Articles | Volume 23, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-733-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-733-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Feb 2023
Research article |
| 21 Feb 2023
| 21 Feb 2023
An interdisciplinary agent-based evacuation model: integrating the natural environment, built environment, and social system for community preparedness and resilience
Chen Chen
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
Charles Koll
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
Haizhong Wang
School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
Michael K. Lindell
Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Cited
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Efficacy of prompt evacuation and route selection for tsunamis considering building collapse: A case study of the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake T. Aikawa et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106116
- Assessing the impact of early warning and evacuation on human losses during the 2021 Ahr Valley flood in Germany using agent-based modelling A. Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1501-2025
- Evacuation time estimates for life safety in Tsunami hazards C. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105237
- Revealing the Community Structure of Urban Bus Networks: a Multi-view Graph Learning Approach S. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-024-09626-2
- Milling and evacuation departure time distributions in the 2011 Tohoku tsunami F. Makinoshima & F. Imamura https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104673
- Chinese organic rice transition spatial econometrics empirical analysis Z. Luo et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297784
- Resident-led agent-based modeling approach for capturing residents’ heterogeneity: toward feasible tsunami evacuation strategies K. Nakahara et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44367-026-00035-5
- The dynamics of bicycles for disaster recovery and relief Q. Qiu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31962-7
- Effectiveness of a Dam-Breach Flood Alert in Mitigating Life Losses: A Spatiotemporal Sectorisation Analysis in a High-Density Urban Area in Brazil A. Silva & J. Eleutério https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193433
- Exploring the science of evacuation behavior and decision-making during large scale community evacuations: A scientometrics analysis and scoping review C. Kannangara et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107065
- An agent-based model of post-disaster recovery in multilayer socio-physical networks J. Xue et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105863
- Reinforcement learning-based tsunami evacuation guidance system E. Mas et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.105023
- Urban structure reinforces attitudes towards tsunami evacuation F. Makinoshima et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33562-9
- Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Optimization for Urban Earthquake Emergency Evacuation with GIS-based Real-time Decision Support Z. Zhong & Z. Ren https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431125400020
- Tsunami evacuation behavior: a systematic review and proposal for a standardized research framework T. Takabatake & N. Hasegawa https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-026-08035-7
- How warnings diffuse among the public: factors that influence self-organized evacuation decisions X. Feng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-026-08161-2
- Overview of Software Agent Platforms Available in 2023 Z. Wrona et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14060348
- Integrating interdisciplinary thinking and education in graduate disaster research curricula: Insights from statistical, sentiment, and thematic analysis S. Jordan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105748
- Reinforcement learning-based optimization of tsunami evacuation paths: effectiveness and robustness in two coastal areas in Japan T. Takabatake et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2025.111594
- Analysis of Community Preparedness and Tsunami Evacuation Routes: A Case Study in Banda Aceh H. Sofyan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1510/1/012013
- When agents learn to think: Large language model-enhanced agent-based modeling for crowd evacuation in disaster scenarios S. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2025.112056
- Feasibility of horizontal evacuation after flooding onset and its relationship with geographical characteristics: Insights from past flood events in Japan T. Mizumura & H. Nakamura https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105506
- Psychological stress on human mobility and emergency evacuation in disaster response M. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2025.105022
- Mobile phone data for anticipating displacements: practices, opportunities, and challenges B. Aydoğdu et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2024.94
- Agent-Based Simulation and Mechanism Identification of Evacuation Efficiency in a Typical Built-Up Area Within a Desert Corridor County: A Case Study of Ruoqiang, Xinjiang L. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18136573
- Conceptualizing Forest Operations Planning and Management Using Principles of Functional Complex Systems Science to Increase the Forest’s Ability to Withstand Climate Change S. Tampekis et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13020217
- Confirming the safety improvement and evacuation time reduction effects by the method for evacuating inundated areas via the shortest possible route T. Mizumura et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104252
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Efficacy of prompt evacuation and route selection for tsunamis considering building collapse: A case study of the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake T. Aikawa et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106116
- Assessing the impact of early warning and evacuation on human losses during the 2021 Ahr Valley flood in Germany using agent-based modelling A. Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1501-2025
- Evacuation time estimates for life safety in Tsunami hazards C. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105237
- Revealing the Community Structure of Urban Bus Networks: a Multi-view Graph Learning Approach S. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-024-09626-2
- Milling and evacuation departure time distributions in the 2011 Tohoku tsunami F. Makinoshima & F. Imamura https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104673
- Chinese organic rice transition spatial econometrics empirical analysis Z. Luo et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297784
- Resident-led agent-based modeling approach for capturing residents’ heterogeneity: toward feasible tsunami evacuation strategies K. Nakahara et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44367-026-00035-5
- The dynamics of bicycles for disaster recovery and relief Q. Qiu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31962-7
- Effectiveness of a Dam-Breach Flood Alert in Mitigating Life Losses: A Spatiotemporal Sectorisation Analysis in a High-Density Urban Area in Brazil A. Silva & J. Eleutério https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193433
- Exploring the science of evacuation behavior and decision-making during large scale community evacuations: A scientometrics analysis and scoping review C. Kannangara et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107065
- An agent-based model of post-disaster recovery in multilayer socio-physical networks J. Xue et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105863
- Reinforcement learning-based tsunami evacuation guidance system E. Mas et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.105023
- Urban structure reinforces attitudes towards tsunami evacuation F. Makinoshima et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33562-9
- Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Optimization for Urban Earthquake Emergency Evacuation with GIS-based Real-time Decision Support Z. Zhong & Z. Ren https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431125400020
- Tsunami evacuation behavior: a systematic review and proposal for a standardized research framework T. Takabatake & N. Hasegawa https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-026-08035-7
- How warnings diffuse among the public: factors that influence self-organized evacuation decisions X. Feng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-026-08161-2
- Overview of Software Agent Platforms Available in 2023 Z. Wrona et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14060348
- Integrating interdisciplinary thinking and education in graduate disaster research curricula: Insights from statistical, sentiment, and thematic analysis S. Jordan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105748
- Reinforcement learning-based optimization of tsunami evacuation paths: effectiveness and robustness in two coastal areas in Japan T. Takabatake et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2025.111594
- Analysis of Community Preparedness and Tsunami Evacuation Routes: A Case Study in Banda Aceh H. Sofyan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1510/1/012013
- When agents learn to think: Large language model-enhanced agent-based modeling for crowd evacuation in disaster scenarios S. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2025.112056
- Feasibility of horizontal evacuation after flooding onset and its relationship with geographical characteristics: Insights from past flood events in Japan T. Mizumura & H. Nakamura https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105506
- Psychological stress on human mobility and emergency evacuation in disaster response M. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2025.105022
- Mobile phone data for anticipating displacements: practices, opportunities, and challenges B. Aydoğdu et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2024.94
- Agent-Based Simulation and Mechanism Identification of Evacuation Efficiency in a Typical Built-Up Area Within a Desert Corridor County: A Case Study of Ruoqiang, Xinjiang L. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18136573
- Conceptualizing Forest Operations Planning and Management Using Principles of Functional Complex Systems Science to Increase the Forest’s Ability to Withstand Climate Change S. Tampekis et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13020217
- Confirming the safety improvement and evacuation time reduction effects by the method for evacuating inundated areas via the shortest possible route T. Mizumura et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104252
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 18 Aug 2026
Short summary
This paper uses empirical-data-based simulation to analyze how to evacuate efficiently from disasters. We find that departure delay time and evacuation decision have significant impacts on evacuation results. Evacuation results are more sensitive to walking speed, departure delay time, evacuation participation, and destinations than to other variables. This model can help authorities to prioritize resources for hazard education, community disaster preparedness, and resilience plans.
This paper uses empirical-data-based simulation to analyze how to evacuate efficiently from...
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