Articles | Volume 20, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-783-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-783-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Spatial and temporal analysis of extreme storm-tide and skew-surge events around the coastline of New Zealand
Scott A. Stephens
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 11 115, Hamilton 3251, New Zealand
Robert G. Bell
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 11 115, Hamilton 3251, New Zealand
Ivan D. Haigh
Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
Viewed
Total article views: 7,599 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 28 Nov 2019)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,846 | 1,613 | 140 | 7,599 | 731 | 190 | 226 |
- HTML: 5,846
- PDF: 1,613
- XML: 140
- Total: 7,599
- Supplement: 731
- BibTeX: 190
- EndNote: 226
Total article views: 6,772 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 24 Mar 2020)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,417 | 1,228 | 127 | 6,772 | 469 | 173 | 204 |
- HTML: 5,417
- PDF: 1,228
- XML: 127
- Total: 6,772
- Supplement: 469
- BibTeX: 173
- EndNote: 204
Total article views: 827 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 28 Nov 2019)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 429 | 385 | 13 | 827 | 262 | 17 | 22 |
- HTML: 429
- PDF: 385
- XML: 13
- Total: 827
- Supplement: 262
- BibTeX: 17
- EndNote: 22
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 7,599 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 6,963 with geography defined
and 636 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 6,772 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 6,311 with geography defined
and 461 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 827 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 652 with geography defined
and 175 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
47 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Revealing intertidal topography with public satellite imagery: Adaptations of the waterline method L. Pool et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106600
- How resilience is framed matters for governance of coastal social‐ecological systems S. Clement et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.2056
- Mapping Dependence between Extreme Skew-Surge, Rainfall, and River-Flow S. Stephens & W. Wu https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121818
- Historic Spatial Patterns of Storm-Driven Compound Events in UK Estuaries C. Lyddon et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-022-01115-4
- Tide–surge interaction observed at Singapore and the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia using a semi-empirical model Z. Koh et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1495-2024
- Storm surge hydrographs from historical observations of sea level along the Dutch North Sea coast M. Pupić Vurilj et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07351-8
- Spatial Footprints of Storm Surges Along the Global Coastlines A. Enríquez et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016367
- Preface: Advances in extreme value analysis and application to natural hazards Y. Hamdi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1461-2021
- Tide-only inundation: a metric to quantify the contribution of tides to coastal inundation under sea-level rise B. Hague & A. Taylor https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04600-4
- Combined effects of climatic factors on extreme sea level changes in the Northwest Pacific Ocean L. Fan & L. Du https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01543-1
- A spatially-dependent synthetic global dataset of extreme sea level events H. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2023.100596
- Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region M. Reckermann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1-2022
- Improving typhoon storm surge disaster prevention and mitigation capacity: a spatiotemporal analysis of occurrence probability and impact in China S. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07385-y
- Cumulative building exposure to extreme sea level flooding in coastal urban areas R. Paulik et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102612
- Tracking the spatial footprints of extreme storm surges around the coastline of the UK and Ireland P. Camus et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2024.100662
- Spatiotemporal aspects in coastal multi-risk climate change decision-making: Wait, protect, or retreat? R. Kool et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107385
- Future Changes in Built Environment Risk to Coastal Flooding, Permanent Inundation and Coastal Erosion Hazards S. Stephens et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9091011
- Skew Surge and Storm Tides of Tropical Cyclones in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays for 1980–2019 J. Callahan et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.610062
- Effects of tropical cyclone intensity on spatial footprints of storm surges: an idealized numerical experiment C. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad66e8
- Rapid response data-driven reconstructions for storm surge around New Zealand J. Tausía et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2023.103496
- Wave set-up in constricted estuaries C. Rautenbach https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2023.104393
- Estimation of Return Levels for Extreme Skew Surge Coastal Flooding Events in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays for 1980–2019 J. Callahan & D. Leathers https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.684834
- National assessment of extreme sea-level driven inundation under rising sea levels R. Paulik et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1045743
- Methods for addressing tidal floods in coastal cities: an overview C. Murtiaji et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1224/1/012019
- Moving Earth (not heaven): A novel approach to tropical cyclone impact modelling, demonstrated for New Zealand I. Boutle et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100395
- Identifying oceanographic conditions conducive to coastal impacts on temperate open coastal beaches C. Leach et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04845-z
- The temporal clustering of storm surge, wave height, and high sea level exceedances around the UK coastline L. Jenkins et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05617-z
- Assessing the temporal clustering of coastal storm tide hazards under natural variability in a near 500-year model run L. Jenkins et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-025-01766-4
- Bivariate extreme analysis for coastal flooding in the Adriatic Sea S. Corvaro et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109668
- Insurance retreat in residential properties from future sea level rise in Aotearoa New Zealand B. Storey et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03699-1
- Quantifying exposedness of the eastern Baltic Sea shores with respect to extremely high and low water levels K. Viigand et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109267
- Modelling extreme water levels using intertidal topography and bathymetry derived from multispectral satellite images W. Costa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3125-2023
- Frequent estuarine engineering exacerbates flood risk in the Greater Bay Area P. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2025.2528535
- Spatial inhomogeneity analyses of extreme sea levels along Lianyungang coast based on numerical simulation and Monte Carlo model B. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103856
- Drivers and predictability of extreme still water level trends and interannual variability along the coast of Australia across different time scales J. O'Grady et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104725
- Compound coastal flooding in high-latitude Baltic Sea estuaries of Finland: Patterns, seasonality and trends T. Nylén & H. Tolvanen https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103551
- The Implications of Employee Participation in Decision-Making on Employee Productivity at the Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial Academy - Karume Campus, Zanzibar C. Kiwia & A. Kavishe https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.5.4.163
- An improved machine learning-based model to predict estuarine water levels M. Gan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102376
- Estimation of spatial extreme sea levels in Xiamen seas by the quadrature JPM-OS method K. Yin et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04464-0
- Dairy farming exposure and impacts from coastal flooding and sea level rise in Aotearoa-New Zealand H. Craig et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104079
- Study on the up-downstream water level correlation and the extreme water levels under flood-tide encounters of the Feiyun River main stream Z. Qin et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11552-y
- Climate Services Transformed: Decision-Making Practice for the Coast in a Changing Climate J. Lawrence et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.703902
- Comparison between averaged and localised subsidence measurements for coastal floods projection in 2050 Semarang, Indonesia A. Irawan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100760
- Comparison of Extreme Coastal Flooding Events between Tropical and Midlatitude Weather Systems in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays for 1980–2019 J. Callahan et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0077.1
- Detailed controls on biomineralization in an adult echinoderm: skeletal carbonate mineralogy of the New Zealand sand dollar (Fellaster zelandiae) I. Dixon-Anderson & A. Smith https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-025-01214-x
- A regional analysis of tide-surge interactions during extreme water levels in complex coastal systems of Aotearoa New Zealand W. Costa et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1170756
- A large-scale estimation method for beach slopes using ICESat-2 altimeter: A case study of New Zealand N. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2025.104768
47 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Revealing intertidal topography with public satellite imagery: Adaptations of the waterline method L. Pool et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106600
- How resilience is framed matters for governance of coastal social‐ecological systems S. Clement et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.2056
- Mapping Dependence between Extreme Skew-Surge, Rainfall, and River-Flow S. Stephens & W. Wu https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121818
- Historic Spatial Patterns of Storm-Driven Compound Events in UK Estuaries C. Lyddon et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-022-01115-4
- Tide–surge interaction observed at Singapore and the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia using a semi-empirical model Z. Koh et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1495-2024
- Storm surge hydrographs from historical observations of sea level along the Dutch North Sea coast M. Pupić Vurilj et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07351-8
- Spatial Footprints of Storm Surges Along the Global Coastlines A. Enríquez et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016367
- Preface: Advances in extreme value analysis and application to natural hazards Y. Hamdi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1461-2021
- Tide-only inundation: a metric to quantify the contribution of tides to coastal inundation under sea-level rise B. Hague & A. Taylor https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04600-4
- Combined effects of climatic factors on extreme sea level changes in the Northwest Pacific Ocean L. Fan & L. Du https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01543-1
- A spatially-dependent synthetic global dataset of extreme sea level events H. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2023.100596
- Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region M. Reckermann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1-2022
- Improving typhoon storm surge disaster prevention and mitigation capacity: a spatiotemporal analysis of occurrence probability and impact in China S. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07385-y
- Cumulative building exposure to extreme sea level flooding in coastal urban areas R. Paulik et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102612
- Tracking the spatial footprints of extreme storm surges around the coastline of the UK and Ireland P. Camus et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2024.100662
- Spatiotemporal aspects in coastal multi-risk climate change decision-making: Wait, protect, or retreat? R. Kool et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107385
- Future Changes in Built Environment Risk to Coastal Flooding, Permanent Inundation and Coastal Erosion Hazards S. Stephens et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9091011
- Skew Surge and Storm Tides of Tropical Cyclones in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays for 1980–2019 J. Callahan et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.610062
- Effects of tropical cyclone intensity on spatial footprints of storm surges: an idealized numerical experiment C. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad66e8
- Rapid response data-driven reconstructions for storm surge around New Zealand J. Tausía et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2023.103496
- Wave set-up in constricted estuaries C. Rautenbach https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2023.104393
- Estimation of Return Levels for Extreme Skew Surge Coastal Flooding Events in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays for 1980–2019 J. Callahan & D. Leathers https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.684834
- National assessment of extreme sea-level driven inundation under rising sea levels R. Paulik et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1045743
- Methods for addressing tidal floods in coastal cities: an overview C. Murtiaji et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1224/1/012019
- Moving Earth (not heaven): A novel approach to tropical cyclone impact modelling, demonstrated for New Zealand I. Boutle et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100395
- Identifying oceanographic conditions conducive to coastal impacts on temperate open coastal beaches C. Leach et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04845-z
- The temporal clustering of storm surge, wave height, and high sea level exceedances around the UK coastline L. Jenkins et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05617-z
- Assessing the temporal clustering of coastal storm tide hazards under natural variability in a near 500-year model run L. Jenkins et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-025-01766-4
- Bivariate extreme analysis for coastal flooding in the Adriatic Sea S. Corvaro et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109668
- Insurance retreat in residential properties from future sea level rise in Aotearoa New Zealand B. Storey et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03699-1
- Quantifying exposedness of the eastern Baltic Sea shores with respect to extremely high and low water levels K. Viigand et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109267
- Modelling extreme water levels using intertidal topography and bathymetry derived from multispectral satellite images W. Costa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3125-2023
- Frequent estuarine engineering exacerbates flood risk in the Greater Bay Area P. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2025.2528535
- Spatial inhomogeneity analyses of extreme sea levels along Lianyungang coast based on numerical simulation and Monte Carlo model B. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103856
- Drivers and predictability of extreme still water level trends and interannual variability along the coast of Australia across different time scales J. O'Grady et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104725
- Compound coastal flooding in high-latitude Baltic Sea estuaries of Finland: Patterns, seasonality and trends T. Nylén & H. Tolvanen https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103551
- The Implications of Employee Participation in Decision-Making on Employee Productivity at the Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial Academy - Karume Campus, Zanzibar C. Kiwia & A. Kavishe https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.5.4.163
- An improved machine learning-based model to predict estuarine water levels M. Gan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102376
- Estimation of spatial extreme sea levels in Xiamen seas by the quadrature JPM-OS method K. Yin et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04464-0
- Dairy farming exposure and impacts from coastal flooding and sea level rise in Aotearoa-New Zealand H. Craig et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104079
- Study on the up-downstream water level correlation and the extreme water levels under flood-tide encounters of the Feiyun River main stream Z. Qin et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11552-y
- Climate Services Transformed: Decision-Making Practice for the Coast in a Changing Climate J. Lawrence et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.703902
- Comparison between averaged and localised subsidence measurements for coastal floods projection in 2050 Semarang, Indonesia A. Irawan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100760
- Comparison of Extreme Coastal Flooding Events between Tropical and Midlatitude Weather Systems in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays for 1980–2019 J. Callahan et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0077.1
- Detailed controls on biomineralization in an adult echinoderm: skeletal carbonate mineralogy of the New Zealand sand dollar (Fellaster zelandiae) I. Dixon-Anderson & A. Smith https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-025-01214-x
- A regional analysis of tide-surge interactions during extreme water levels in complex coastal systems of Aotearoa New Zealand W. Costa et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1170756
- A large-scale estimation method for beach slopes using ICESat-2 altimeter: A case study of New Zealand N. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2025.104768
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 11 Jun 2026
Short summary
Extreme sea levels in New Zealand occur in nearby places and at similar times, which means that flooding impacts and losses may be linked in space and time. The most extreme sea levels depend on storms coinciding with very high tides because storm surges are relatively small in New Zealand. The type of storm weather system influences where the extreme sea levels occur, and the annual timing is influenced by the low-amplitude (~10 cm) annual sea-level cycle.
Extreme sea levels in New Zealand occur in nearby places and at similar times, which means that...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint