Articles | Volume 17, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1653-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1653-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Brief communication
| 
25 Sep 2017
Brief communication |
| 25 Sep 2017
Brief communication: Characteristic properties of extreme wave events observed in the northern Baltic Proper, Baltic Sea
Jan-Victor Björkqvist
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki,
Finland
Laura Tuomi
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki,
Finland
Niko Tollman
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki,
Finland
Antti Kangas
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki,
Finland
Heidi Pettersson
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki,
Finland
Riikka Marjamaa
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki,
Finland
Hannu Jokinen
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki,
Finland
Carl Fortelius
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki,
Finland
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20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Ensemble hindcasting of wind and wave conditions with WRF and WAVEWATCH III® driven by ERA5 R. Osinski & H. Radtke 10.5194/os-16-355-2020
- Swell hindcast statistics for the Baltic Sea J. Björkqvist et al. 10.5194/os-17-1815-2021
- Event-based wave statistics for the Baltic Sea J. Björkqvist et al. 10.5194/sp-4-osr8-10-2024
- Long-term statistics of atmospheric conditions over the Baltic Sea and meteorological features related to wind wave extremes in the Gulf of Gdańsk W. Cieślikiewicz & A. Cupiał 10.1016/j.oceano.2023.10.002
- Numerical simulations of wave climate in the Baltic Sea: a review T. Soomere 10.1016/j.oceano.2022.01.004
- Baltic sea wave climate in 1979–2018: Numerical modelling results A. Sokolov & B. Chubarenko 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117088
- Improving Baltic Sea wave forecasts using modelled surface currents H. Kanarik et al. 10.1007/s10236-021-01455-y
- Surface Stokes drift in the Baltic Sea based on modelled wave spectra L. Tuomi et al. 10.1007/s10236-017-1115-7
- Comparing a 41-year model hindcast with decades of wave measurements from the Baltic Sea J. Björkqvist et al. 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.01.048
- Alongshore sediment transport analysis for a semi-enclosed basin: a case study of the Gulf of Riga, the Baltic Sea T. Soomere et al. 10.5194/os-21-619-2025
- Better Baltic Sea wave forecasts: improving resolution or introducing ensembles? T. Schmith et al. 10.5194/os-14-1435-2018
- Wave height return periods from combined measurement–model data: a Baltic Sea case study J. Björkqvist et al. 10.5194/nhess-20-3593-2020
- Currents and their drivers in the Archipelago Sea: insights from ADCP measurements H. Kanarik et al. 10.5194/os-21-2125-2025
- Characterization of Wave Energy Potential for the Baltic Sea with Focus on the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone E. Nilsson et al. 10.3390/en12050793
- Application of the LSTM Models for Baltic Sea Wave Spectra Estimation M. Simon et al. 10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3220882
- Чувствительность модели прогноза волн к параметризациям пограничного слоя атмосферы, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика" Я. Стригунова & К. Булгаков 10.7868/S2073667319040014
- Assessment of Extreme and Metocean Conditions in the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone for Wave Energy E. Nilsson et al. 10.3390/atmos11030229
- A comparison of Baltic Sea wave properties simulated using two modelled wind data sets A. Giudici et al. 10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108401
- Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 5 K. von Schuckmann et al. 10.1080/1755876X.2021.1946240
- Combining probability distributions of sea level variations and wave run-up to evaluate coastal flooding risks U. Leijala et al. 10.5194/nhess-18-2785-2018
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Ensemble hindcasting of wind and wave conditions with WRF and WAVEWATCH III® driven by ERA5 R. Osinski & H. Radtke 10.5194/os-16-355-2020
- Swell hindcast statistics for the Baltic Sea J. Björkqvist et al. 10.5194/os-17-1815-2021
- Event-based wave statistics for the Baltic Sea J. Björkqvist et al. 10.5194/sp-4-osr8-10-2024
- Long-term statistics of atmospheric conditions over the Baltic Sea and meteorological features related to wind wave extremes in the Gulf of Gdańsk W. Cieślikiewicz & A. Cupiał 10.1016/j.oceano.2023.10.002
- Numerical simulations of wave climate in the Baltic Sea: a review T. Soomere 10.1016/j.oceano.2022.01.004
- Baltic sea wave climate in 1979–2018: Numerical modelling results A. Sokolov & B. Chubarenko 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117088
- Improving Baltic Sea wave forecasts using modelled surface currents H. Kanarik et al. 10.1007/s10236-021-01455-y
- Surface Stokes drift in the Baltic Sea based on modelled wave spectra L. Tuomi et al. 10.1007/s10236-017-1115-7
- Comparing a 41-year model hindcast with decades of wave measurements from the Baltic Sea J. Björkqvist et al. 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.01.048
- Alongshore sediment transport analysis for a semi-enclosed basin: a case study of the Gulf of Riga, the Baltic Sea T. Soomere et al. 10.5194/os-21-619-2025
- Better Baltic Sea wave forecasts: improving resolution or introducing ensembles? T. Schmith et al. 10.5194/os-14-1435-2018
- Wave height return periods from combined measurement–model data: a Baltic Sea case study J. Björkqvist et al. 10.5194/nhess-20-3593-2020
- Currents and their drivers in the Archipelago Sea: insights from ADCP measurements H. Kanarik et al. 10.5194/os-21-2125-2025
- Characterization of Wave Energy Potential for the Baltic Sea with Focus on the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone E. Nilsson et al. 10.3390/en12050793
- Application of the LSTM Models for Baltic Sea Wave Spectra Estimation M. Simon et al. 10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3220882
- Чувствительность модели прогноза волн к параметризациям пограничного слоя атмосферы, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика" Я. Стригунова & К. Булгаков 10.7868/S2073667319040014
- Assessment of Extreme and Metocean Conditions in the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone for Wave Energy E. Nilsson et al. 10.3390/atmos11030229
- A comparison of Baltic Sea wave properties simulated using two modelled wind data sets A. Giudici et al. 10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108401
- Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 5 K. von Schuckmann et al. 10.1080/1755876X.2021.1946240
- Combining probability distributions of sea level variations and wave run-up to evaluate coastal flooding risks U. Leijala et al. 10.5194/nhess-18-2785-2018
Discussed (preprint)
Latest update: 04 Nov 2025
Short summary
We studied the highest wave events in the Baltic Sea using wave measurements available since 1996. Going beyond classifying them based solely on the maximum wave height, we found that they can be divided into two groups based on, for example, the length of the storm. Two of the severest storms show different behaviour, with the most recent (in 2017) being the longest on record. We hope this more in-depth description of the storms will aid in the issuing of warnings for extreme wave conditions.
We studied the highest wave events in the Baltic Sea using wave measurements available since...
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