Repeated glacial lake outburst flood threatening the oldest Buddhist monastery in north-western Nepal

Kropáček, J.; Neckel, N.; Tyrna, B.; Holzer, N.; Hovden, A.; Gourmelen, N.; Schneider, C.; Buchroithner, M.; Hochschild, V.

doi:10.5194/nhess-15-2425-2015

Articles | Volume 15, issue 10

https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2425-2015

© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2425-2015

© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 15, issue 10

Research article

|

26 Oct 2015

Research article |

| 26 Oct 2015

Repeated glacial lake outburst flood threatening the oldest Buddhist monastery in north-western Nepal

J. Kropáček, N. Neckel, B. Tyrna, N. Holzer, A. Hovden, N. Gourmelen, C. Schneider, M. Buchroithner, and V. Hochschild

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Views and downloads (calculated since 17 Nov 2014)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Nov 2014	77	34	4	115
Dec 2014	39	55	2	96
Jan 2015	23	20	0	43
Feb 2015	11	7	0	18
Mar 2015	17	16	1	34
Apr 2015	15	11	2	28
May 2015	16	12	2	30
Jun 2015	14	4	1	19
Jul 2015	16	11	1	28
Aug 2015	5	8	2	15
Sep 2015	8	3	3	14
Oct 2015	61	56	2	119
Nov 2015	107	79	1	187
Dec 2015	43	67	5	115
Jan 2016	50	57	1	108
Feb 2016	32	52	1	85
Mar 2016	14	46	1	61
Apr 2016	11	37	0	48
May 2016	15	29	1	45
Jun 2016	5	26	2	33
Jul 2016	4	27	2	33
Aug 2016	6	8	1	15
Sep 2016	9	10	0	19
Oct 2016	11	38	1	50
Nov 2016	11	32	1	44
Dec 2016	5	15	0	20
Jan 2017	13	43	1	57
Feb 2017	4	111	1	116
Mar 2017	22	63	2	87
Apr 2017	23	62	1	86
May 2017	28	30	4	62
Jun 2017	27	14	4	45
Jul 2017	13	26	4	43
Aug 2017	10	19	3	32
Sep 2017	16	32	2	50
Oct 2017	9	36	2	47
Nov 2017	21	68	3	92
Dec 2017	20	77	5	102
Jan 2018	12	35	4	51
Feb 2018	12	28	3	43
Mar 2018	16	37	9	62
Apr 2018	13	45	6	64
May 2018	7	41	6	54
Jun 2018	20	53	3	76
Jul 2018	19	68	5	92
Aug 2018	14	43	5	62
Sep 2018	13	56	6	75
Oct 2018	25	126	8	159
Nov 2018	18	39	6	63
Dec 2018	10	28	1	39
Jan 2019	18	33	5	56
Feb 2019	24	35	9	68
Mar 2019	13	26	2	41
Apr 2019	9	31	3	43
May 2019	13	55	2	70
Jun 2019	21	130	4	155
Jul 2019	16	120	2	138
Aug 2019	10	71	4	85
Sep 2019	10	45	1	56
Oct 2019	10	42	1	53
Nov 2019	18	25	2	45
Dec 2019	16	32	5	53
Jan 2020	14	10	3	27
Feb 2020	21	10	4	35
Mar 2020	7	8	2	17
Apr 2020	4	9	3	16
May 2020	8	7	1	16
Jun 2020	21	8	2	31
Jul 2020	34	20	18	72
Aug 2020	10	19	14	43
Sep 2020	10	17	4	31
Oct 2020	8	13	1	22
Nov 2020	21	12	3	36
Dec 2020	12	13	3	28
Jan 2021	22	21	5	48
Feb 2021	11	10	1	22
Mar 2021	13	33	12	58
Apr 2021	11	17	7	35
May 2021	10	28	2	40
Jun 2021	10	10	1	21
Jul 2021	12	12	0	24
Aug 2021	10	27	6	43
Sep 2021	14	25	1	40
Oct 2021	13	52	1	66
Nov 2021	18	62	12	92
Dec 2021	10	39	10	59
Jan 2022	10	66	8	84
Feb 2022	27	35	1	63
Mar 2022	9	50	0	59
Apr 2022	14	21	3	38
May 2022	14	28	5	47
Jun 2022	8	15	1	24
Jul 2022	9	10	1	20
Aug 2022	16	19	6	41
Sep 2022	16	41	10	67
Oct 2022	10	48	4	62
Nov 2022	21	24	0	45
Dec 2022	29	42	2	73
Jan 2023	27	67	1	95
Feb 2023	26	49	1	76
Mar 2023	36	13	1	50
Apr 2023	22	14	0	36
May 2023	12	15	4	31
Jun 2023	14	11	0	25
Jul 2023	16	8	2	26
Aug 2023	23	7	2	32
Sep 2023	46	7	0	53
Oct 2023	163	13	0	176
Nov 2023	160	8	0	168
Dec 2023	14	9	2	25
Jan 2024	22	45	1	68
Feb 2024	13	45	2	60
Mar 2024	18	43	0	61
Apr 2024	23	18	8	49
May 2024	22	28	3	53
Jun 2024	12	13	2	27
Jul 2024	18	21	6	45
Aug 2024	35	12	3	50
Sep 2024	18	13	2	33
Oct 2024	47	16	2	65
Nov 2024	15	12	0	27
Dec 2024	27	21	3	51
Jan 2025	19	20	0	39
Feb 2025	34	15	2	51
Mar 2025	23	29	1	53
Apr 2025	19	36	1	56
May 2025	48	47	2	97
Jun 2025	92	59	2	153
Jul 2025	40	56	0	96
Aug 2025	41	25	2	68
Sep 2025	33	24	1	58
Oct 2025	56	24	1	81
Nov 2025	51	38	2	91

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 17 Nov 2014)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Nov 2014	77	34	4	115
Dec 2014	39	55	2	96
Jan 2015	23	20	0	43
Feb 2015	11	7	0	18
Mar 2015	17	16	1	34
Apr 2015	15	11	2	28
May 2015	16	12	2	30
Jun 2015	14	4	1	19
Jul 2015	16	11	1	28
Aug 2015	5	8	2	15
Sep 2015	8	3	3	14
Oct 2015	61	56	2	119
Nov 2015	107	79	1	187
Dec 2015	43	67	5	115
Jan 2016	50	57	1	108
Feb 2016	32	52	1	85
Mar 2016	14	46	1	61
Apr 2016	11	37	0	48
May 2016	15	29	1	45
Jun 2016	5	26	2	33
Jul 2016	4	27	2	33
Aug 2016	6	8	1	15
Sep 2016	9	10	0	19
Oct 2016	11	38	1	50
Nov 2016	11	32	1	44
Dec 2016	5	15	0	20
Jan 2017	13	43	1	57
Feb 2017	4	111	1	116
Mar 2017	22	63	2	87
Apr 2017	23	62	1	86
May 2017	28	30	4	62
Jun 2017	27	14	4	45
Jul 2017	13	26	4	43
Aug 2017	10	19	3	32
Sep 2017	16	32	2	50
Oct 2017	9	36	2	47
Nov 2017	21	68	3	92
Dec 2017	20	77	5	102
Jan 2018	12	35	4	51
Feb 2018	12	28	3	43
Mar 2018	16	37	9	62
Apr 2018	13	45	6	64
May 2018	7	41	6	54
Jun 2018	20	53	3	76
Jul 2018	19	68	5	92
Aug 2018	14	43	5	62
Sep 2018	13	56	6	75
Oct 2018	25	126	8	159
Nov 2018	18	39	6	63
Dec 2018	10	28	1	39
Jan 2019	18	33	5	56
Feb 2019	24	35	9	68
Mar 2019	13	26	2	41
Apr 2019	9	31	3	43
May 2019	13	55	2	70
Jun 2019	21	130	4	155
Jul 2019	16	120	2	138
Aug 2019	10	71	4	85
Sep 2019	10	45	1	56
Oct 2019	10	42	1	53
Nov 2019	18	25	2	45
Dec 2019	16	32	5	53
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Feb 2020	21	10	4	35
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Apr 2020	4	9	3	16
May 2020	8	7	1	16
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Aug 2020	10	19	14	43
Sep 2020	10	17	4	31
Oct 2020	8	13	1	22
Nov 2020	21	12	3	36
Dec 2020	12	13	3	28
Jan 2021	22	21	5	48
Feb 2021	11	10	1	22
Mar 2021	13	33	12	58
Apr 2021	11	17	7	35
May 2021	10	28	2	40
Jun 2021	10	10	1	21
Jul 2021	12	12	0	24
Aug 2021	10	27	6	43
Sep 2021	14	25	1	40
Oct 2021	13	52	1	66
Nov 2021	18	62	12	92
Dec 2021	10	39	10	59
Jan 2022	10	66	8	84
Feb 2022	27	35	1	63
Mar 2022	9	50	0	59
Apr 2022	14	21	3	38
May 2022	14	28	5	47
Jun 2022	8	15	1	24
Jul 2022	9	10	1	20
Aug 2022	16	19	6	41
Sep 2022	16	41	10	67
Oct 2022	10	48	4	62
Nov 2022	21	24	0	45
Dec 2022	29	42	2	73
Jan 2023	27	67	1	95
Feb 2023	26	49	1	76
Mar 2023	36	13	1	50
Apr 2023	22	14	0	36
May 2023	12	15	4	31
Jun 2023	14	11	0	25
Jul 2023	16	8	2	26
Aug 2023	23	7	2	32
Sep 2023	46	7	0	53
Oct 2023	163	13	0	176
Nov 2023	160	8	0	168
Dec 2023	14	9	2	25
Jan 2024	22	45	1	68
Feb 2024	13	45	2	60
Mar 2024	18	43	0	61
Apr 2024	23	18	8	49
May 2024	22	28	3	53
Jun 2024	12	13	2	27
Jul 2024	18	21	6	45
Aug 2024	35	12	3	50
Sep 2024	18	13	2	33
Oct 2024	47	16	2	65
Nov 2024	15	12	0	27
Dec 2024	27	21	3	51
Jan 2025	19	20	0	39
Feb 2025	34	15	2	51
Mar 2025	23	29	1	53
Apr 2025	19	36	1	56
May 2025	48	47	2	97
Jun 2025	92	59	2	153
Jul 2025	40	56	0	96
Aug 2025	41	25	2	68
Sep 2025	33	24	1	58
Oct 2025	56	24	1	81
Nov 2025	51	38	2	91

Latest update: 29 Nov 2025

Short summary

The supraglacial lake basin was mapped by DGPS and the SFM approach from terrestrial photographs. The maximum filling capacity of the lake was estimated, with a maximum discharge of 77.8 m3/s, calculated using an empirical relation. The flooded area in the valley was delineated by employing a raster-based hydraulic model. A coincidence of the GLOF events with high values of cumulative above-zero temperature and precipitation calculated from the HAR data set was revealed.