Effects of sample size on estimation of rainfall extremes at high temperatures

Boessenkool, Berry; Bürger, Gerd; Heistermann, Maik

doi:10.5194/nhess-17-1623-2017

Articles | Volume 17, issue 9

https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1623-2017

© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1623-2017

© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 17, issue 9

Research article

|

25 Sep 2017

Research article |

| 25 Sep 2017

Effects of sample size on estimation of rainfall extremes at high temperatures

Berry Boessenkool, Gerd Bürger, and Maik Heistermann

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Total article views: 3,381 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

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Views and downloads (calculated since 27 Jun 2016)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Jun 2016	44	14	1	59
Jul 2016	100	40	5	145
Aug 2016	36	7	0	43
Sep 2016	9	3	0	12
Oct 2016	43	6	1	50
Nov 2016	14	4	1	19
Dec 2016	11	3	0	14
Jan 2017	8	1	0	9
Feb 2017	17	3	0	20
Mar 2017	26	7	3	36
Apr 2017	23	6	1	30
May 2017	26	7	0	33
Jun 2017	25	5	4	34
Jul 2017	20	6	1	27
Aug 2017	9	2	0	11
Sep 2017	118	44	3	165
Oct 2017	80	20	1	101
Nov 2017	68	16	3	87
Dec 2017	27	13	0	40
Jan 2018	20	15	3	38
Feb 2018	13	9	0	22
Mar 2018	26	11	2	39
Apr 2018	11	13	0	24
May 2018	11	12	0	23
Jun 2018	12	16	2	30
Jul 2018	14	11	0	25
Aug 2018	25	11	4	40
Sep 2018	18	11	2	31
Oct 2018	15	13	2	30
Nov 2018	10	6	0	16
Dec 2018	13	4	0	17
Jan 2019	13	7	0	20
Feb 2019	7	8	0	15
Mar 2019	10	9	1	20
Apr 2019	10	7	1	18
May 2019	8	8	0	16
Jun 2019	6	12	4	22
Jul 2019	19	12	1	32
Aug 2019	11	9	1	21
Sep 2019	18	6	0	24
Oct 2019	12	10	1	23
Nov 2019	6	5	1	12
Dec 2019	7	4	0	11
Jan 2020	25	10	2	37
Feb 2020	10	5	0	15
Mar 2020	2	10	0	12
Apr 2020	5	2	0	7
May 2020	9	5	1	15
Jun 2020	15	14	1	30
Jul 2020	24	24	9	57
Aug 2020	7	10	4	21
Sep 2020	16	12	0	28
Oct 2020	8	9	1	18
Nov 2020	7	9	2	18
Dec 2020	10	8	0	18
Jan 2021	19	6	0	25
Feb 2021	9	4	1	14
Mar 2021	9	7	0	16
Apr 2021	7	6	0	13
May 2021	6	7	0	13
Jun 2021	7	10	0	17
Jul 2021	14	12	0	26
Aug 2021	5	2	0	7
Sep 2021	11	12	0	23
Oct 2021	7	45	0	52
Nov 2021	11	22	1	34
Dec 2021	18	7	0	25
Jan 2022	12	9	1	22
Feb 2022	9	6	1	16
Mar 2022	11	9	0	20
Apr 2022	14	6	1	21
May 2022	13	11	1	25
Jun 2022	5	5	2	12
Jul 2022	8	6	0	14
Aug 2022	13	5	0	18
Sep 2022	6	4	0	10
Oct 2022	9	4	0	13
Nov 2022	11	7	0	18
Dec 2022	14	7	0	21
Jan 2023	6	14	0	20
Feb 2023	12	9	1	22
Mar 2023	20	13	0	33
Apr 2023	27	13	0	40
May 2023	32	15	5	52
Jun 2023	10	10	0	20
Jul 2023	13	7	1	21
Aug 2023	9	8	2	19
Sep 2023	5	14	0	19
Oct 2023	4	7	0	11
Nov 2023	7	5	0	12
Dec 2023	21	8	2	31
Jan 2024	9	6	0	15
Feb 2024	7	10	3	20
Mar 2024	8	16	3	27
Apr 2024	19	8	2	29
May 2024	16	18	6	40
Jun 2024	28	8	2	38
Jul 2024	19	9	5	33
Aug 2024	23	3	4	30
Sep 2024	21	10	2	33
Oct 2024	13	7	1	21
Nov 2024	12	5	0	17
Dec 2024	7	2	1	10
Jan 2025	15	11	0	26
Feb 2025	31	7	0	38
Mar 2025	20	11	1	32
Apr 2025	26	12	2	40
May 2025	18	12	0	30
Jun 2025	32	19	2	53
Jul 2025	17	22	2	41
Aug 2025	26	20	2	48
Sep 2025	30	15	2	47
Oct 2025	29	27	7	63
Nov 2025	32	21	42	95
Dec 2025	0

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 27 Jun 2016)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Jun 2016	44	14	1	59
Jul 2016	100	40	5	145
Aug 2016	36	7	0	43
Sep 2016	9	3	0	12
Oct 2016	43	6	1	50
Nov 2016	14	4	1	19
Dec 2016	11	3	0	14
Jan 2017	8	1	0	9
Feb 2017	17	3	0	20
Mar 2017	26	7	3	36
Apr 2017	23	6	1	30
May 2017	26	7	0	33
Jun 2017	25	5	4	34
Jul 2017	20	6	1	27
Aug 2017	9	2	0	11
Sep 2017	118	44	3	165
Oct 2017	80	20	1	101
Nov 2017	68	16	3	87
Dec 2017	27	13	0	40
Jan 2018	20	15	3	38
Feb 2018	13	9	0	22
Mar 2018	26	11	2	39
Apr 2018	11	13	0	24
May 2018	11	12	0	23
Jun 2018	12	16	2	30
Jul 2018	14	11	0	25
Aug 2018	25	11	4	40
Sep 2018	18	11	2	31
Oct 2018	15	13	2	30
Nov 2018	10	6	0	16
Dec 2018	13	4	0	17
Jan 2019	13	7	0	20
Feb 2019	7	8	0	15
Mar 2019	10	9	1	20
Apr 2019	10	7	1	18
May 2019	8	8	0	16
Jun 2019	6	12	4	22
Jul 2019	19	12	1	32
Aug 2019	11	9	1	21
Sep 2019	18	6	0	24
Oct 2019	12	10	1	23
Nov 2019	6	5	1	12
Dec 2019	7	4	0	11
Jan 2020	25	10	2	37
Feb 2020	10	5	0	15
Mar 2020	2	10	0	12
Apr 2020	5	2	0	7
May 2020	9	5	1	15
Jun 2020	15	14	1	30
Jul 2020	24	24	9	57
Aug 2020	7	10	4	21
Sep 2020	16	12	0	28
Oct 2020	8	9	1	18
Nov 2020	7	9	2	18
Dec 2020	10	8	0	18
Jan 2021	19	6	0	25
Feb 2021	9	4	1	14
Mar 2021	9	7	0	16
Apr 2021	7	6	0	13
May 2021	6	7	0	13
Jun 2021	7	10	0	17
Jul 2021	14	12	0	26
Aug 2021	5	2	0	7
Sep 2021	11	12	0	23
Oct 2021	7	45	0	52
Nov 2021	11	22	1	34
Dec 2021	18	7	0	25
Jan 2022	12	9	1	22
Feb 2022	9	6	1	16
Mar 2022	11	9	0	20
Apr 2022	14	6	1	21
May 2022	13	11	1	25
Jun 2022	5	5	2	12
Jul 2022	8	6	0	14
Aug 2022	13	5	0	18
Sep 2022	6	4	0	10
Oct 2022	9	4	0	13
Nov 2022	11	7	0	18
Dec 2022	14	7	0	21
Jan 2023	6	14	0	20
Feb 2023	12	9	1	22
Mar 2023	20	13	0	33
Apr 2023	27	13	0	40
May 2023	32	15	5	52
Jun 2023	10	10	0	20
Jul 2023	13	7	1	21
Aug 2023	9	8	2	19
Sep 2023	5	14	0	19
Oct 2023	4	7	0	11
Nov 2023	7	5	0	12
Dec 2023	21	8	2	31
Jan 2024	9	6	0	15
Feb 2024	7	10	3	20
Mar 2024	8	16	3	27
Apr 2024	19	8	2	29
May 2024	16	18	6	40
Jun 2024	28	8	2	38
Jul 2024	19	9	5	33
Aug 2024	23	3	4	30
Sep 2024	21	10	2	33
Oct 2024	13	7	1	21
Nov 2024	12	5	0	17
Dec 2024	7	2	1	10
Jan 2025	15	11	0	26
Feb 2025	31	7	0	38
Mar 2025	20	11	1	32
Apr 2025	26	12	2	40
May 2025	18	12	0	30
Jun 2025	32	19	2	53
Jul 2025	17	22	2	41
Aug 2025	26	20	2	48
Sep 2025	30	15	2	47
Oct 2025	29	27	7	63
Nov 2025	32	21	42	95
Dec 2025	0

Latest update: 03 Dec 2025

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Short summary

Rainfall is more intense at high temperatures than in cooler weather, as can be seen in summer thunder storms. The relationship between temperature and rainfall intensity seems to invert at very high temperatures, however. There are some possible meteorological explanations, but we propose that part of the reason might be the low number of observations, due to which the actually possible values are underestimated. We propose a better way to estimate high quantiles from small datasets.