Articles | Volume 17, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-765-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-765-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 May 2017
Research article |
| 29 May 2017
Costs of sea dikes – regressions and uncertainty estimates
Stephan Lenk
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research – PIK, Member of Leibniz Association, P.O. Box
601203,
14412 Potsdam, Germany
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research – PIK, Member of Leibniz Association, P.O. Box
601203,
14412 Potsdam, Germany
Oliver Heidrich
School of Civil Engineering & Geosciences & Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Richard J. Dawson
School of Civil Engineering & Geosciences & Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Jürgen P. Kropp
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research – PIK, Member of Leibniz Association, P.O. Box
601203,
14412 Potsdam, Germany
University of Potsdam, Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Potsdam, Germany
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Cited
28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Damage of extreme water levels and the adaptation cost of dikes in the Pearl River Delta L. He et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.246
- DEVELOPMENT OF A UNIT COST MODEL OF STRUCTURAL RIVER MANAGEMENT IN THE WORLD BASED ON MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION COST FACTORS Y. TSUMURA et al. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.78.2_I_559
- A Review of Cost Estimates for Flood Adaptation J. Aerts https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111646
- Public-private flood management: Who should pay and when? P. Bouchard St-Amant et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14366
- A global framework for future costs and benefits of river-flood protection in urban areas P. Ward et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3350
- Cutting the costs of coastal protection by integrating vegetation in flood defences V. van Zelst et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26887-4
- The benefits of coastal adaptation through conservation of foreshore vegetation T. Tiggeloven et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12790
- Damage and protection cost curves for coastal floods within the 600 largest European cities B. Prahl et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.34
- Quantify the Contribution of Nature-Based Solutions in Reducing the Impacts of Hydro-Meteorological Hazards in the Urban Environment: A Case Study in Naples, Italy M. Clemente et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030569
- A comparison of the cost effectiveness of property‐level adaptation and community‐scale flood defences in reducing flood risk B. Rehan et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12956
- Scientific basis, engineering feasibility and system optimization of green sea dykes for temperate mud coasts: a brief overview Q. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44218-024-00052-y
- Economic optimization of coastal flood defence systems including storm surge barrier closure reliability L. Mooyaart et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12904
- A framework for comparing permanent and forecast-based flood risk-reduction strategies K. Bischiniotis et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137572
- Adaptation Time to Climate-Induced Extreme Events—Impact of Trend, Seasonality, and Interest Rate Stochasticity C. Truong & M. Goldstein https://doi.org/10.1080/10920277.2024.2427026
- Climate overshoot implications for local adaptation planning E. Theokritoff et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2025.2502111
- Wave Overtopping and Flooding Costs in the Pre-Design of Longitudinal Revetments M. Lima et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071434
- Exploring Methodological Approaches for Strengthening the Resilience of Coastal Flood Protection System M. Igigabel et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.756936
- ADAPTING TO SEA LEVEL RISE IN 21ST-CENTURY VIETNAM: A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PROTECTION OR RELOCATION O. PHAM & M. TAMURA https://doi.org/10.2208/journalofjsce.25-27041
- Impacts of sea level rise and adaptation across Asia and the Pacific I. Monioudi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11517-6
- Global analysis of sea level rise risk to airports A. Yesudian & R. Dawson https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100266
- Vulnerability and conservation value of monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) roosting habitats east of the Appalachian Mountains, USA B. Boxler et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.70026
- Economic motivation for raising coastal flood defenses in Europe M. Vousdoukas et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15665-3
- Integration of mitigation and adaptation in urban climate change action plans in Europe: A systematic assessment S. Grafakos et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109623
- Plant Collection “Half‐life:” Can Botanic Gardens Weather the Climate? M. Griffith et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/cura.12229
- Global-scale benefit–cost analysis of coastal flood adaptation to different flood risk drivers using structural measures T. Tiggeloven et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1025-2020
- Residual flood damage under intensive adaptation M. Tanoue et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01158-8
- Stimulating urban transition and transformation to achieve sustainable and resilient cities M. Mendizabal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.003
- The potential of global coastal flood risk reduction using various DRR measures E. Mortensen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1381-2024
28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Damage of extreme water levels and the adaptation cost of dikes in the Pearl River Delta L. He et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.246
- DEVELOPMENT OF A UNIT COST MODEL OF STRUCTURAL RIVER MANAGEMENT IN THE WORLD BASED ON MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION COST FACTORS Y. TSUMURA et al. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.78.2_I_559
- A Review of Cost Estimates for Flood Adaptation J. Aerts https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111646
- Public-private flood management: Who should pay and when? P. Bouchard St-Amant et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14366
- A global framework for future costs and benefits of river-flood protection in urban areas P. Ward et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3350
- Cutting the costs of coastal protection by integrating vegetation in flood defences V. van Zelst et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26887-4
- The benefits of coastal adaptation through conservation of foreshore vegetation T. Tiggeloven et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12790
- Damage and protection cost curves for coastal floods within the 600 largest European cities B. Prahl et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.34
- Quantify the Contribution of Nature-Based Solutions in Reducing the Impacts of Hydro-Meteorological Hazards in the Urban Environment: A Case Study in Naples, Italy M. Clemente et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030569
- A comparison of the cost effectiveness of property‐level adaptation and community‐scale flood defences in reducing flood risk B. Rehan et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12956
- Scientific basis, engineering feasibility and system optimization of green sea dykes for temperate mud coasts: a brief overview Q. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44218-024-00052-y
- Economic optimization of coastal flood defence systems including storm surge barrier closure reliability L. Mooyaart et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12904
- A framework for comparing permanent and forecast-based flood risk-reduction strategies K. Bischiniotis et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137572
- Adaptation Time to Climate-Induced Extreme Events—Impact of Trend, Seasonality, and Interest Rate Stochasticity C. Truong & M. Goldstein https://doi.org/10.1080/10920277.2024.2427026
- Climate overshoot implications for local adaptation planning E. Theokritoff et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2025.2502111
- Wave Overtopping and Flooding Costs in the Pre-Design of Longitudinal Revetments M. Lima et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071434
- Exploring Methodological Approaches for Strengthening the Resilience of Coastal Flood Protection System M. Igigabel et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.756936
- ADAPTING TO SEA LEVEL RISE IN 21ST-CENTURY VIETNAM: A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PROTECTION OR RELOCATION O. PHAM & M. TAMURA https://doi.org/10.2208/journalofjsce.25-27041
- Impacts of sea level rise and adaptation across Asia and the Pacific I. Monioudi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11517-6
- Global analysis of sea level rise risk to airports A. Yesudian & R. Dawson https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100266
- Vulnerability and conservation value of monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) roosting habitats east of the Appalachian Mountains, USA B. Boxler et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.70026
- Economic motivation for raising coastal flood defenses in Europe M. Vousdoukas et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15665-3
- Integration of mitigation and adaptation in urban climate change action plans in Europe: A systematic assessment S. Grafakos et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109623
- Plant Collection “Half‐life:” Can Botanic Gardens Weather the Climate? M. Griffith et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/cura.12229
- Global-scale benefit–cost analysis of coastal flood adaptation to different flood risk drivers using structural measures T. Tiggeloven et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1025-2020
- Residual flood damage under intensive adaptation M. Tanoue et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01158-8
- Stimulating urban transition and transformation to achieve sustainable and resilient cities M. Mendizabal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.003
- The potential of global coastal flood risk reduction using various DRR measures E. Mortensen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1381-2024
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 31 May 2026
Short summary
We plot the dike costs divided by their length as a function of height and test four different regression models. Our analysis shows that a linear function without intercept is sufficient to model the costs, i.e. fixed costs and higher-order contributions are less significant. We employ log-normal distributions and calculate that the range between 3x and x/3 contains 95% of the data, where x represents the regression value. We compare estimates from Canada, the Netherlands, US, UK, and Vietnam.
We plot the dike costs divided by their length as a function of height and test four different...
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