Articles | Volume 21, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1011-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1011-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Mar 2021
Research article |
| 15 Mar 2021
| 15 Mar 2021
Flood risk assessment of the European road network
Kees C. H. van Ginkel
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Inland Water Systems, Deltares, Delft, Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HV Delft, the Netherlands
Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the
Netherlands
Francesco Dottori
Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
Lorenzo Alfieri
Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
CIMA Research Foundation, University Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
Luc Feyen
Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
Elco E. Koks
Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the
Netherlands
Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Cited
42 citations as recorded by crossref.
- EUBUCCO v0.1: European building stock characteristics in a common and open database for 200+ million individual buildings N. Milojevic-Dupont et al. 10.1038/s41597-023-02040-2
- Towards multi-variable tsunami damage modeling for coastal roads: Insights from the application of explainable machine learning to the 2011 Great East Japan Event M. Di Bacco et al. 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105856
- Unified hazard models for risk assessment of transportation networks in a multi-hazard environment A. Karatzetzou et al. 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102960
- Traffic monitoring system design considering multi-hazard disaster risks M. Gazzea et al. 10.1038/s41598-023-32086-6
- Flood Exposure of Residential Areas and Infrastructure in Greece S. Stefanidis et al. 10.3390/hydrology9080145
- SIGeR-RV: A Web-Geographic Information System-Based System for Risk Management of Road Networks Exposed to Natural Hazards A. Chamorro et al. 10.1177/03611981231169532
- Defining urban network resilience: a review R. Jie et al. 10.1007/s44243-024-00039-w
- Critical infrastructure network modelling for flood risk analyses: Approach and proof of concept in Accra, Ghana R. Schotten & D. Bachmann 10.1111/jfr3.12913
- New damage curves and multimodel analysis suggest lower optimal temperature K. van der Wijst et al. 10.1038/s41558-023-01636-1
- Evaluation of stormwater management approaches and challenges in urban flood control S. Arya & A. Kumar 10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101643
- Measuring spatial accessibility to critical infrastructure: The Access Road Identification model A. Mager Pozo et al. 10.1016/j.ijcip.2025.100760
- Floods and Structural Anthropogenic Barriers (Roads and Waterworks) Affecting the Natural Flow of Waters: Hydraulic Modelling and Proposals for the Final Section of the River Segura (Spain) A. Oliva & J. Olcina 10.3390/geohazards5040058
- Skutki powodzi: ocena wpływu na drogi i mosty z uwzględnieniem doświadczeń Instytutu Badawczego Dróg i Mostów J. Bohatkiewicz et al. 10.7409/rabdim.025.006
- Assessing the vulnerability of transport network to flood hazard using GIS analysis. Case study along Orient-East Med TEN-T Corridor, on Timiș-Cerna Valley, Romania B. Stoica-Fuchs 10.15551/pesd2021152012
- Global transportation infrastructure exposure to the change of precipitation in a warmer world K. Liu et al. 10.1038/s41467-023-38203-3
- A Systematic Review: To Increase Transportation Infrastructure Resilience to Flooding Events G. Watson & J. Ahn 10.3390/app122312331
- Optimizing rainfall prediction in coastal and inland areas: a comparative analysis of forecasting models in eThekwini district, South Africa N. Xaba & A. Mishra 10.36096/ijbes.v7i1.640
- Drivers of future fluvial flood risk change for residential buildings in Europe M. Steinhausen et al. 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102559
- Will river floods ‘tip’ European road networks? A robustness assessment K. van Ginkel et al. 10.1016/j.trd.2022.103332
- The impacts of coastal flooding and sea level rise on critical infrastructure: a novel storyline approach E. Koks et al. 10.1080/23789689.2022.2142741
- Risk of Tropical Cyclones and Floods to Power Grids in Southeast and East Asia M. Ye et al. 10.1007/s13753-024-00573-7
- Validated probabilistic approach to estimate flood direct impacts on the population and assets on European coastlines E. Duo et al. 10.5194/nhess-25-13-2025
- Quantitative risk assessment in El-Jadida (Northern Atlantic Coast of Morocco) for a tsunami scenario equivalent to that of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake A. Tadibaght et al. 10.1007/s12665-022-10277-0
- Uncertainty in flood risk assessment of linear structures: Why correlation matters E. Storrøsten et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130442
- Urban Resilience Index for Critical Infrastructure: A Scenario-Based Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction in Road Networks S. Rezvani et al. 10.3390/su16104143
- Review article: Physical vulnerability database for critical infrastructure hazard risk assessments – a systematic review and data collection S. Nirandjan et al. 10.5194/nhess-24-4341-2024
- Spatiotemporal economic risk of national road networks to episodic coastal flooding and sea level rise R. Paulik et al. 10.1007/s10584-024-03839-7
- Brief communication: Critical infrastructure impacts of the 2021 mid-July western European flood event E. Koks et al. 10.5194/nhess-22-3831-2022
- Resilience of transportation infrastructure networks to road failures J. Wassmer et al. 10.1063/5.0165839
- Comprehensive flood vulnerability analysis in urban communities: Iowa case study Y. Alabbad & I. Demir 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102955
- Synergizing flood risk and road network dynamics for optimized evacuation strategies C. Yaibok et al. 10.1016/j.eastsj.2024.100137
- Multi-hazard resilience assessment and adaptation planning for the Dutch highway network T. Bles et al. 10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.508
- Floods and their problems: Land uses and soil types perspectives H. Basri et al. 10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012111
- Resilience of Road Transportation Networks under Hydrological Hazards: A Review of Recent Studies W. Xiong et al. 10.1061/JITSE4.ISENG-2336
- Quantitative Risk Assessment of a Tsunami Induced by the Averroes Fault (Alboran Sea): Case of Martil City, the Mediterranean Coast of Morocco M. Outiskt et al. 10.1007/s00024-025-03681-7
- Infrastructure failure cascades quintuple risk of storm and flood-induced service disruptions across the globe E. Mühlhofer et al. 10.1016/j.oneear.2024.03.010
- River flood risk assessment for the Chinese road network Y. Zhou et al. 10.1016/j.trd.2023.103818
- A methodological framework for flood hazard assessment for land transport infrastructures C. Samela et al. 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103491
- Integrating climate projections and probabilistic network analysis into regional transport resilience planning H. Farahmand et al. 10.1016/j.trd.2024.104229
- OpenStreetMap for multi-faceted climate risk assessments E. Mühlhofer et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/ad15ab
- Hydrodynamic model-based flood risk of coastal urban road network induced by storm surge during typhoon Y. Li et al. 10.1016/j.scs.2025.106250
- Integrating Critical Infrastructure Networks into Flood Risk Management R. Schotten & D. Bachmann 10.3390/su15065475
41 citations as recorded by crossref.
- EUBUCCO v0.1: European building stock characteristics in a common and open database for 200+ million individual buildings N. Milojevic-Dupont et al. 10.1038/s41597-023-02040-2
- Towards multi-variable tsunami damage modeling for coastal roads: Insights from the application of explainable machine learning to the 2011 Great East Japan Event M. Di Bacco et al. 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105856
- Unified hazard models for risk assessment of transportation networks in a multi-hazard environment A. Karatzetzou et al. 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102960
- Traffic monitoring system design considering multi-hazard disaster risks M. Gazzea et al. 10.1038/s41598-023-32086-6
- Flood Exposure of Residential Areas and Infrastructure in Greece S. Stefanidis et al. 10.3390/hydrology9080145
- SIGeR-RV: A Web-Geographic Information System-Based System for Risk Management of Road Networks Exposed to Natural Hazards A. Chamorro et al. 10.1177/03611981231169532
- Defining urban network resilience: a review R. Jie et al. 10.1007/s44243-024-00039-w
- Critical infrastructure network modelling for flood risk analyses: Approach and proof of concept in Accra, Ghana R. Schotten & D. Bachmann 10.1111/jfr3.12913
- New damage curves and multimodel analysis suggest lower optimal temperature K. van der Wijst et al. 10.1038/s41558-023-01636-1
- Evaluation of stormwater management approaches and challenges in urban flood control S. Arya & A. Kumar 10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101643
- Measuring spatial accessibility to critical infrastructure: The Access Road Identification model A. Mager Pozo et al. 10.1016/j.ijcip.2025.100760
- Floods and Structural Anthropogenic Barriers (Roads and Waterworks) Affecting the Natural Flow of Waters: Hydraulic Modelling and Proposals for the Final Section of the River Segura (Spain) A. Oliva & J. Olcina 10.3390/geohazards5040058
- Skutki powodzi: ocena wpływu na drogi i mosty z uwzględnieniem doświadczeń Instytutu Badawczego Dróg i Mostów J. Bohatkiewicz et al. 10.7409/rabdim.025.006
- Assessing the vulnerability of transport network to flood hazard using GIS analysis. Case study along Orient-East Med TEN-T Corridor, on Timiș-Cerna Valley, Romania B. Stoica-Fuchs 10.15551/pesd2021152012
- Global transportation infrastructure exposure to the change of precipitation in a warmer world K. Liu et al. 10.1038/s41467-023-38203-3
- A Systematic Review: To Increase Transportation Infrastructure Resilience to Flooding Events G. Watson & J. Ahn 10.3390/app122312331
- Optimizing rainfall prediction in coastal and inland areas: a comparative analysis of forecasting models in eThekwini district, South Africa N. Xaba & A. Mishra 10.36096/ijbes.v7i1.640
- Drivers of future fluvial flood risk change for residential buildings in Europe M. Steinhausen et al. 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102559
- Will river floods ‘tip’ European road networks? A robustness assessment K. van Ginkel et al. 10.1016/j.trd.2022.103332
- The impacts of coastal flooding and sea level rise on critical infrastructure: a novel storyline approach E. Koks et al. 10.1080/23789689.2022.2142741
- Risk of Tropical Cyclones and Floods to Power Grids in Southeast and East Asia M. Ye et al. 10.1007/s13753-024-00573-7
- Validated probabilistic approach to estimate flood direct impacts on the population and assets on European coastlines E. Duo et al. 10.5194/nhess-25-13-2025
- Quantitative risk assessment in El-Jadida (Northern Atlantic Coast of Morocco) for a tsunami scenario equivalent to that of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake A. Tadibaght et al. 10.1007/s12665-022-10277-0
- Uncertainty in flood risk assessment of linear structures: Why correlation matters E. Storrøsten et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130442
- Urban Resilience Index for Critical Infrastructure: A Scenario-Based Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction in Road Networks S. Rezvani et al. 10.3390/su16104143
- Review article: Physical vulnerability database for critical infrastructure hazard risk assessments – a systematic review and data collection S. Nirandjan et al. 10.5194/nhess-24-4341-2024
- Spatiotemporal economic risk of national road networks to episodic coastal flooding and sea level rise R. Paulik et al. 10.1007/s10584-024-03839-7
- Brief communication: Critical infrastructure impacts of the 2021 mid-July western European flood event E. Koks et al. 10.5194/nhess-22-3831-2022
- Resilience of transportation infrastructure networks to road failures J. Wassmer et al. 10.1063/5.0165839
- Comprehensive flood vulnerability analysis in urban communities: Iowa case study Y. Alabbad & I. Demir 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102955
- Synergizing flood risk and road network dynamics for optimized evacuation strategies C. Yaibok et al. 10.1016/j.eastsj.2024.100137
- Multi-hazard resilience assessment and adaptation planning for the Dutch highway network T. Bles et al. 10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.508
- Floods and their problems: Land uses and soil types perspectives H. Basri et al. 10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012111
- Resilience of Road Transportation Networks under Hydrological Hazards: A Review of Recent Studies W. Xiong et al. 10.1061/JITSE4.ISENG-2336
- Quantitative Risk Assessment of a Tsunami Induced by the Averroes Fault (Alboran Sea): Case of Martil City, the Mediterranean Coast of Morocco M. Outiskt et al. 10.1007/s00024-025-03681-7
- Infrastructure failure cascades quintuple risk of storm and flood-induced service disruptions across the globe E. Mühlhofer et al. 10.1016/j.oneear.2024.03.010
- River flood risk assessment for the Chinese road network Y. Zhou et al. 10.1016/j.trd.2023.103818
- A methodological framework for flood hazard assessment for land transport infrastructures C. Samela et al. 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103491
- Integrating climate projections and probabilistic network analysis into regional transport resilience planning H. Farahmand et al. 10.1016/j.trd.2024.104229
- OpenStreetMap for multi-faceted climate risk assessments E. Mühlhofer et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/ad15ab
- Hydrodynamic model-based flood risk of coastal urban road network induced by storm surge during typhoon Y. Li et al. 10.1016/j.scs.2025.106250
1 citations as recorded by crossref.
Latest update: 11 Jul 2025
Short summary
This study presents a state-of-the-art approach to assess flood damage for each unique road segment in Europe. We find a mean total flood risk of EUR 230 million per year for all individual road segments combined. We identify flood hotspots in the Alps, along the Sava River, and on the Scandinavian Peninsula. To achieve this, we propose a new set of damage curves for roads and challenge the community to validate and improve these. Analysis of network effects can be easily added to our analysis.
This study presents a state-of-the-art approach to assess flood damage for each unique road...
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