Articles | Volume 24, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-29-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-29-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Jan 2024
Research article |
| 10 Jan 2024
| 10 Jan 2024
Compound flood impacts from Hurricane Sandy on New York City in climate-driven storylines
Henrique M. D. Goulart
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Climate Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management, Deltares, Delft, the Netherlands
Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Irene Benito Lazaro
Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Linda van Garderen
Institute of Coastal Research – Analysis and Modelling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
Karin van der Wiel
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Dewi Le Bars
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Elco Koks
Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Bart van den Hurk
Climate Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management, Deltares, Delft, the Netherlands
Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Cited
22 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Uncovering unprecedented storm surges in European and Mediterranean coastlines I. Benito et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae2529
- The essential role of conditional attribution in understanding complex extreme weather L. van Garderen & D. León-FonFay https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69056-1
- Projecting compound flood hazards induced by tropical cyclones in Southeast China using MRI-AGCM3-2-S climate model Q. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134619
- Satellite-based vertical land motion for infrastructure monitoring: a prototype roadmap in Greater Houston, Texas B. Buzzanga et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01970-8
- Increasing landslide susceptibility and intensity under climate change for Aotearoa New Zealand L. Dreyer et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46684-7
- Climate change exacerbates compound flooding from recent tropical cyclones L. Grimley et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-024-00046-3
- Climate variability conceals emerging hydrological trends across Great Britain W. Chan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133414
- Record-breaking extremes in a warming climate E. Fischer et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00681-y
- Storylines for the 1997 New Year’s Flood: The role of watershed antecedent conditions and future warming in shaping discharge in the Truckee River watershed G. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135080
- How to stop being surprised by unprecedented weather T. Kelder et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57450-0
- Catalysing transformational change through compound nature connectedness interventions M. Pritchard et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-025-02328-0
- Climate and impact attribution of compound flooding induced by tropical cyclone Idai in Mozambique D. Vertegaal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-1417-2026
- Multi-hazard risk assessment and management: pathways for the Sendai Framework and beyond T. Tiggeloven et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-9-185-2026
- Leveraging Coupled Hydrodynamic with Data-Driven GeoAI Models for Advancing Systemic Compound Flood Risk Evaluation in Coastal Urban Areas T. Atmaja et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-025-10394-6
- The concept of spectrally nudged storylines for extreme event attribution F. Feser & T. Shepherd https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02659-6
- Exploring coastal climate adaptation through storylines: Insights from cyclone Idai in Beira, Mozambique H. Goulart et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsus.2024.100270
- River flow amplification under climate change: attribution and climate-driven storylines of the winter 2023/24 UK floods W. Chan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adfdfe
- Multivariate compound events drive historical floods and associated losses along the U.S. East and Gulf coasts J. Ali et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-025-00076-5
- Science–policy–practice insights for compound and multi‐hazard risks L. Brett et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70043
- Towards a typology for hybrid compound flood modeling S. Radfar et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1397-2026
- Application of PINNs to Define Roughness Coefficients for Channel Flow Problems S. Strijhak et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182731
- Compound flooding risks in coastal cities: a review of causes, mechanisms, and assessment methodologies E. Jahani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-026-08183-w
22 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Uncovering unprecedented storm surges in European and Mediterranean coastlines I. Benito et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae2529
- The essential role of conditional attribution in understanding complex extreme weather L. van Garderen & D. León-FonFay https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69056-1
- Projecting compound flood hazards induced by tropical cyclones in Southeast China using MRI-AGCM3-2-S climate model Q. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134619
- Satellite-based vertical land motion for infrastructure monitoring: a prototype roadmap in Greater Houston, Texas B. Buzzanga et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01970-8
- Increasing landslide susceptibility and intensity under climate change for Aotearoa New Zealand L. Dreyer et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46684-7
- Climate change exacerbates compound flooding from recent tropical cyclones L. Grimley et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-024-00046-3
- Climate variability conceals emerging hydrological trends across Great Britain W. Chan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133414
- Record-breaking extremes in a warming climate E. Fischer et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00681-y
- Storylines for the 1997 New Year’s Flood: The role of watershed antecedent conditions and future warming in shaping discharge in the Truckee River watershed G. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135080
- How to stop being surprised by unprecedented weather T. Kelder et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57450-0
- Catalysing transformational change through compound nature connectedness interventions M. Pritchard et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-025-02328-0
- Climate and impact attribution of compound flooding induced by tropical cyclone Idai in Mozambique D. Vertegaal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-1417-2026
- Multi-hazard risk assessment and management: pathways for the Sendai Framework and beyond T. Tiggeloven et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-9-185-2026
- Leveraging Coupled Hydrodynamic with Data-Driven GeoAI Models for Advancing Systemic Compound Flood Risk Evaluation in Coastal Urban Areas T. Atmaja et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-025-10394-6
- The concept of spectrally nudged storylines for extreme event attribution F. Feser & T. Shepherd https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02659-6
- Exploring coastal climate adaptation through storylines: Insights from cyclone Idai in Beira, Mozambique H. Goulart et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsus.2024.100270
- River flow amplification under climate change: attribution and climate-driven storylines of the winter 2023/24 UK floods W. Chan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adfdfe
- Multivariate compound events drive historical floods and associated losses along the U.S. East and Gulf coasts J. Ali et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-025-00076-5
- Science–policy–practice insights for compound and multi‐hazard risks L. Brett et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70043
- Towards a typology for hybrid compound flood modeling S. Radfar et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1397-2026
- Application of PINNs to Define Roughness Coefficients for Channel Flow Problems S. Strijhak et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182731
- Compound flooding risks in coastal cities: a review of causes, mechanisms, and assessment methodologies E. Jahani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-026-08183-w
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 15 Aug 2026
Short summary
We explore how Hurricane Sandy (2012) could flood New York City under different scenarios, including climate change and internal variability. We find that sea level rise can quadruple coastal flood volumes, while changes in Sandy's landfall location can double flood volumes. Our results show the need for diverse scenarios that include climate change and internal variability and for integrating climate information into a modelling framework, offering insights for high-impact event assessments.
We explore how Hurricane Sandy (2012) could flood New York City under different scenarios,...
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