Articles | Volume 18, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-3311-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-3311-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Dec 2018
Research article |
| 14 Dec 2018
| 14 Dec 2018
The role of atmospheric rivers in compound events consisting of heavy precipitation and high storm surges along the Dutch coast
Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, Postbus 201, 3730 AE De Bilt, the Netherlands
Hylke de Vries
Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, Postbus 201, 3730 AE De Bilt, the Netherlands
Sybren Drijfhout
Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, Postbus 201, 3730 AE De Bilt, the Netherlands
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47 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- High‐Tide Floods and Storm Surges During Atmospheric Rivers on the US West Coast C. Piecuch et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096820
- A typology of compound weather and climate events J. Zscheischler et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0060-z
- Compound Events under Global Warming: A Dependence Perspective Z. Hao & V. Singh https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001991
- Review article: The growth in compound weather and climate event research in the decade since SREX L. Brett et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2591-2025
- Brief communication: The role of using precipitation or river discharge data when assessing global coastal compound flooding E. Bevacqua et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1765-2020
- Influence of atmospheric rivers on extreme rainfall and high streamflow events in northwestern Europe: Rur (Roer) River basin N. van der Breggen & P. Hudson https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101644
- Atmospheric rivers and associated extreme rainfall over Morocco A. Khouakhi et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7676
- Extreme precipitation events L. Gimeno et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1611
- Estimating concurrent climate extremes: A conditional approach W. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100332
- Statistical modelling and climate variability of compound surge and precipitation events in a managed water system: a case study in the Netherlands V. Santos et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3595-2021
- Identification of compound drought and heatwave events on a daily scale and across four seasons B. Shan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2065-2024
- Global atmospheric moisture transport associated with precipitation extremes: Mechanisms and climate change impacts B. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1412
- Atmospheric rivers catalyze snowmelt and contribute to chains of landslides H. Aslan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2025.109503
- The effect of surge on riverine flood hazard and impact in deltas globally D. Eilander et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8ca6
- Global hotspots for the occurrence of compound events N. Ridder et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19639-3
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- More meteorological events that drive compound coastal flooding are projected under climate change E. Bevacqua et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00044-z
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- Storm Surge and Extreme River Discharge: A Compound Event Analysis Using Ensemble Impact Modeling S. Khanal et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00224
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- Moisture budget analysis of extreme precipitation associated with different types of atmospheric rivers over western North America Y. Tan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05933-3
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- Long-term trends in atmospheric rivers over East Asia J. Liang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06339-5
- Increased occurrence of high impact compound events under climate change N. Ridder et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00224-4
- Research progresses and prospects of multi-sphere compound extremes from the Earth System perspective Z. Hao & Y. Chen https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1201-y
- Past and Projected Weather Pattern Persistence with Associated Multi-Hazards in the British Isles P. De Luca et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100577
- Changing compound rainfall events in Tasmania N. Earl et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7791
- A cluster analysis of cold-season atmospheric river tracks over the North Atlantic and their linkages to extreme precipitation and winds C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06297-y
- Responses and impacts of atmospheric rivers to climate change A. Payne et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0030-5
- Changes in the probability of temporally compound wet and dry events in a warmer world: case study in the Upper Jhelum Basin—South Asia R. Ansari et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-025-02367-z
- Tracking Atmospheric Rivers Globally: Spatial Distributions and Temporal Evolution of Life Cycle Characteristics B. Guan & D. Waliser https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031205
- Unraveling atmospheric moisture transport linkages to extreme precipitation events and associated synoptic features over India A. Singh Raghuvanshi & A. Agarwal https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130290
- Dynamic spatio-temporal generation of large-scale synthetic gridded precipitation: with improved spatial coherence of extremes D. Diederen & Y. Liu https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-019-01724-9
- Impact of atmospheric rivers on the winter snowpack in the headwaters of Euphrates-Tigris basin Y. Ezber et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07267-2
- Atmospheric River activities and their effects on precipitation over South Korea K. Ahn & M. Ahmad Nayak https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127886
- Historical Reconstruction of Storm Surge Activity in the Southeastern Coastal Area of China for the Past 60 Years T. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EA001056
- Measuring compound flood potential from river discharge and storm surge extremes at the global scale A. Couasnon et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-489-2020
- Cascading effect of meteorological forcing on extreme precipitation events: Role of atmospheric rivers in southeastern US S. Mukherjee & A. Mishra https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126641
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- Extreme precipitation events in the Brahmaputra River basin during the Indian summer monsoon and its association with atmospheric moisture transport H. Gupta et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2024.486
- Does convection in atmospheric rivers at genesis impact precipitation production later in their lifecycle? C. Naud et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-026-08241-w
- Compound Hydrometeorological Extremes: Drivers, Mechanisms and Methods W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.673495
- Structural uncertainty in mapping Euro-Atlantic atmospheric rivers obscures understanding of associated meteorological extremes V. Thandlam et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19685-1
- Future changes in atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation in Norway K. Whan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05099-z
- Assessing Hydroclimatic Extremes in the Iberian Peninsula Under Future Emission Scenarios C. Andrade et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18192381
47 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Compound extreme climate events intensify yield anomalies of winter wheat in France B. Shan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad7ee6
- Contribution of Atmospheric Rivers to Precipitation and Precipitation Extremes in East Asia: Diagnosis with Moisture Flux Convergence Y. Xiong & X. Ren https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-021-1066-2
- High‐Tide Floods and Storm Surges During Atmospheric Rivers on the US West Coast C. Piecuch et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096820
- A typology of compound weather and climate events J. Zscheischler et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0060-z
- Compound Events under Global Warming: A Dependence Perspective Z. Hao & V. Singh https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001991
- Review article: The growth in compound weather and climate event research in the decade since SREX L. Brett et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2591-2025
- Brief communication: The role of using precipitation or river discharge data when assessing global coastal compound flooding E. Bevacqua et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1765-2020
- Influence of atmospheric rivers on extreme rainfall and high streamflow events in northwestern Europe: Rur (Roer) River basin N. van der Breggen & P. Hudson https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101644
- Atmospheric rivers and associated extreme rainfall over Morocco A. Khouakhi et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7676
- Extreme precipitation events L. Gimeno et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1611
- Estimating concurrent climate extremes: A conditional approach W. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100332
- Statistical modelling and climate variability of compound surge and precipitation events in a managed water system: a case study in the Netherlands V. Santos et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3595-2021
- Identification of compound drought and heatwave events on a daily scale and across four seasons B. Shan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2065-2024
- Global atmospheric moisture transport associated with precipitation extremes: Mechanisms and climate change impacts B. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1412
- Atmospheric rivers catalyze snowmelt and contribute to chains of landslides H. Aslan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2025.109503
- The effect of surge on riverine flood hazard and impact in deltas globally D. Eilander et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8ca6
- Global hotspots for the occurrence of compound events N. Ridder et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19639-3
- Multi-stakeholder analysis of fire risk reduction in a densely populated area in the Netherlands: a case-study in the Veluwe area E. de Hoop et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8b97
- More meteorological events that drive compound coastal flooding are projected under climate change E. Bevacqua et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00044-z
- Atmospheric Rivers as Triggers of Compound Flooding: quantifying Extreme Joint Events in Western North America Under Climate Change A. Grgas-Svirac et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-901-2026
- Storm Surge and Extreme River Discharge: A Compound Event Analysis Using Ensemble Impact Modeling S. Khanal et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00224
- Compound flood events: analysing the joint occurrence of extreme river discharge events and storm surges in northern and central Europe P. Heinrich et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1967-2023
- Moisture budget analysis of extreme precipitation associated with different types of atmospheric rivers over western North America Y. Tan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05933-3
- The Impact of Meteorological and Hydrological Memory on Compound Peak Flows in the Rhine River Basin S. Khanal et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10040171
- Long-term trends in atmospheric rivers over East Asia J. Liang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06339-5
- Increased occurrence of high impact compound events under climate change N. Ridder et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00224-4
- Research progresses and prospects of multi-sphere compound extremes from the Earth System perspective Z. Hao & Y. Chen https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1201-y
- Past and Projected Weather Pattern Persistence with Associated Multi-Hazards in the British Isles P. De Luca et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100577
- Changing compound rainfall events in Tasmania N. Earl et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7791
- A cluster analysis of cold-season atmospheric river tracks over the North Atlantic and their linkages to extreme precipitation and winds C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06297-y
- Responses and impacts of atmospheric rivers to climate change A. Payne et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0030-5
- Changes in the probability of temporally compound wet and dry events in a warmer world: case study in the Upper Jhelum Basin—South Asia R. Ansari et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-025-02367-z
- Tracking Atmospheric Rivers Globally: Spatial Distributions and Temporal Evolution of Life Cycle Characteristics B. Guan & D. Waliser https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031205
- Unraveling atmospheric moisture transport linkages to extreme precipitation events and associated synoptic features over India A. Singh Raghuvanshi & A. Agarwal https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130290
- Dynamic spatio-temporal generation of large-scale synthetic gridded precipitation: with improved spatial coherence of extremes D. Diederen & Y. Liu https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-019-01724-9
- Impact of atmospheric rivers on the winter snowpack in the headwaters of Euphrates-Tigris basin Y. Ezber et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07267-2
- Atmospheric River activities and their effects on precipitation over South Korea K. Ahn & M. Ahmad Nayak https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127886
- Historical Reconstruction of Storm Surge Activity in the Southeastern Coastal Area of China for the Past 60 Years T. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EA001056
- Measuring compound flood potential from river discharge and storm surge extremes at the global scale A. Couasnon et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-489-2020
- Cascading effect of meteorological forcing on extreme precipitation events: Role of atmospheric rivers in southeastern US S. Mukherjee & A. Mishra https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126641
- Review article: A comprehensive review of compound flooding literature with a focus on coastal and estuarine regions J. Green et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-747-2025
- Extreme precipitation events in the Brahmaputra River basin during the Indian summer monsoon and its association with atmospheric moisture transport H. Gupta et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2024.486
- Does convection in atmospheric rivers at genesis impact precipitation production later in their lifecycle? C. Naud et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-026-08241-w
- Compound Hydrometeorological Extremes: Drivers, Mechanisms and Methods W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.673495
- Structural uncertainty in mapping Euro-Atlantic atmospheric rivers obscures understanding of associated meteorological extremes V. Thandlam et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19685-1
- Future changes in atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation in Norway K. Whan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05099-z
- Assessing Hydroclimatic Extremes in the Iberian Peninsula Under Future Emission Scenarios C. Andrade et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18192381
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 04 Oct 2026
Short summary
The simultaneous occurrence of heavy precipitation and high coastal surge levels increases coastal flood risk. This study analyses the driving mechanisms behind these so-called compound events along the Dutch coast. It provides a first classification of events using the presence of atmospheric rivers (long filaments of high water vapour) and identifies differences in the meteorological conditions leading to events that can be used to setup an early warning system for coastal regions.
The simultaneous occurrence of heavy precipitation and high coastal surge levels increases...
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