Articles | Volume 21, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-481-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-481-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A revision of the Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) used in the European Drought Observatory (EDO)
Carmelo Cammalleri
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
Carolina Arias-Muñoz
ARHS Developments, Milan, Italy
Paulo Barbosa
Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
Alfred de Jager
Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
Diego Magni
ARCADIA SIT, Vigevano, Italy
Dario Masante
ARCADIA SIT, Vigevano, Italy
Marco Mazzeschi
UniSystems Luxembourg Sàrl, Bertrange, Luxembourg
Niall McCormick
Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
Gustavo Naumann
Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
Jonathan Spinoni
Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
Jürgen Vogt
Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
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51 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Drought hazard and annual precipitation predicted to increase in the Sirppujoki river basin, Finland L. Ahopelto et al.
- Exploring the joint probability of precipitation and soil moisture over Europe using copulas C. Cammalleri et al.
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- Development of a composite drought indicator for operational drought monitoring in the MENA region K. Bergaoui et al.
- Copula-based composite drought index combining precipitation, temperature, and NDVI used for drought monitoring Z. Zhong et al.
- Mediterranean-Scale Drought: Regional Datasets for Exceptional Meteorological Drought Events during 1975–2019 S. Mathbout et al.
- An analysis of the relation between drought occurrence and changes in the production capacity of mountain forests: a prerequisite for the development of climate change adaptation programs S. Soleimanipour et al.
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- Expert-driven explainable artificial intelligence models can detect multiple climate hazards relevant for agriculture A. Hrast Essenfelder et al.
- Assessing Effects of Drought and Urbanization on Urban Trees Using Sentinel-2 Time Series T. Saint et al.
- Multi-scale EO-based agricultural drought monitoring indicator for operative irrigation networks management in Italy C. Corbari et al.
- Global hydrological reanalyses: The value of river discharge information for world‐wide downstream applications – The example of the Global Flood Awareness System GloFAS C. Prudhomme et al.
51 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Establish an agricultural drought index that is independent of historical element probabilities Y. Pan et al.
- A Contemporary Review on Deep Learning Models for Drought Prediction A. Gyaneshwar et al.
- Toward impact-based monitoring of drought and its cascading hazards A. AghaKouchak et al.
- Spatial Insights into Drought Severity: Multi-Index Assessment in Małopolska, Poland, via Satellite Observations J. Staszel et al.
- A physically-informed long short-term memory-based tool for predicting extensive droughts in the distant future A. Ghaffari et al.
- A comparison of drought indices for crop yield loss detection: The role of green-up onset alignment and spatial resolution F. Holwerda et al.
- A drought monitoring and early warning service for food security in South Africa V. Pavlidis et al.
- A dataset for monitoring agricultural drought in Europe G. Fioravanti et al.
- Review and synthesis: dynamism of classical and holistic drought indices and indicators H. Hirwa
- Seasonal Drought Dynamics in Kenya: Remote Sensing and Combined Indices for Climate Risk Planning V. Ogembo et al.
- Seasonal forecasting of local-scale soil moisture droughts with Global BROOK90: a case study of the European drought of 2018 I. Vorobevskii et al.
- Evaluation of a combined drought indicator against crop yield estimations and simulations over the Argentine Humid Pampas S. C. et al.
- Evaluating climate change impact on drought: a comprehensive review of drought indices and future projections K. Bharghavi et al.
- The European Forest Condition Monitor: Using Remotely Sensed Forest Greenness to Identify Hot Spots of Forest Decline A. Buras et al.
- A Spatiotemporal Drought Analysis Application Implemented in the Google Earth Engine and Applied to Iran as a Case Study A. Taheri Qazvini & D. Carrion
- Cross-comparison of national drought monitoring products in Central Europe using a new drought impact database N. Luintel et al.
- New Functionalities and Regional/National Use Cases of the Anomaly Hotspots of Agricultural Production (ASAP) Platform F. Rembold et al.
- Compound droughts under climate change in Switzerland C. von Matt et al.
- A Machine Learning Framework for Predicting and Understanding the Canadian Drought Monitor J. Mardian et al.
- On the timescale of drought indices for monitoring streamflow drought considering catchment hydrological regimes O. Baez-Villanueva et al.
- A multi-scenario multi-model analysis of regional climate projections in a Central–Eastern European agricultural region: assessing shallow groundwater table responses using an aggregated vertical hydrological model L. Koncsos & G. Murányi
- Assessment of Water Stress Conditions in Central Italy by the Use of Ground and Remotely Sensed Weather Datasets M. Pieri et al.
- A new multivariate agricultural drought composite index based on random forest algorithm and remote sensing data developed for Sahelian agrosystems I. Hanadé Houmma et al.
- Droughts in South East Europe (SEE): current picture, tendencies and impact M. Kireeva et al.
- Vegetation Stress Monitor—Assessment of Drought and Temperature-Related Effects on Vegetation in Germany Analyzing MODIS Time Series over 23 Years U. Gessner et al.
- Hydrologic Consistency of Multi-Sensor Drought Observations in Forested Environments K. Andreadis et al.
- Analysis of spatiotemporal droughts using order statistics and archetype analysis of remotely sensed relative productivity index N. Abid et al.
- Prioritizing of Causal–Effect Factors Affecting Flood Occurrence in Khorramabad Watershed E. Karimi Sangchini et al.
- Global near real-time 500 m 10 d FPAR dataset from MODIS and VIIRS for operational agricultural monitoring and crop yield forecasting L. Seguini et al.
- Estimates of irrigation requirements throughout Germany under varying climatic conditions I. McNamara et al.
- A Model for Land Cover Ecological State Assessment of Southern Ukraine Based on Remote Data for Analyzing the Consequences of the Kakhovka Reservoir Shallowing B. Yailymov et al.
- The role of spatial scale in drought monitoring and early warning systems: a review J. Mardian
- Unlocking the mysteries of drought: integrating snowmelt dynamics into drought analysis at the Narayani River Basin, Nepal S. Bajracharya et al.
- Flood risk management in Khorramabad watershed using the DPSIR framework E. Karimi Sangchini et al.
- A bibliometric analysis on drought and heat indices in agriculture F. De Natale et al.
- Streamflow drought: implication of drought definitions and its application for drought forecasting S. Sutanto & H. Van Lanen
- A copula model integrating atmospheric moisture demand and supply for vegetation vulnerability mapping J. Won et al.
- A Review of Earth Observation-Based Drought Studies in Southeast Asia T. Ha et al.
- Drought hazard and annual precipitation predicted to increase in the Sirppujoki river basin, Finland L. Ahopelto et al.
- Exploring the joint probability of precipitation and soil moisture over Europe using copulas C. Cammalleri et al.
- Expected annual minima from an idealized moving-average drought index J. Stagge et al.
- Development of a composite drought indicator for operational drought monitoring in the MENA region K. Bergaoui et al.
- Copula-based composite drought index combining precipitation, temperature, and NDVI used for drought monitoring Z. Zhong et al.
- Mediterranean-Scale Drought: Regional Datasets for Exceptional Meteorological Drought Events during 1975–2019 S. Mathbout et al.
- An analysis of the relation between drought occurrence and changes in the production capacity of mountain forests: a prerequisite for the development of climate change adaptation programs S. Soleimanipour et al.
- EMO-5: a high-resolution multi-variable gridded meteorological dataset for Europe V. Thiemig et al.
- Monitoring agricultural and economic drought: the Australian Agricultural Drought Indicators (AADI) N. Hughes et al.
- Expert-driven explainable artificial intelligence models can detect multiple climate hazards relevant for agriculture A. Hrast Essenfelder et al.
- Assessing Effects of Drought and Urbanization on Urban Trees Using Sentinel-2 Time Series T. Saint et al.
- Multi-scale EO-based agricultural drought monitoring indicator for operative irrigation networks management in Italy C. Corbari et al.
- Global hydrological reanalyses: The value of river discharge information for world‐wide downstream applications – The example of the Global Flood Awareness System GloFAS C. Prudhomme et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 Apr 2026
Short summary
Building on almost ten years of expertise and operational application of the Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) for the monitoring of agricultural droughts in Europe within the European Commission's European Drought Observatory (EDO), this paper proposes a revised version of the index. This paper shows that the proposed revised CDI reliably reproduces the evolution of major droughts, outperforming the current version of the indicator, especially for long-lasting events.
Building on almost ten years of expertise and operational application of the Combined Drought...
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