Articles | Volume 15, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-789-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-789-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Apr 2015
Research article |
| 10 Apr 2015
Open space suitability analysis for emergency shelter after an earthquake
HEiKA – Heidelberg Karlsruhe Research Partnership, Heidelberg University and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Heidelberg and Karlsruhe, Germany
South Asia Institute (SAI), Heidelberg University, INF 330, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
B. Khazai
Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
HEiKA – Heidelberg Karlsruhe Research Partnership, Heidelberg University and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Heidelberg and Karlsruhe, Germany
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- Multi-criteria comparison analysis of spatial equity for emergency shelters in old and new urban districts: A case study in Wuhua District and Chenggong District of Kunming City, China J. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104547
- Location of the public service facilities in an urban comprehensive park using a multi-hierarchy and multi-constrained configuration model J. Yin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2020.04.001
- OLASI DEPREM DURUMUNDA MAHALLE ÖLÇEĞİNDE BURDUR KENTİ ACİL TOPLANMA ALANLARININ YETERLİLİĞİNİN SAPTANMASI H. AŞIKKUTLU et al. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.835883
- Assessment of emergency gathering points and temporary shelter areas for disaster resilience in Elazıg, Turkey M. Cetin et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06271-9
- A new index-based model for site selection of emergency shelters after an earthquake for Iran K. Amini Hosseini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103110
- Impact of earthquake-induced building debris on urban network functionality and citizen accessibility to urban functions D. Koren & K. Rus https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1602963
- An assessment on size and site selection of emergency assembly points and temporary shelter areas in Düzce B. Şenik & O. Uzun https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04367-0
- Emergent Issues and Vulnerability Factors in Temporary and Intermediate Shelters following the 2015 Nepal Earthquake B. Khazai et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/028072701603400307
- Designing public open space to support seismic resilience: A systematic review E. French et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.11.001
- Problems and Possible Solutions of Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction Projects in India R. Sanchaniya et al. https://doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0004
- Challenges in applying capacitated covering models J. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12608
- Location-Allocation Modeling for Emergency Evacuation Planning in a Smart City Context M. Batsaris et al. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJAGR.2019100103
- 6 Şubat Depremleri Sonrası Acil Toplanma Alanlarının Yeterliklerinin İncelenmesi: Malatya İli Örneğinde Saha Çalışması M. Kalkan et al. https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1390770
- Emergency Shelter Site Selection in Maar Shurin Community of Idlib (Syria) C. Çetinkaya et al. https://doi.org/10.5325/transportationj.60.1.0070
- Optimal Location Selection of Temporary Accommodation Sites in Iran via a Hybrid Fuzzy Multiple-Criteria Decision Making Approach A. Boostani et al. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000479
- Pre-disaster planning and preparedness for urban seismic Resilience: Evaluating critical influential factors for temporary shelter site selection E. Anjomshoa & G. Heravi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2025.103478
- A Supply–Demand-Driven Framework for Evaluating Service Effectiveness of University Campus Emergency Shelter: Evidence from Central Tianjin Under Earthquake Scenarios H. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071411
- A comparative typology of plan characteristics in vernacular architecture: traditional houses in Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) and Van (Türkiye) G. Qənbərova et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2026.2656532
- Integration of GIS and MCDM for temporary shelter site selection in earthquake-risk zone: a case study with sensitivity analysis Y. Kızılkan & S. Birinci https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-026-08246-y
- Analyzing spatial equality of cooling service shelters, Central district of Seoul metropolitan city, South Korea Y. Ahn & Y. Chae https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-018-0206-y
- ENHANCED GIS-BASED MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS FOR OPTIMAL FLOOD SHELTER SITE SELECTION: A CASE STUDY OF KUANTAN, MALAYSIA N. Mabahwi & H. Nakamura https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v22i34.1587
- Resilience of Public Open Spaces to Earthquakes: A Case Study of Chongqing, China M. Alawi et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021092
- A Case Study on the Calculation of Evacuation Demand for Outdoor Evacuation Sites: Focusing on the Use of Population Data Y. Lee & H. Seo https://doi.org/10.9798/KOSHAM.2022.22.2.81
- Fusion of Remotely Sensed Displacement Measurements: Current status and challenges Y. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2016.2516278
- Multi-criteria decision making for city-scale infrastructure of post-earthquake assembly areas: Case study of Istanbul D. Aman & G. Aytac https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102668
- Afet Yönetim Döngüsü Çerçevesinde Kamusal Alanların Önemi: 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremi Deneyimi B. Turna & P. Savaş Yavuzçehre https://doi.org/10.47097/piar.1387191
- Evaluation of Emergency Shelter Service Functions and Optimisation Suggestions—Case Study in the Songyuan City Central Area S. Tang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097283
- Urban morphology and disaster risk reduction: A systematic literature review Q. An & C. Ochiai https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2025.100455
- Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction in Rural Nepal: A Case Study in the Aftermath of the 2015 Nepal Earthquake D. Dhakal et al. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojer.2025.144012
- Earthquake risk–sensitive model for urban land use planning H. Motamed et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03960-7
- Using the variable two-step floating catchment area method to measure the potential spatial accessibility of urban emergency shelters H. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10389-3
- Research on the layout of urban disaster-prevention and risk-avoidance green space under the improvement of supply and demand match: The case study of the main urban area of Nanjing, China W. Fei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110657
- Evaluating the effectiveness of emergency shelters by applying an age-integrated method H. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10669-6
- A GIS-Based System for Spatial-Temporal Availability Evaluation of the Open Spaces Used as Emergency Shelters: The Case of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Y. Yao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10020063
- Shortage of evacuation spaces for earthquake disaster in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal R. Pokhrel et al. https://doi.org/10.64866/j.ijdscr.2026.10021
- A spatial evaluation framework of urban physical resilience considering different phases of disaster risk management S. Parizi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06703-0
- Quantifying the Impact of a Tsunami on Data-Driven Earthquake Relief Zone Planning in Los Angeles County via Multivariate Spatial Optimization Y. Gu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020099
- Investigating the green space accessibility for assembly areas of the urban road in case of disaster: Kastamonu case study P. Şahin Körmeçli https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2025.103663
- Surge dynamics of disaster displaced populations in temporary urban shelters: future challenges and management issues M. Uddin et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3383-z
- Evaluating the Crowdedness of Urban Emergency Shelters Based on the Improved Gravity Model H. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/502/1/012046
- Toughness Evaluation and Functional Enhancement of Disaster Prevention and Avoidance of Urban Park Green Space W. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2024.06.009
- Spatial Equity with Census Population Data vs. Floating Population Data: The Distribution of Earthquake Evacuation Shelters in Daegu, South Korea Y. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198046
- Quantitative evaluation of emergency shelters in mountainous areas among multiple scenarios: Evidence from Biancheng, China F. Zou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103665
- Spatial suitability evaluation and layout optimization of emergency shelter: A case study in Tianhe District of Guangzhou City B. Tang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41122
- Urban form resilience: A meso-scale analysis A. Sharifi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.010
- New Indices for the Existing City-Centers Streets Network Reliability and Availability Assessment in Earthquake Emergency S. Santarelli et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2017.1328543
- Temporal patterns of post-earthquake human displacement and housing support strategies in urban and rural areas H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2026.110446
- Enhancing disaster risk resilience using greenspace in urbanising Quito, Ecuador C. Watson et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1699-2022
- Evaluation and Classification of Emergency and Disaster Assembly Areas with ORESTE-Sort U. Ozdemir et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031281
- The Potential of Open Space for Enhancing Urban Seismic Resilience: A literature Review D. Koren & K. Rus https://doi.org/10.3390/su11215942
- Transition of post-disaster housing of rural households: A case study of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal H. Kotani et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101443
- AI-Based model for site-selecting earthquake emergency shelters A. Amiran et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80586-w
- Acil Toplanma Alanlarının Deprem Sonrası Erişilebilirliği: Bayraklı’da (İzmir) Mahalle Düzeyinde Tahliye Planlaması F. Şenol et al. https://doi.org/10.58317/eksen.1810611
- An Assessment of Evacuation Shelter Operations and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Disaster Relief Volunteers Under Large-Scale Earthquake Scenarios C. Chang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards7030081
- Planning for service space of medium- and long-term shelters based on multi-agent evacuation simulation X. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06734-7
- A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Analysis Framework to Evaluate Urban Physical Resilience against Earthquakes S. Parizi et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095034
- A Multi-Indicator Evaluation Method for Spatial Distribution of Urban Emergency Shelters X. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184649
- Geographic Information System Based Suitable Temporary Shelter Location for Mount Merapi Eruption S. Wigati et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032073
- Modeling Shelter Accessibility with Rational Agent Accessibility Model (RAAM): A Case Study of Northwest Florida S. Takyi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-025-09708-9
- Evaluation and Optimization of Refuge Green Space in the Central Area of Tianjin for Geological Disasters Y. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315507
- Afet Acil Durum Toplanma Alanlarının Yer Seçim Kriterleri ve Tsunami Riskine Yönelik Bir Değerlendirme: Trabzon Akçaabat Örneği G. Kara & A. Özhan https://doi.org/10.48123/rsgis.1764550
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- Open spaces and risk perception in post-earthquake Kathmandu city S. Shrestha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.02.016
- A GIS-Based Model for Integrating Risk Estimations of Residential Building Damage and Shelter Capacity in the Case of Earthquakes D. Nguyen et al. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000350
- Systematic Evaluation of the Emergency Accommodation Potential of Existing Public Buildings A. Idemen & S. Şener https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDIBE.294446
- Equity-Constrained, Demand-Responsive Shelter Location–Allocation for Sustainable Urban Earthquake Resilience: A GIS-Integrated Two-Stage Framework with a Fast Heuristic B. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310747
- Integrating multi-agent evacuation simulation and multi-criteria evaluation for spatial allocation of urban emergency shelters J. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2018.1463442
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- Incorporating multi-criteria suitability evaluation into multi-objective location–allocation optimization comparison for earthquake emergency shelters Y. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2022.2118623
78 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Multi-criteria comparison analysis of spatial equity for emergency shelters in old and new urban districts: A case study in Wuhua District and Chenggong District of Kunming City, China J. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104547
- Location of the public service facilities in an urban comprehensive park using a multi-hierarchy and multi-constrained configuration model J. Yin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2020.04.001
- OLASI DEPREM DURUMUNDA MAHALLE ÖLÇEĞİNDE BURDUR KENTİ ACİL TOPLANMA ALANLARININ YETERLİLİĞİNİN SAPTANMASI H. AŞIKKUTLU et al. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.835883
- Assessment of emergency gathering points and temporary shelter areas for disaster resilience in Elazıg, Turkey M. Cetin et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06271-9
- A new index-based model for site selection of emergency shelters after an earthquake for Iran K. Amini Hosseini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103110
- Impact of earthquake-induced building debris on urban network functionality and citizen accessibility to urban functions D. Koren & K. Rus https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1602963
- An assessment on size and site selection of emergency assembly points and temporary shelter areas in Düzce B. Şenik & O. Uzun https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04367-0
- Emergent Issues and Vulnerability Factors in Temporary and Intermediate Shelters following the 2015 Nepal Earthquake B. Khazai et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/028072701603400307
- Designing public open space to support seismic resilience: A systematic review E. French et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.11.001
- Problems and Possible Solutions of Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction Projects in India R. Sanchaniya et al. https://doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0004
- Challenges in applying capacitated covering models J. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12608
- Location-Allocation Modeling for Emergency Evacuation Planning in a Smart City Context M. Batsaris et al. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJAGR.2019100103
- 6 Şubat Depremleri Sonrası Acil Toplanma Alanlarının Yeterliklerinin İncelenmesi: Malatya İli Örneğinde Saha Çalışması M. Kalkan et al. https://doi.org/10.46464/tdad.1390770
- Emergency Shelter Site Selection in Maar Shurin Community of Idlib (Syria) C. Çetinkaya et al. https://doi.org/10.5325/transportationj.60.1.0070
- Optimal Location Selection of Temporary Accommodation Sites in Iran via a Hybrid Fuzzy Multiple-Criteria Decision Making Approach A. Boostani et al. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000479
- Pre-disaster planning and preparedness for urban seismic Resilience: Evaluating critical influential factors for temporary shelter site selection E. Anjomshoa & G. Heravi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2025.103478
- A Supply–Demand-Driven Framework for Evaluating Service Effectiveness of University Campus Emergency Shelter: Evidence from Central Tianjin Under Earthquake Scenarios H. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071411
- A comparative typology of plan characteristics in vernacular architecture: traditional houses in Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) and Van (Türkiye) G. Qənbərova et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2026.2656532
- Integration of GIS and MCDM for temporary shelter site selection in earthquake-risk zone: a case study with sensitivity analysis Y. Kızılkan & S. Birinci https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-026-08246-y
- Analyzing spatial equality of cooling service shelters, Central district of Seoul metropolitan city, South Korea Y. Ahn & Y. Chae https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-018-0206-y
- ENHANCED GIS-BASED MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS FOR OPTIMAL FLOOD SHELTER SITE SELECTION: A CASE STUDY OF KUANTAN, MALAYSIA N. Mabahwi & H. Nakamura https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v22i34.1587
- Resilience of Public Open Spaces to Earthquakes: A Case Study of Chongqing, China M. Alawi et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021092
- A Case Study on the Calculation of Evacuation Demand for Outdoor Evacuation Sites: Focusing on the Use of Population Data Y. Lee & H. Seo https://doi.org/10.9798/KOSHAM.2022.22.2.81
- Fusion of Remotely Sensed Displacement Measurements: Current status and challenges Y. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2016.2516278
- Multi-criteria decision making for city-scale infrastructure of post-earthquake assembly areas: Case study of Istanbul D. Aman & G. Aytac https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102668
- Afet Yönetim Döngüsü Çerçevesinde Kamusal Alanların Önemi: 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremi Deneyimi B. Turna & P. Savaş Yavuzçehre https://doi.org/10.47097/piar.1387191
- Evaluation of Emergency Shelter Service Functions and Optimisation Suggestions—Case Study in the Songyuan City Central Area S. Tang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097283
- Urban morphology and disaster risk reduction: A systematic literature review Q. An & C. Ochiai https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2025.100455
- Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction in Rural Nepal: A Case Study in the Aftermath of the 2015 Nepal Earthquake D. Dhakal et al. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojer.2025.144012
- Earthquake risk–sensitive model for urban land use planning H. Motamed et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03960-7
- Using the variable two-step floating catchment area method to measure the potential spatial accessibility of urban emergency shelters H. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10389-3
- Research on the layout of urban disaster-prevention and risk-avoidance green space under the improvement of supply and demand match: The case study of the main urban area of Nanjing, China W. Fei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110657
- Evaluating the effectiveness of emergency shelters by applying an age-integrated method H. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10669-6
- A GIS-Based System for Spatial-Temporal Availability Evaluation of the Open Spaces Used as Emergency Shelters: The Case of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Y. Yao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10020063
- Shortage of evacuation spaces for earthquake disaster in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal R. Pokhrel et al. https://doi.org/10.64866/j.ijdscr.2026.10021
- A spatial evaluation framework of urban physical resilience considering different phases of disaster risk management S. Parizi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06703-0
- Quantifying the Impact of a Tsunami on Data-Driven Earthquake Relief Zone Planning in Los Angeles County via Multivariate Spatial Optimization Y. Gu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020099
- Investigating the green space accessibility for assembly areas of the urban road in case of disaster: Kastamonu case study P. Şahin Körmeçli https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2025.103663
- Surge dynamics of disaster displaced populations in temporary urban shelters: future challenges and management issues M. Uddin et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3383-z
- Evaluating the Crowdedness of Urban Emergency Shelters Based on the Improved Gravity Model H. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/502/1/012046
- Toughness Evaluation and Functional Enhancement of Disaster Prevention and Avoidance of Urban Park Green Space W. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2024.06.009
- Spatial Equity with Census Population Data vs. Floating Population Data: The Distribution of Earthquake Evacuation Shelters in Daegu, South Korea Y. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198046
- Quantitative evaluation of emergency shelters in mountainous areas among multiple scenarios: Evidence from Biancheng, China F. Zou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103665
- Spatial suitability evaluation and layout optimization of emergency shelter: A case study in Tianhe District of Guangzhou City B. Tang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41122
- Urban form resilience: A meso-scale analysis A. Sharifi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.010
- New Indices for the Existing City-Centers Streets Network Reliability and Availability Assessment in Earthquake Emergency S. Santarelli et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2017.1328543
- Temporal patterns of post-earthquake human displacement and housing support strategies in urban and rural areas H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2026.110446
- Enhancing disaster risk resilience using greenspace in urbanising Quito, Ecuador C. Watson et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1699-2022
- Evaluation and Classification of Emergency and Disaster Assembly Areas with ORESTE-Sort U. Ozdemir et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031281
- The Potential of Open Space for Enhancing Urban Seismic Resilience: A literature Review D. Koren & K. Rus https://doi.org/10.3390/su11215942
- Transition of post-disaster housing of rural households: A case study of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal H. Kotani et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101443
- AI-Based model for site-selecting earthquake emergency shelters A. Amiran et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80586-w
- Acil Toplanma Alanlarının Deprem Sonrası Erişilebilirliği: Bayraklı’da (İzmir) Mahalle Düzeyinde Tahliye Planlaması F. Şenol et al. https://doi.org/10.58317/eksen.1810611
- An Assessment of Evacuation Shelter Operations and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Disaster Relief Volunteers Under Large-Scale Earthquake Scenarios C. Chang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards7030081
- Planning for service space of medium- and long-term shelters based on multi-agent evacuation simulation X. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06734-7
- A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Analysis Framework to Evaluate Urban Physical Resilience against Earthquakes S. Parizi et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095034
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Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 14 Aug 2026
Short summary
This paper presents an indicator method to rank public open spaces for emergency shelter using weighted qualitative indicators and a capacitated accessibility measure. The method is exemplified in a case study from Kathmandu, Nepal, using the mid-Nepal earthquake scenario with Mw 8.0, which would lead to huge building damages. The results indicate that Kathmandu faces a lack of suitable open spaces for immediate shelter inside the ring-road perimeter given the standards used in this study.
This paper presents an indicator method to rank public open spaces for emergency shelter using...
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