daniel, R., Pelleau, P., Gomez, J., Besançon, S., Geli, L., Bernard, P., Bachelery, P., Fouquet, Y., Bertil, D., Lemarchand, A., and Van der Woerd, J.: Birth of a large volcanic edifice offshore Mayotte via lithosphere-scale dyke intrusion, Nat. Geosci., 14, 787–795, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00809-x, 2021.
Franke, D.: Rifting, lithosphere breakup and volcanism: Comparison of magma-poor and volcanic rifted margins, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 43, 63–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.11.003, 2013.
Gao, J., Bangs, N., Wu, S., Cai, G., Han, S., Ma, B., Wang, J., Xie, Y., Huang, W., Dong, D., and Wang, D.: Post-seafloor spreading magmatism and associated magmatic hydrothermal systems in the Xisha uplift region, northwestern South China Sea, Basin Res., 31, 688–708, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12338, 2019.
GEBCO: Gebco gridded global bathymetry data, British Oceanographic Data Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 2009, GEBCO [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/c6612cbe-50b3-0cff-e053-6c86abc09f8f, 2021.
Gevorgian, J., Sandwell, D. T., Yu, Y., Kim, S., and Wessel, P.: Global Distribution and Morphology of Small Seamounts, Earth Space Sci., 10, e2022EA002331, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002331, 2023.
Global Volcanism Program: Global Volcanism Program, 2013 (19 June 2021), edited by: Venzke, E., Smithsonian Institution, https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=275813 (last access: 19 June 2021), 2013.
Gusman, A. R., Roger, J., Noble, C., Wang, X., Power, W., and Burbidge, D.: The 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano Air-Wave Generated Tsunami, Pure Appl. Geophys., 179, 3511–3525, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-022-03154-1, 2022.
Hall, R. and Morley, C. K.: Sundaland basins, in: Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 149, edited by: Clift, P., Kuhnt, W., Wang, P., and Hayes, D., American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 55–85, https://doi.org/10.1029/149GM04, 2004.
Hammond, S. R.: Relationships between lava types, seafloor morphology, and the occurrence of hydrothermal venting in the ASHES Vent Field of Axial Volcano, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 95, 12875–12893, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB08p12875, 1990.
Hamzah, L., Puspito, N. T., and Imamura, F.: Tsunami Catalog and Zones in Indonesia, Journal of Natural Disaster Science, 22, 25–43, https://doi.org/10.2328/jnds.22.25, 2000.
Hanebuth, T. J. J., Voris, H. K., Yokoyama, Y., Saito, Y., and Okuno, J.: Formation and fate of sedimentary depocentres on Southeast Asia's Sunda Shelf over the past sea-level cycle and biogeographic implications, Earth-Sci. Rev., 104, 92–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.09.006, 2011.
Harders, R., Ranero, C. R., and Weinrebe, W.: Characterization of Submarine Landslide Complexes Offshore Costa Rica: An Evolutionary Model Related to Seamount Subduction, in: Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research 37, edited by: Krastel, S., Behrmann, J. H., Völker, D., Stipp, M., Berndt, C., Urgeles, R., Chaytor, J., Huhn, K., Strasser, M., and Harbitz C. B., Springer International Publishing Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00972-8_34, 2014.
Head, J. W. and Wilson, L.: Deep submarine pyroclastic eruptions: theory and predicted landforms and deposits, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 121, 155–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00425-0, 2003.
Hidayat, A., Marfai, M. A., and Hadmoko, D. S.: Eruption on Indonesia's volcanic islands: a review of potential hazards, fatalities, and management, IOP Conf. Ser.:-Earth Environ. Sci., 485, 012061, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/485/1/012061, 2020.
Honthaas, C., Réhault, J.-P., Maury, R. C., Bellon, H., Hémond, C., Malod, J.-A., Cornée, J.-J., Villeneuve, M., Cotten, J., Burhanuddin, S., Guillou, H., and Arnaud, N.: A Neogene back-arc origin for the Banda Sea basins: geochemical and geochronological constraints from the Banda ridges (East Indonesia), Tectonophysics, 298, 297–317, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00190-5, 1998.
Idárraga-García, J. and León, H.: Unraveling the Underwater Morphological Features of Roncador Bank, Archipelago of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina (Colombian Caribbean), Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 77, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00077, 2019.
Jenkins, S. F., Biass, S., Williams, G. T., Hayes, J. L., Tennant, E., Yang, Q., Burgos, V., Meredith, E. S., Lerner, G. A., Syarifuddin, M., and Verolino, A.: Evaluating and ranking Southeast Asia's exposure to explosive volcanic hazards, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1233–1265, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1233-2022, 2022.
Jutzeler, M., Marsh, R., Carey, R. J., White, J. D. L., Talling, P. J., and Karlstrom, L.: On the fate of pumice rafts formed during the 2012 Havre submarine eruption, Nat. Commun., 5, 3660, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4660, 2014.
Kim, S.-S. and Wessel, P.: New global seamount census from altimetry-derived gravity data: New global seamount census, Geophys. J. Int., 186, 615–631, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05076.x, 2011.
Li, L., Clift, P. D., and Nguyen, H. T.: The sedimentary, magmatic and tectonic evolution of the southwestern South China Sea revealed by seismic stratigraphic analysis, Mar. Geophys. Res., 34, 341–365, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-013-9171-y, 2013.
Maeno, F., Kaneko, T., Ichihara, M., Suzuki, Y. J., Yasuda, A., Nishida, K., and Ohminato, T.: Seawater-magma interactions sustained the high column during the 2021 phreatomagmatic eruption of Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 260, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00594-4, 2022.
Moore, J. G., Clague, D. A., Holcomb, R. T., Lipman, P. W., Normark, W. R., and Torresan, M. E.: Prodigious submarine landslides on the Hawaiian Ridge, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 94, 17465–17484, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB12p17465, 1989.
Murch, A. P., White, J. D. L., and Carey, R. J.: Characteristics and Deposit Stratigraphy of Submarine-Erupted Silicic Ash, Havre Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand, Front. Earth Sci., 7, 1, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00001, 2019a.
Murch, A. P., White, J. D. L., and Carey, R. J.: Unusual fluidal behavior of a silicic magma during fragmentation in a deep subaqueous eruption, Havre volcano, southwestern Pacific Ocean, Geology, 47, 487–490, https://doi.org/10.1130/G45657.1, 2019b.
Murch, A. P., Portner, R. A., Rubin, K. H., and Clague, D. A.: Deep-subaqueous implosive volcanism at West Mata seamount, Tonga, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 578, 117328, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117328, 2022.
Mutaqin, B. W., Lavigne, F., Hadmoko, D. S., and Ngalawani, M. N.: Volcanic Eruption-Induced Tsunami in Indonesia: A Review, IOP Conf. Ser.-Earth Environ. Sci., 256, 012023, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/256/1/012023, 2019.
NCEI/WDS: National Geophysical Data Center/World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/V5PN93H7, 2022.
Newland, E. L., Mingotti, N., and Woods, A. W.: Dynamics of deep-submarine volcanic eruptions, Sci. Rep., 12, 3276, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07351-9, 2022.
NOAA: National Centers for Environmental Information: Multibeam Bathymetry Database (MBBDB), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/V56T0JNC, 2004.
NOAA: National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), DEM Global Mosaic [data set], https://gis.ngdc.noaa.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DEM_mosaics/DEM_global_mosaic/ImageServer (last access: June 2022), 2015.
Ohno, Y., Iguchi, A., Ijima, M., Yasumoto, K., and Suzuki, A.: Coastal ecological impacts from pumice rafts, Sci. Rep., 12, 11187, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14614-y, 2022.
Okal, E. A. and Synolakis, C. E.: Field survey and numerical simulations: a theoretical comparison of tsunamis from dislocations and landslides, Pure Appl. Geophys., 160, 2177–2188, 2003.
Omira, R., Ramalho, I., Terrinha, P., Baptista, M. A., Batista, L., and Zitellini, N.: Deep-water seamounts, a potential source of tsunami generated by landslides? The Hirondelle Seamount, NE Atlantic, Mar. Geol., 379, 267–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2016.06.010, 2016.
Paris, A., Heinrich, P., Paris, R., and Abadie, S.: The December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau, Indonesia, Landslide and Tsunami: Preliminary Modeling Results, Pure Appl. Geophys., 177, 571–590, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02394-y, 2020.
Paris, R., Switzer, A. D., Belousova, M., Belousov, A., Ontowirjo, B., Whelley, P. L., and Ulvrova, M.: Volcanic tsunami: a review of source mechanisms, past events and hazards in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea), Nat. Hazards, 70, 447–470, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0822-8, 2014.
Reyes-Hardy, M.-P., Aguilera Barraza, F., Sepúlveda Birke, J. P., Esquivel Cáceres, A., and Inostroza Pizarro, M.: GIS-based volcanic hazards, vulnerability and risks assessment of the Guallatiri Volcano, Arica y Parinacota Region, Chile, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 109, 103262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103262, 2021.
Ribo, M., Cronin, S., Stern, S., Park, S.-H., Garvin, J., and Kula, T.: Morphological evolution of the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai submarine volcano after the explosive eruption, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-17221, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-17221, 2023.
Schipper, C. I., White, J. D. L., Houghton, B. F., Shimizu, N., and Stewart, R. B.: “Poseidic” explosive eruptions at Loihi Seamount, Hawaii, Geology, 38, 291–294, https://doi.org/10.1130/G30351.1, 2010.
Schmidt, R. A. L. F., Schmincke, H. U., and Sigurdsson, H.: Seamounts and island building, Encyclopedia of volcanoes, edited by: Sigurdsson, H., 383–402, ISBN 978-0-12-643140-7, 2000.
Schnur, S. R., Chadwick Jr., W. W., Embley, R. W., Ferrini, V. L., de Ronde, C. E. J., Cashman, K. V., Deardorff, N. D., Merle, S. G., Dziak, R. P., Haxel, J. H., and Matsumoto, H.: A decade of volcanic construction and destruction at the summit of NW Rota-1 seamount: 2004–2014, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 1558–1584, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013742, 2017.
Self, S.: Krakatau revisited: The course of events and interpretation of the 1883 eruption, GeoJournal, 28, 109–121, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00177223, 1992.
Sims, K., Reith, A., Bright, E., McKee, J., and Rose, A.: LandScan Global 2021, Oak Ridge National Laboratory [data set], https://doi.org/10.48690/1527702, 2022.
Small, C. and Naumann, T.: The global distribution of human population and recent volcanism, Environ. Hazards, 3, 93–109, https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2001.0309, 2001.
Sohn, R. A., Willis, C., Humphris, S., Shank, T. M., Singh, H., Edmonds, H. N., Kunz, C., Hedman, U., Helmke, E., Jakuba, M., Liljebladh, B., Linder, J., Murphy, C., Nakamura, K., Sato, T., Schlindwein, V., Stranne, C., Tausenfreund, M., Upchurch, L., Winsor, P., Jakobsson, M., and Soule, A.: Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean, Nature, 453, 1236–1238, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07075, 2008.
Speidel, U.: The Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai Eruption – A Postmortem: What happened to Tonga's Internet in January 2022, and what lessons are there to be learned?, in: Proceedings of the 17th Asian Internet Engineering Conference, AINTEC'22: The 17th Asian Internet Engineering Conference, Hiroshima Japan, 70–78, https://doi.org/10.1145/3570748.3570759, 2022.
Staudigel, H. and Clague, D.: The Geological History of Deep-Sea Volcanoes: Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Lithosphere Interactions, Oceanography, 23, 58–71, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.62, 2010.
Staudigel, H., Koppers, A. A. P., Lavelle, W., Pitcher, T. J., and Shank, T. M.: Defining the Word “Seamount”, Oceanography, 23, 20–21, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.85, 2010.
Taha, G., Loughman, R., Colarco, P. R., Zhu, T., Thomason, L. W., and Jaross, G.: Tracking the 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Aerosol Cloud in the Upper and Middle Stratosphere Using Space-Based Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL100091, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100091, 2022.
TeleGeography: Worldwide submarine cables, TeleGeography [data set], https://services.arcgis.com/6DIQcwlPy8knb6sg/arcgis/rest/services/SubmarineCables/FeatureServer (last access: 11 June 2021), 2017.
Verolino, A., White, J. D. L., and Brenna, M.: Eruption dynamics at Pahvant Butte volcano, Utah, western USA: insights from ash-sheet dispersal, grain size, and geochemical data, B. Volcanol., 80, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-018-1256-7, 2018.
Verolino, A., White, J. D. L., Dürig, T., and Cappuccio, F.: Black Point – Pyroclasts of a Surtseyan eruption show no change during edifice growth to the surface from 100 m water depth, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 384, 85–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.07.013, 2019.
Verolino, A., Jenkins, S. F., Sieh, K., Herrin, J. S., Schonwalder-Angel, D., Sihavong, V., and Oh, J. H.: Assessing volcanic hazard and exposure to lava flows at remote volcanic fields: a case study from the Bolaven Volcanic Field, Laos, J. Appl. Volcanol., 11, 6, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-022-00116-z, 2022a.
Verolino, A., White, J. D. L., Baxter, R. J. M., Schipper, C. I., and Thordarson, T.: Characteristics of Sub-Aerially Emplaced Pyroclasts in the Surtsey Eruption Deposits: Implications for Diverse Surtseyan Eruptive Styles, Geosciences, 12, 79, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020079, 2022b.
Verolino, A., Wee, S. F., Jenkins, S. F., Costa, F., and Switzer, A. D.: Replication data for: SEATANI: Hazards from seamounts in SouthEast Asia, Taiwan, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands (eastern India), Dataverse [data set], https://doi.org/10.21979/N9/UIJPLE, 2024.
Violante, C., Budillon, F., Esposito, E., Porfido, S., and Vittori, E.: Submerged hummocky topographies and relations with landslides on the northwestern flank of Ischia Island, Southern Italy, in: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Occurrence and mechanisms of flow-like landslides in natural slopes and earthfills, Sorrento, May, 14–16, 2003.
Vu, T. C.: Earthquake and Tsunami Scenarios in the South China Sea, http://www.ims.nus.edu.sg/Programs/ocean07/files/vu1.ppt (last access: 26 January 2022, no longer available online), 2008.
Wang, Q., Guo, J., Wang, Z., Tahchi, E., Wang, X., Moran, B., and Zukerman, M.: Cost-Effective Path Planning for Submarine Cable Network Extension, IEEE Access, 7, 61883–61895, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2915125, 2019.
Wei, X., Luan, X., Meng, F., Lu, Y., He, H., Qiao, J., Yin, J., Wang, Y., and Xue, Y.: Deformation feature and tectonic model of the Timor Trough: New interpretation of the evolution and mechanism of Banda arc-continent collision, Tectonophysics, 862, 229958, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229958, 2023.
Wessel, P.: Seamount Characteristics, in: Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, & Conservation, Fish and Aquatic Resources Series 12, edited by: Pitcher, T., Morato, T., Hart, P., Clark, M., Haggan, N., and Santo, R., Blackwell Publishing, 3–20, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470691953.ch1, 2007.
Whelley, P. L., Newhall, C. G., and Bradley, K. E.: The frequency of explosive volcanic eruptions in Southeast Asia, B. Volcanol., 77, 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-014-0893-8, 2015.
Wohletz, K. H.: Mechanisms of hydrovolcanic pyroclast formation: Grain-size, scanning electron microscopy, and experimental studies, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 33, 31–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(83)90061-6, 1983.
Wohletz, K. H.: Explosive magma-water interactions: Thermodynamics, explosion mechanisms, and field studies, B. Volcanol., 48, 245–264, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01081754, 1986.
World Bank: The January 15, 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami, Tonga Global Rapid Post Disaster Damage Estimation (Grade) Report, https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/b69af83e486aa652d4232276ad698c7b-0070062022/original/GRADE-Report-Tonga-Volcanic-Eruption.pdf (last access: 6 July 2022), 2022.
World Bank Group: Global Shipping Traffic Density, World Bank Group [data set], https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037580 (last access: 13 July 2021), 2020.
Xia, S., Zhao, F., Zhao, D., Fan, C., Wu, S., Mi, L., Sun, J., Cao, J., and Wan, K.: Crustal plumbing system of post-rift magmatism in the northern margin of South China Sea: New insights from integrated seismology, Tectonophysics, 744, 227–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.07.002, 2018.
Yang, F., Huang, X.-L., Xu, Y.-G., and He, P.-L.: Plume-ridge interaction in the South China Sea: Thermometric evidence from Hole U1431E of IODP Expedition 349, Lithos, 324–325, 466–478, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.11.031, 2019.
Yang, X., Singh, S. C., and Deighton, I.: The Margin-Oblique Kumawa Strike-Slip Fault in the Banda Forearc, East Indonesia: Structural Deformation, Tectonic Origin and Geohazard Implication, Tectonics, 40, e2020TC006567, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020TC006567, 2021.
Yesson, C., Clark, M. R., Taylor, M. L., and Rogers, A. D.: The global distribution of seamounts based on 30 arc seconds bathymetry data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 58, 442–453, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.02.004, 2011.
Zhao, F., Alves, T. M., Xia, S., Li, W., Wang, L., Mi, L., Wu, S., Cao, J., and Fan, C.: Along-strike segmentation of the South China Sea margin imposed by inherited pre-rift basement structures, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 530, 115862, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115862, 2020.
Zhao, F., Berndt, C., Alves, T. M., Xia, S., Li, L., Mi, L., and Fan, C.: Widespread hydrothermal vents and associated volcanism record prolonged Cenozoic magmatism in the South China Sea, GSA Bulletin, 133, 2645–2660, https://doi.org/10.1130/B35897.1, 2021.
Zorn, E. U., Orynbaikyzy, A., Plank, S., Babeyko, A., Darmawan, H., Robbany, I. F., and Walter, T. R.: Identification and ranking of subaerial volcanic tsunami hazard sources in Southeast Asia, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3083–3104, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3083-2022, 2022.
Short summary
Submarine volcanic eruptions represent the majority of eruptions taking place on Earth. Still, they are vastly understudied worldwide. Here we compile a new dataset and assess the morphology, depth, and height of submarine volcanoes in Southeast Asia and its surroundings to understand their hazard-exposure potential in the region. This study will serve as a stepping stone for future quantitative hazard assessments from submarine eruptions in Southeast Asia and neighbouring countries.
Submarine volcanic eruptions represent the majority of eruptions taking place on Earth. Still,...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint