Articles | Volume 24, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4317-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4317-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 Dec 2024
Research article |
| 05 Dec 2024
| 05 Dec 2024
Tangible and intangible ex post assessment of flood-induced damage to cultural heritage
Claudia De Lucia
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via di S. Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
Fondazione RETURN, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138 Naples, Italy
Michele Amaddii
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via di S. Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via di S. Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
Fondazione RETURN, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138 Naples, Italy
Related authors
Sara Rrokaj, Chiara Arrighi, Marta Ballocci, Gabriele Bertoli, Francesca da Porto, Claudia De Lucia, Mario Di Bacco, Paola Di Fluri, Alessio Domeneghetti, Marco Donà, Alice Gallazzi, Andrea Gennaro, Gianluca Lelli, Sara Mozzon, Natasha Petruccelli, Elisa Saler, Anna Rita Scorzini, Simone Sterlacchini, Gaia Treglia, Debora Voltolina, Marco Zazzeri, and Daniela Molinari
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-358, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-358, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Flood damage data are key to understanding territorial risks and supporting the design of mitigation measures. However, such data are scarce, and the available ones often lack a high level of detail. We conducted a field survey of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings affected by the record-breaking flood event that hit Italy’s Marche region in 2022. The resulting datasets cover 256 assets and include detailed information on damage, building features, and mitigation measures.
Sara Rrokaj, Chiara Arrighi, Marta Ballocci, Gabriele Bertoli, Francesca da Porto, Claudia De Lucia, Mario Di Bacco, Paola Di Fluri, Alessio Domeneghetti, Marco Donà, Alice Gallazzi, Andrea Gennaro, Gianluca Lelli, Sara Mozzon, Natasha Petruccelli, Elisa Saler, Anna Rita Scorzini, Simone Sterlacchini, Gaia Treglia, Debora Voltolina, Marco Zazzeri, and Daniela Molinari
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-358, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-358, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Flood damage data are key to understanding territorial risks and supporting the design of mitigation measures. However, such data are scarce, and the available ones often lack a high level of detail. We conducted a field survey of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings affected by the record-breaking flood event that hit Italy’s Marche region in 2022. The resulting datasets cover 256 assets and include detailed information on damage, building features, and mitigation measures.
Gabriele Bertoli, Chiara Arrighi, and Enrica Caporali
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 565–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-565-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-565-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Environmental assets are crucial to sustaining and fulfilling life on Earth via ecosystem services (ESs). Studying their flood risk is thus seminal, in addition to being required by several norms. However, this field is not yet adequately developed. We studied the exposure component of flood risk and developed an evaluating methodology based on the ESs provided by environmental assets to discern assets and areas that are more important than others with metrics suitable to large-scale studies.
Chiara Arrighi and Alessio Domeneghetti
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 673–679, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-673-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-673-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this communication, we reflect on environmental flood impacts by analysing the reported environmental consequences of the 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods. The most frequently reported damage involves water resources and water-related ecosystems. Indirect effects in time and space, intrinsic recovery capacity, cascade impacts on socio-economic systems, and the lack of established monitoring activities appear to be the most challenging aspects for future research.
Leonardo Disperati, Enrico D’Addario, Lorenzo Bottai, Riccardo Giusti, Guido Lavorini, Gianni Lombardi, Elisa Mammoliti, Francesco Manetti, Lorenzo Marzini, Michele Pio Papasidero, and Michele Amaddii
Abstr. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 3, 68, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-3-68-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-3-68-2021, 2021
Chiara Arrighi, Maria Pregnolato, and Fabio Castelli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1955–1969, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1955-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1955-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Floods may affect critical infrastructure which provides essential services to people. We analyse the impact of floods on road networks and water supply systems, and we investigate how cascade effects propagate if interdependencies among networks are not considered. The analysis shows that if preparedness plans include information on accessibility to key sections of water supply plants, less people suffer from water shortage in case of flood. The method is tested in the city of Florence (Italy).
Daniela Molinari, Anna Rita Scorzini, Chiara Arrighi, Francesca Carisi, Fabio Castelli, Alessio Domeneghetti, Alice Gallazzi, Marta Galliani, Frédéric Grelot, Patric Kellermann, Heidi Kreibich, Guilherme S. Mohor, Markus Mosimann, Stephanie Natho, Claire Richert, Kai Schroeter, Annegret H. Thieken, Andreas Paul Zischg, and Francesco Ballio
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2997–3017, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2997-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2997-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Flood risk management requires a realistic estimation of flood losses. However, the capacity of available flood damage models to depict real damages is questionable. With a joint effort of eight research groups, the objective of this study was to compare the performances of nine models for the estimation of flood damage to buildings. The comparison provided more objective insights on the transferability of the models and on the reliability of their estimations.
Cited articles
Adeyemo, O.J., Maksimovic, C., Booyan-Aaronnet, S., Leitao, J., Butler, D., and Makropoulos, C.: Sensitivity analysis of surface runoff generation for Pluvial Urban Flooding, in: 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, 31 August–5 September 2008, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128436486 (last access: 28 November 2024), 2008.
Alexandrakis, G., Manasakis, C., and Kampanis, N. A.: Economic and societal impacts on cultural heritage sites, resulting from natural effects and climate change, Heritage, 2, 279–305, https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2010019, 2019.
Al-Kindi, K. M. and Alabri, Z.: Investigating the role of the key conditioning factors in flood susceptibility mapping through machine learning approaches, Earth Syst. Environ., 8, 63–81, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-023-00369-7, 2024.
Amaddii, M., Rosatti, G., Zugliani, D., Marzini, L., and Disperati, L.: Back-analysis of the Abbadia San Salvatore (Mt. Amiata, Italy) debris flow of 27–28 July 2019: an integrated multidisciplinary approach to a challenging case study, Geosciences, 12, 385, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12100385, 2022.
Amaddii, M., Rosatti, G., Zugliani, D., Marzini, L., and Disperati, L.: Modelling stony debris flows involving culverted streams: the Abbadia San Salvatore case (Mt. Amiata, Italy), Rend. Online Soc. Geol. It., 61, 108–115, https://doi.org/10.3301/ROL.2023.55, 2023.
Anderson, K.: The impact of increased flooding caused by climate change on heritage in England and North Wales, and possible preventative measures: what could/should be done?, Built Herit., 7, 7, https://doi.org/10.1186/s43238-023-00087-z, 2023.
ANSA: Regione Marche, https://www.ansa.it/marche/notizie/2023/11/07/senigalliademolito-ponte-garibaldi-simbolo-dellalluvione-2022_c834fc28-e7c4-4e8d-9573-0346a0c13560.html (last access: 27 May 2024), 2023.
Arrighi, C.: A global scale analysis of river flood risk of UNESCO world heritage sites, Front. Water, 3, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2021.764459, 2021.
Arrighi, C.: Research Data for “Tangible and intangible ex-post assessment of flood-induced damages to cultural heritage”, V1, Mendeley Data [data set], https://doi.org/10.17632/ds3xrf2npz.1, 2024.
Arrighi, C., Brugioni, M., Castelli, F., Franceschini, S., and Mazzanti, B.: Flood risk assessment in art cities: the exemplary case of Florence (Italy), J. Flood Risk Manage., 11, S616–S631, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12226, 2018.
Arrighi, C., Carraresi, A., and Castelli, F.: Resilience of art cities to flood risk: a quantitative model based on depth-idleness correlation, J. Flood Risk Manage., 15, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12794, 2022.
Arrighi, C., Tanganelli, M., Cristofaro, M. T., Cardinali, V., Marra, A., Castelli F., and De Stefano, M.: Multi-risk assessment in a historical city, Nat. Hazards, 119, 1041–1072, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05125-6, 2023a.
Arrighi, C., Ballio, F., and Simonelli, T.: A GIS-based flood damage index for cultural heritage, Int. J. Disast. Risk Reduct., 90, 103654, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103654, 2023b.
AUBAC: Autorità di bacino distrettuale dell'Appennino Centrale, https://webgis.abdac.it/portal/apps/experiencebuilder/experience/?id=c59f7b386ca24729852cf2dcf8e2f936 (last access: 28 November 2024), 2024.
Balasbaneh, A. T., Abidin, A. R. Z., Ramli, M. Z., Khaleghi, S. J., and Marsono, A. K.: Vulnerability assessment of building material against river flood water: case study in Malaysia, in: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Civil & Environmental Engineering, IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 476, 012004, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/476/1/012004, 2020.
Beven, K. J. and Kirby, M. J.: A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology, Hydrolog. Sci. Bull., 24, 43–69, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667909491834, 1979.
Brokerhof, A. W., van Leijen, R., and Gersonius, B.: Protecting built heritage against flood: mapping value density on flood hazard maps, Water, 15, 2950, https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162950, 2023.
Clini, P., Muñoz-Cádiz, J., Ferretti, U., Jiménez, J. L. D., and Nieto, G. M.: Digital transition for heritage management and dissemination: Via Flaminia and Corduba-Emerita, in: Proceedings of the 44th International Conference of Representation Disciplines Teachers, 14–16 September 2023, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 2613–2622, https://doi.org/10.3280/oa-1016-c425, 2023.
COPERNICUS: Emergency Management Service – Mapping, https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR634 (last access: 27 May 2024), 2022.
CRED and UNISDR: The Human Cost of Weather-Related Disasters 1995–2015, https://www.preventionweb.net/files/46796_cop21weatherdisastersreport2015.pdf (last access: 19 August 2024), 2015.
Cuca, B. and Barazzetti, L.: Damages from extreme flooding events to cultural heritage and landscapes: water component estimation for Centa River (Albenga, Italy), Adv. Geosci., 45, 389–395, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-389-2018, 2018.
Dall'Osso, F., Gonella, M., Gabbianelli, G., Withycombe, G., and Dominey-Howes, D.: A revised (PTVA) model for assessing the vulnerability of buildings to tsunami damage, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1557–1565, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1557-2009, 2009.
De Donatis, M., Lepore, G., Susini, S., Silani, M., Boschi, F., and Savelli, D.: Sistemi informativi geografici e modellazione tridimensionale per la geo-archeologia a Senigallia: nuove scoperte e nuove ipotesi, Rend. Online Soc. Geol. Ital., 19, 16–19, 2012.
De Donatis, M., Nesci, O., Savelli, D., Pappafico, G. F., and Susini, S.: Geomorphological evolution of the Sena Gallica site in the morpho-evolutive quaternary context of the northern-Marche coastal sector (Italy), Geosciences, 9, 272, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060272, 2019.
Deschaux, J.: 4 – Flood-related Impacts on cultural heritage, in: Floods, edited by: Vinet, F., Elsevier, 53–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78548-268-7.50004-3, 2017.
Di Salvo, C., Pennica, F., Ciotoli, G., and Cavinato, G. P.: A GIS-based procedure for preliminary mapping of pluvial flood risk at metropolitan scale, Environ. Model. Softw., 107, 64–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.05.020, 2018.
D.lgs. 22 gennaio 2004: n. 42, https://www.normattiva.it/esporta/attoCompleto?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2004-02-24&atto.codiceRedazionale=004G0066 (last access: 27 May 2024), 2004.
Dottori, F., Mentaschi, L., Bianchi, A., Alfieri, L., and Feyen, L.: Cost-effective adaptation strategies to rising river flood risk in Europe, Nat. Clim. Change, 13, 196–202, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01540-0, 2023.
Drdácký, M. F.: Impact of floods on heritage structures, J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 24, 430–431, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000152, 2010.
Dutta, D., Wright, W., and Rayment, P.: Synthetic impact response functions for flood vulnerability analysis and adaptation measures in coastal zones under changing climatic conditions: a case study in Gippsland coastal region, Australia, Nat. Hazards, 59, 967–986, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9812-x, 2011.
EU: Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, 27–34, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32007L0060 (last access: 28 November 2024), 2007.
FAI: Chiesa di Santa Maria delle Tinte, https://fondoambiente.it/luoghi/chiesa-delle-tinte?ldc (last access: 28 November 2024), 2022.
Fatorić, S. and Seekamp, E.: Are cultural heritage and resources threatened by climate change? A systematic literature review, Climatic Change, 142, 227–254, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1929-9, 2017.
Figueiredo, R., Romăo, X., and Paupério, E.: Flood risk assessment of cultural heritage at large spatial scales: framework and application to mainland Portugal, J. Cult. Herit., 43, 163–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.11.007, 2020.
Figueiredo, R., Romao, X., and Paupério, E.: Component-based flood vulnerability modelling for cultural heritage buildings, Int. J. Disast. Risk Reduct., 61, 102323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102323, 2021.
Galasso, C., Pregnolato, P., and Parisi, F.: A model taxonomy for flood fragility and vulnerability assessment of buildings, Int. J. Disast. Risk Reduct., 53, 101985, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101985, 2021.
Garrote, J., Díez-Herrero, A., Escudero, C., and García I.: A framework proposal for regional-scale flood-risk assessment of cultural heritage sites and application to the Castile and León Region (Central Spain), Water, 12, 329, https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020329, 2020.
Godfrey, A., Ciurean, R. L., Van Westen, C. J., Kingma, N. C., and Glade, T.: Assessing vulnerability of buildings to hydro-meteorological hazards using an expert based approach–an application in Nehoiu Valley, Romania, Int. J. Disast. Risk Reduct., 13, 229–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.06.001, 2015.
Gschnitzer, T., Gems, B., Mazzorana, B., and Aufleger, M.: Towards a robust assessment of bridge clogging processes in flood risk management, Geomorphology, 279, 128–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.11.002, 2017.
Historic England: Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance, https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/conservation-principles-sustainable-management-historic (last access: 19 August 2024), 2008.
Huijbregts, Z., van Schijndel, J. W. M., Schellen, H. L., and Blades, N.: Hygrothermal modelling of flooding events within historic buildings, J. Build. Phys., 38, 170–187, https://doi.org/10.1177/1744259114532613, 2014.
Iacobucci, G., Piacentini, D., and Troiani, F.: Enhancing the identification and mapping of fluvial terraces combining geomorphological field survey with land-surface quantitative analysis, Geosciences, 12, 425, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12110425, 2022.
IPCC: AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/ (last access: 19 August 2024), 2023.
Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro: MiBACT, http://vincoliinrete.beniculturali.it/VincoliInRete/vir/bene/listabeni (last access: 27 May 2024), 2024.
Jeggle, T. and Boggero, M.: Post-disaster needs assessment (PDNA): lessons from a decade of experience, European Commission, GFDRR, UNDP, and the World Bank, http://hdl.handle.net/10986/30945 (last access: 28 November 2024), 2018.
Kefi, M., Mishra, B. K., Masago, Y., and Fukushi, K.: Analysis of flood damage and influencing factors in urban catchments: case studies in Manila, Philippines, and Jakarta, Indonesia, Nat. Hazards, 104, 2461–2487, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04281-5, 2020.
Kreibich, H. and Thieken, A. H.: Assessment of damage caused by high groundwater inundation, Water Resour. Res., 44, W09409, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006621, 2008.
Marín-García, D., Rubio-Gómez-Torga, J., Duarte-Pinheiro, M., and Moyano, J.: Simplified automatic prediction of the level of damage to similar buildings affected by river flood in a specific area, Sustain. Cities Soc., 88, 104251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104251, 2023.
Mark, O., Weesakul, S., Apirumanekul, C., Boonya Aroonet, S., and Djordjevic, S.: Potential and limitations of 1D modelling of urban flooding, J. Hydrol., 299, 284–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.08.014, 2004.
Martín-Vide, J. P., Bateman, A., Berenguer, M., Ferrer-Boix, C., Amengual, A., Campillo, M., Corral, C., Llasat, M. C., Llasat-Botija, M., Gómez-Dueñas, S., Marín-Esteve, B., Núñez-González, F., Prats-Puntí, A., Ruiz-Carulla, R., and Sosa-Pérez, R.: Large wood debris that clogged bridges followed by a sudden release, the 2019 flash flood in Catalonia, J. Hydrol.: Reg. Stud., 47, 101348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101348, 2023.
Marzeion, B. and Levermann, A.: Loss of cultural world heritage and currently inhabited places to sea-level rise, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 034001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034001, 2014.
MASE: Geoportale Nazionale, https://gn.mase.gov.it/portale/distribuzione-dati-pst (last access: 27 May 2024), 2024.
Mastrorillo, L. and Petitta, M.: Effective infiltration variability in the Umbria-Marche carbonate aquifers of central Italy, J. Mediter. Earth Sci., 2, 4, https://doi.org/10.3304/JMES.2010.004, 2014.
Merz, B., Blöschl, G., Vorogushyn, S., Dottori, F., Aerts, J. C. J. H., Bates, P., Bertola, M., Kemter, M., Kreibich, H., Lall, U., and Macdonald, E.: Causes, impacts and patterns of disastrous river floods, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 2, 592–609, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00195-3, 2021.
Molinari, D., Menoni, S., Aronica, G. T., Ballio, F., Berni, N., Pandolfo, C., Stelluti, M., and Minucci, G.: Ex post damage assessment: an Italian experience, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 901–916, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-901-2014, 2014.
Momčilović Petronijević, A. and Petronijević, P.: Floods and Their Impact on Cultural Heritage – a Case Study of Southern and Eastern Serbia, Sustainability, 14, 14680, https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214680, 2022.
Moore, I. D., Grayson, R. B., and Ladson, A. R.: Digital terrain modeling: a review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications, Hydrol. Process., 5, 3–30, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360050103, 1991.
Pulvirenti, L., Squicciarino, G., Fiori, E., Candela, L., and Puca, S.: Analysis and processing of the COSMO-SkyMed second generation images of the 2022 Marche (Central Italy) flood, Water, 15, 1353, https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071353, 2023.
Ravan, M., Revez, M. J., Pinto, I. V., Brum, P., and Birkmann, J.: A vulnerability assessment framework for cultural heritage sites: the case of the Roman ruins of Tróia, Int. J. Disast. Risk Sci., 14, 26–40, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-023-00463-4, 2023.
REGIONE MARCHE: Annali Idrologici, https://www.regione.marche.it/portals/0/Protezione_Civile/Manuali e Studi/annale-parte-I-2021.pdf (last access: 27 May 2024), 2021.
REGIONE MARCHE: Rapporto Di Evento preliminare, https://www.regione.marche.it/portals/0/Protezione_Civile/Manuali e Studi/Rapporto_Evento_preliminare_20220915.pdf (last access: 27 May 2024), 2022.
REGIONE MARCHE: Ambiente, https://www.regione.marche.it/Regione-Utile/Paesaggio-Territorio-Urbanistica/Cartografia (last access: 27 May 2024), 2023.
Reimann, L., Vafeidis, A. T., Brown, S., Hinkel, J., and Tol, R. S. J.: Mediterranean UNESCO world heritage at risk from coastal flooding and erosion due to sea-level rise, Nat. Commun., 9, 4161, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06645-9, 2018.
Riley, S. J., DeGloria, S. D., and Elliot, R.: A terrain ruggedness index that quantifies topographic heterogeneity, Int. J. Sci., 5, 23–27, 1999.
Romão, X. and Paupério, E.: An indicator for post-disaster economic loss valuation of impacts on cultural heritage, Int. J. Archi. Herit., 15, 678–697, https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1643948, 2021.
Romão, X., Paupério, E., Monserrat, O., Rousakis, T., and Montero, P.: Assets at risk and potential impacts: 3.6 – cultural heritage, in: Science for Disaster Risk Management 2020: Acting Today, Protecting Tomorrow, edited by: Casajus Valles, A., Marin Ferrer, M., Poljanšek, K., and Clark, I., Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 503–525, https://doi.org/10.2760/571085, 2020.
Sabbioni, C., Brimblecombe, P., Bonazza, A., Grossi, C. M., Harris, I., and Messina, P.: Mapping climate change and cultural heritage, in: Proceedings of the 7th EC Conference on Safeguarded Cultural Heritage – Understanding and Viability for the Enlarged Europe, edited by: Drdacky, M., Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, 119–124, 2007.
Salazar, L. G. F., Romão, X., and Figueiredo, R.: A hybrid approach for the assessment of flood vulnerability of historic constructions and their contents, in: Proceedings of the Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, SAHC 2023, RILEM Bookseries, vol. 46, edited by: Endo, Y. and Hanazato, T., Springer, Cham., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39450-8_91, 2024.
Schlumberger, J., Ferrarin, C., Jonkman, S. N., Diaz Loaiza, M. A., Antonini, A., and Fatorić, S.: Developing a framework for the assessment of current and future flood risk in Venice, Italy, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2381–2400, hthttps://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2381-2022, 2022.
Sesana, E., Gagnon, A. S., Ciantelli, C., Cassar, J. A., and Hughes, J. J.: Climate change impacts on cultural heritage: A literature review, WIREs Clim. Change, 12, e710, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.710, 2021.
Shepard, D.: A two-dimensional interpolation function for irregularly-spaced data, in: Proceedings of the 23th ACM National Conference, 27–29 August 1968, New York, NY, USA, 517–524, https://doi.org/10.1145/800186.810616, 1968.
SIRMIP ON-LINE: Sistema Informativo Regionale Meteo-Idro-Pluviometrico Regione Marche – Servizio Protezione Civile, http://app.protezionecivile.marche.it/sol/indexjs.sol?lang=it (last access: 27 May 2024), 2024.
Smith, D. I.: Flood damage estimation – a review of urban stage-damage curves and loss functions, Water SA, 20, 231–238, 1994.
Stephenson, V. and D'Ayala, D.: A new approach to flood vulnerability assessment for historic buildings in England, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1035–1048, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1035-2014, 2014.
Storm Chasers Marche: L'arrivo della piena nel fiume Misa (Senigallia), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNFpouu4aSg (last access: 27 May 2023), 2022.
Sulphur: Marche Mining Geopark, https://www.museosulphur.it/en/marche-mining-geopark/ (last access: 27 May 2024), 2024.
Tarquini, S., Isola, I., Favalli, M., Mazzarini, F., Bisson, M., Pareschi, M. T., and Boschi, E.: TINITALY/01: a new triangular irregular network of Italy, Ann. Geophys., 50, 407–425, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-4424, 2007.
Tarquini, S., Isola, I., Favalli, M., Battistini, A., and Dotta, G.: TINITALY, a digital elevation model of Italy with a 10 meters cell size (Version 1.1), INGV – Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, https://doi.org/10.13127/tinitaly/1.1, 2023.
TGCOM24: Marche, a Cantiano il ponte romano resiste al disastro, https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/2022/video/alluvione-marche-a-cantiano-il-ponte-romano-resiste-al-disastro_55048806-02k.shtml (last access: 27 May 2024), 2022.
Trizio, F., Torrijo, F. J., Mileto, C., and Vegas, F.: Flood risk in a heritage city: Alzira as a case study, Water, 13, 1138, https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091138, 2021.
Vafadari, A., Philip, G., and Jennings, R. P.: Damage assessment and monitoring of cultural heritage places in a disaster and post-disaster event – a case study of Syria, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-2/W5, 695–701, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-695-2017, 2017.
Vecvagars, K.: Valuing damage and losses in cultural assets after a disaster: concept paper and research options, Naciones Unidas CEPAL – Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, 59 pp., ISBN 9211216117, 2006.
Wang, J.-J.: Flood risk maps to cultural heritage: Measures and process, J. Cult. Herit., 16, 210–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.03.002, 2015.
Willis, K. G.: The use of stated preference methods to value cultural heritage, in: Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture, edited by: Ginsburgh, V. A. and Throsby, D., Elsevier, 145–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53776-8.00007-6, 2014.
World Events News: Terribile alluvione colpisce Marche Cantiano! Danni ad auto e abitazioni – Cantiano oggi Alluvione, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjOYO-GS0dM (last access: 27 May 2024), 2022.
Zhang, S.-N., Ruan, W.-Q., Li, Y.-Q., and Xiao, H.: Cultural distortion risks at heritage sites: scale development and validation, Tourism Manage., 102, 104860, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104860, 2024.
Zugliani, D., Ataieyan, A., Rocco, R., Betemps, N., Ropele, P., and Rosatti, G.: Bridge obstruction caused by debris flow: a practical procedure for its management in debris-flow simulations, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Debris Flow Hazard Mitigation (DFHM8), 26–29 June 2023, Turin, Italy, https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341505031, 2023.
Short summary
This work describes the flood damage to cultural heritage (CH) that occurred in September 2022 in central Italy. Datasets related to flood impacts on cultural heritage are rare, and this work aims at highlighting both tangible and intangible aspects and their correlation with physical characteristics of flood (i.e. water depth and flow velocity). The results show that current knowledge and datasets are inadequate for risk assessment of CH.
This work describes the flood damage to cultural heritage (CH) that occurred in September 2022...
Special issue
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint