Articles | Volume 15, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2425-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2425-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Oct 2015
Research article |
| 26 Oct 2015
Repeated glacial lake outburst flood threatening the oldest Buddhist monastery in north-western Nepal
J. Kropáček
Department of Geography, University of Tübingen, Ruemelinstr. 19–23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Cartography, Dresden University of Technology, Helmholtzstr. 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany
N. Neckel
Department of Geography, University of Tübingen, Ruemelinstr. 19–23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
now at: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
B. Tyrna
Department of Geography, University of Tübingen, Ruemelinstr. 19–23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
Geomer GmbH, Im Breitspiel 11b, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
N. Holzer
Institute for Cartography, Dresden University of Technology, Helmholtzstr. 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany
A. Hovden
Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages, University of Oslo, Niels Henrik Abels vei 36, 0371 Oslo, Norway
N. Gourmelen
Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 5 Rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg CEDEX, France
School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Geography Building Drummond Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
C. Schneider
Department of Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany
M. Buchroithner
Institute for Cartography, Dresden University of Technology, Helmholtzstr. 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany
V. Hochschild
Department of Geography, University of Tübingen, Ruemelinstr. 19–23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
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36 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Review of glacier velocity and facies characterization techniques using multi-sensor approach A. Mohanty et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04604-7
- Modeling lake outburst and downstream hazard assessment of the Lower Barun Glacial Lake, Nepal Himalaya A. Sattar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126208
- Monitoring glacial lake outburst flood susceptibility using Sentinel-1 SAR data, Google Earth Engine, and persistent scatterer interferometry S. Wangchuk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.112910
- Three Recent and Lesser-Known Glacier-Related Flood Mechanisms in High Mountain Environments A. Byers et al. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00045.1
- Heterogeneity in topographic control on velocities of Western Himalayan glaciers L. Sam et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31310-y
- Hybrid FR-AHP approach for GLOF hazard assessment in the Himalayan region D. Gaikwad et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2024.101437
- WRF‐based dynamical downscaling of ERA5 reanalysis data for High Mountain Asia: Towards a new version of the High Asia Refined analysis X. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6686
- Risk assessment of a glacial lake with abruptly slowing expansion, Jiongpu, Southeastern Tibet T. Peng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109471
- Large‐scale high‐resolution pluvial flood hazard mapping using the raster‐based hydrodynamic two‐dimensional model FloodAreaHPC B. Tyrna et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12287
- Increasing global threat of outburst floods from overlooked small alpine lakes R. Ahmed et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-026-01873-0
- Modelling glacial lake outburst flood impacts in the Bolivian Andes I. Kougkoulos et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3486-6
- Use of multi-criteria decision analysis to identify potentially dangerous glacial lakes I. Kougkoulos et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.083
- Contributions of the cryosphere to mountain communities in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: a review A. Mukherji et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01484-w
- Formation and Outburst of the Toguz-Bulak Glacial Lake in the Northern Teskey Range, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan M. Daiyrov et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110468
- Interannual spatio-temporal evolution of the supraglacial lakes on the Belvedere Glacier between 2000 and 2023 L. Brodský et al. https://doi.org/10.14712/23361980.2024.24
- Impact assessment of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the Himalaya using satellite imageries over the last 25 years (2000–2024): A comprehensive review A. Mondal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2025.101845
- Atmosphere Driven Mass-Balance Sensitivity of Halji Glacier, Himalayas A. Arndt et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040426
- State Capacities, Connectivity and Cross-border Relations: Analysing Different Responses to Adverse Climate Events at Two Himalayan Monasteries A. Pandey https://doi.org/10.1177/24559296261460948
- An inventory of historical glacial lake outburst floods in the Himalayas based on remote sensing observations and geomorphological analysis Y. Nie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.02.002
- Intercomparison of Gridded Precipitation Datasets over a Sub-Region of the Central Himalaya and the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau A. Hamm et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113271
- Limits and challenges to compiling and developing a database of glacial lake outburst floods A. Emmer et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0686-6
- Pars pro toto—Remote Sensing Data for the Reconstruction of a Rounded Chalcolithic Site from NE Romania: The Case of Ripiceni–Holm Settlement (Cucuteni Culture) A. Asăndulesei et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050887
- Sectorwise Assessment of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Danger in the Indian Himalayan Region S. Mal et al. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00043.1
- Regional Geomorphological Conditions Related to Recent Changes of Glacial Lakes in the Issyk-Kul Basin, Northern Tien Shan M. Daiyrov et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8030099
- Modern evolution and hydrological regime of the Bashkara Glacier Lakes system (Central Caucasus, Russia) after the outburst on September 1, 2017 E. Pavlyukevich et al. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2024-3717
- Evolution of debris flow and moraine failure in the Gangotri Glacier region, Garhwal Himalaya: Hydro-geomorphological aspects A. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.02.015
- Forgotten Nazi Forced Labour Camps: Arbeitslager Riese (Lower Silesia, SE Poland) and the Use of Archival Aerial Photography and Contemporary LiDAR and Ground Truth Data to Identify and Delineate Camp Areas A. Kamola et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12111802
- Photogrammetric Measurement of Erosion at the Sabbath Point Beothuk Site in Central Newfoundland, Canada J. Williamson & I. Nicu https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187555
- Climate change and its impacts on glaciers and glacial lakes in Nepal Himalayas N. Khadka et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-023-02142-y
- Glacial lake formation and evolution in the Hindukush Region of Afghanistan between 1990 and 2020 F. Azizi et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.2025.2554438
- Advancing glacial lake hazard and risk assessment in Bhutan through hydrodynamic flood mapping and exposure analysis S. Rinzin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-1015-2026
- Flood risk from small mountain lakes A. Sattar et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02758-4
- Evaluating the variability of glacial lakes in the Kyrgyz and Teskey ranges, Tien Shan M. Daiyrov et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.850146
- 喜马拉雅高海拔山区冰湖溃决时空分异特征 Q. Zou et al. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2024.083
36 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Large drainages from short-lived glacial lakes in the Teskey Range, Tien Shan Mountains, Central Asia C. Narama et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-983-2018
- Analyzing glacial lake outburst flood triggers for sustainable disaster risk mitigation: an interpretive structural modelling based approach A. Trivedi et al. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-04-2021-0067
- Review of glacier velocity and facies characterization techniques using multi-sensor approach A. Mohanty et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04604-7
- Modeling lake outburst and downstream hazard assessment of the Lower Barun Glacial Lake, Nepal Himalaya A. Sattar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126208
- Monitoring glacial lake outburst flood susceptibility using Sentinel-1 SAR data, Google Earth Engine, and persistent scatterer interferometry S. Wangchuk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.112910
- Three Recent and Lesser-Known Glacier-Related Flood Mechanisms in High Mountain Environments A. Byers et al. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00045.1
- Heterogeneity in topographic control on velocities of Western Himalayan glaciers L. Sam et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31310-y
- Hybrid FR-AHP approach for GLOF hazard assessment in the Himalayan region D. Gaikwad et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2024.101437
- WRF‐based dynamical downscaling of ERA5 reanalysis data for High Mountain Asia: Towards a new version of the High Asia Refined analysis X. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6686
- Risk assessment of a glacial lake with abruptly slowing expansion, Jiongpu, Southeastern Tibet T. Peng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109471
- Large‐scale high‐resolution pluvial flood hazard mapping using the raster‐based hydrodynamic two‐dimensional model FloodAreaHPC B. Tyrna et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12287
- Increasing global threat of outburst floods from overlooked small alpine lakes R. Ahmed et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-026-01873-0
- Modelling glacial lake outburst flood impacts in the Bolivian Andes I. Kougkoulos et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3486-6
- Use of multi-criteria decision analysis to identify potentially dangerous glacial lakes I. Kougkoulos et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.083
- Contributions of the cryosphere to mountain communities in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: a review A. Mukherji et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01484-w
- Formation and Outburst of the Toguz-Bulak Glacial Lake in the Northern Teskey Range, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan M. Daiyrov et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110468
- Interannual spatio-temporal evolution of the supraglacial lakes on the Belvedere Glacier between 2000 and 2023 L. Brodský et al. https://doi.org/10.14712/23361980.2024.24
- Impact assessment of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the Himalaya using satellite imageries over the last 25 years (2000–2024): A comprehensive review A. Mondal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2025.101845
- Atmosphere Driven Mass-Balance Sensitivity of Halji Glacier, Himalayas A. Arndt et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040426
- State Capacities, Connectivity and Cross-border Relations: Analysing Different Responses to Adverse Climate Events at Two Himalayan Monasteries A. Pandey https://doi.org/10.1177/24559296261460948
- An inventory of historical glacial lake outburst floods in the Himalayas based on remote sensing observations and geomorphological analysis Y. Nie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.02.002
- Intercomparison of Gridded Precipitation Datasets over a Sub-Region of the Central Himalaya and the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau A. Hamm et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113271
- Limits and challenges to compiling and developing a database of glacial lake outburst floods A. Emmer et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0686-6
- Pars pro toto—Remote Sensing Data for the Reconstruction of a Rounded Chalcolithic Site from NE Romania: The Case of Ripiceni–Holm Settlement (Cucuteni Culture) A. Asăndulesei et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050887
- Sectorwise Assessment of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Danger in the Indian Himalayan Region S. Mal et al. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00043.1
- Regional Geomorphological Conditions Related to Recent Changes of Glacial Lakes in the Issyk-Kul Basin, Northern Tien Shan M. Daiyrov et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8030099
- Modern evolution and hydrological regime of the Bashkara Glacier Lakes system (Central Caucasus, Russia) after the outburst on September 1, 2017 E. Pavlyukevich et al. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2024-3717
- Evolution of debris flow and moraine failure in the Gangotri Glacier region, Garhwal Himalaya: Hydro-geomorphological aspects A. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.02.015
- Forgotten Nazi Forced Labour Camps: Arbeitslager Riese (Lower Silesia, SE Poland) and the Use of Archival Aerial Photography and Contemporary LiDAR and Ground Truth Data to Identify and Delineate Camp Areas A. Kamola et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12111802
- Photogrammetric Measurement of Erosion at the Sabbath Point Beothuk Site in Central Newfoundland, Canada J. Williamson & I. Nicu https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187555
- Climate change and its impacts on glaciers and glacial lakes in Nepal Himalayas N. Khadka et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-023-02142-y
- Glacial lake formation and evolution in the Hindukush Region of Afghanistan between 1990 and 2020 F. Azizi et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.2025.2554438
- Advancing glacial lake hazard and risk assessment in Bhutan through hydrodynamic flood mapping and exposure analysis S. Rinzin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-1015-2026
- Flood risk from small mountain lakes A. Sattar et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02758-4
- Evaluating the variability of glacial lakes in the Kyrgyz and Teskey ranges, Tien Shan M. Daiyrov et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.850146
- 喜马拉雅高海拔山区冰湖溃决时空分异特征 Q. Zou et al. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2024.083
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Discussed (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Sep 2026
Short summary
The supraglacial lake basin was mapped by DGPS and the SFM approach from terrestrial photographs. The maximum filling capacity of the lake was estimated, with a maximum discharge of 77.8 m3/s, calculated using an empirical relation. The flooded area in the valley was delineated by employing a raster-based hydraulic model. A coincidence of the GLOF events with high values of cumulative above-zero temperature and precipitation calculated from the HAR data set was revealed.
The supraglacial lake basin was mapped by DGPS and the SFM approach from terrestrial...
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