Articles | Volume 15, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1103-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1103-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
02 Jun 2015
Research article |
| 02 Jun 2015
Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of Kolkata City, India
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
M. D. Adhikari
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
N. Devaraj
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
S. K. Maiti
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
Viewed
Total article views: 6,119 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 30 Apr 2014)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,556 | 3,378 | 185 | 6,119 | 168 | 171 |
- HTML: 2,556
- PDF: 3,378
- XML: 185
- Total: 6,119
- BibTeX: 168
- EndNote: 171
Total article views: 3,936 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 02 Jun 2015)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,739 | 2,054 | 143 | 3,936 | 150 | 161 |
- HTML: 1,739
- PDF: 2,054
- XML: 143
- Total: 3,936
- BibTeX: 150
- EndNote: 161
Total article views: 2,183 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 30 Apr 2014)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 817 | 1,324 | 42 | 2,183 | 18 | 10 |
- HTML: 817
- PDF: 1,324
- XML: 42
- Total: 2,183
- BibTeX: 18
- EndNote: 10
Cited
38 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping of Gyeongju, South Korea Using Frequency Ratio, Decision Tree, and Random Forest J. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187787
- Microtremor measurements in the India's holy city, Varanasi for assessment of site characteristics U. Shankar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.008
- Disaggregation of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard in Two Indian Cities: Dehradun and New Delhi M. Sharma https://doi.org/10.1061/NHREFO.NHENG-2371
- Multi-dimensional earthquake vulnerability assessment of residential neighborhoods of Mymensingh City, Bangladesh: A spatial multi-criteria analysis based approach M. Alam & S. Haque https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2021.09.001
- Site Characterization for Seismic Hazard Analysis in Gorakhpur City Using Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) from Ambient Noise Measurements P. Yadav & U. Shankar https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-023-00719-2
- Probabilistic seismic risk assessment of India A. Rao et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755293020957374
- Estimating seismic vulnerability in West Bengal by AHP-WSM and AHP-VIKOR S. Malakar & A. Rai https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2023.06.001
- Spatiotemporal flood hazard mapping in Kolkata based on Sentinel-1 SAR observations A. Kundu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2025.12.082
- Investigation of shallow structures using ambient seismic noise data recorded at permanent broadband seismic stations in the Eastern Indian Shield and adjoining regions R. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09385-0
- Remote sensing GIS-based landslide susceptibility & risk modeling in Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalaya together with FEM-based slope stability analysis of the terrain S. Nath et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04823-5
- Analysis of vulnerability assessment frameworks and methodologies in urban areas J. Diaz-Sarachaga & D. Jato-Espino https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03805-y
- Evaluation of seismic vulnerability index in Makkah Al-Mukarramah urban area, Saudi Arabia, using microtremor measurements A. Al-Amri et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10594-5
- Seismicity clusters and vulnerability in the Himalayas by machine learning and integrated MCDM models S. Malakar & A. Rai https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10946-1
- Site-specific seismic hazard and risk potential of Bengal Basin with emphasis on holistic seismic hazard microzonation and its structural impact assessment in the cities of Dhanbad and Mymensingh S. Nath et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.959108
- Earthquake vulnerability assessment through spatial multi-criteria analysis: a case study of Quetta city, Pakistan . Jamal-ud-din et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10967-3
- HVSR-based empirical relation between predominant frequency and sediment thickness for site response assessment in and around Varanasi City, Uttar Pradesh, India A. Yadav et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-026-02837-w
- Seismic site characterization using satellite-derived terrain morphometry and geological data: A machine learning approach for predominant frequency prediction H. Thakur & P. Anbazhagan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108541
- Vulnerability evaluation of urban buildings to various earthquake intensities: a case study of the municipal zone 9 of Tehran H. Nazmfar et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1556086
- Evaluation of site-specific characteristics using microtremor measurements in the Gorakhpur city of Uttar Pradesh, India U. Shankar et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-021-01690-3
- Rapid assessment of earthquake risk for Bosnia and Herzegovina N. Ademović et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00775-1
- Geospatial, geophysical & geotechnical investigation of glacial depositions in Sikkim Himalayas S. Mondal et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07918-5
- An integrated approach of the analytic network process and fuzzy model mapping of evaluation of urban vulnerability against earthquake H. Nazmfar https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2019.1588791
- Microtremor measurement to evaluate site characteristics by horizontal to vertical spectral ratio technique in Sikkim, Northeast Himalayas, India S. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.11.028
- Active source zones and earthquake vulnerability around Sumatra subduction zone A. Rai et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02070-9
- Structural challenges for seismic stability of buildings in hilly areas P. Roshan & S. Pal https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23263-7
- Seismic site characterization of Kurukshetra city, northern India using active and passive seismic surveys . Abhishek et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2026.2644433
- Earthquake vulnerability in the Himalaya by integrated multi-criteria decision models S. Malakar & A. Rai https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05050-8
- Availability of seismic vulnerability index (Kg) in the assessment of building damage in Van, Eastern Turkey İ. Akkaya https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-020-0556-z
- Step-wise Land-class Elimination Approach for extracting mixed-type built-up areas of Kolkata megacity A. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2017.1408704
- Earthquake vulnerability assessment for the Indian subcontinent using the Long Short-Term Memory model (LSTM) R. Jena et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102642
- Seismic vulnerability indices for ground in Derince-Kocaeli (NW Turkey) İ. Güven https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10288-x
- Land Subsidence due to Leakage of Aquitard-aquifer Pore Water in an Under-construction Tunnel of East-West Metro Railway Project, Kolkata S. Banerjee & P. Sikdar https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-020-1584-z
- Diverse cooling effects of green space on urban heat island in tropical megacities C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1073914
- Simulating micro-scale thermal interactions in different building environments for mitigating urban heat islands S. Chatterjee et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.299
- Hydrogeological characterization of the Quaternary aquifer of south Bengal Basin in India and the impact of urbanization on the groundwater resources of the system S. Banerjee & P. Sikdar https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02340-0
- Earthquake vulnerability assessment of the built environment in the city of Srinagar, Kashmir Himalaya, using a geographic information system M. Fayaz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1593-2023
- Unveiling earthquake hazard in Noida, India: a combined probabilistic and deterministic seismic hazard assessment P. Kundu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-024-01390-z
- Beyond ‘Quantity-Quality’ debate: a multi-objective risk assessment framework to evaluate urban green spaces S. De et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2025.2480180
38 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping of Gyeongju, South Korea Using Frequency Ratio, Decision Tree, and Random Forest J. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187787
- Microtremor measurements in the India's holy city, Varanasi for assessment of site characteristics U. Shankar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.008
- Disaggregation of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard in Two Indian Cities: Dehradun and New Delhi M. Sharma https://doi.org/10.1061/NHREFO.NHENG-2371
- Multi-dimensional earthquake vulnerability assessment of residential neighborhoods of Mymensingh City, Bangladesh: A spatial multi-criteria analysis based approach M. Alam & S. Haque https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2021.09.001
- Site Characterization for Seismic Hazard Analysis in Gorakhpur City Using Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) from Ambient Noise Measurements P. Yadav & U. Shankar https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-023-00719-2
- Probabilistic seismic risk assessment of India A. Rao et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755293020957374
- Estimating seismic vulnerability in West Bengal by AHP-WSM and AHP-VIKOR S. Malakar & A. Rai https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2023.06.001
- Spatiotemporal flood hazard mapping in Kolkata based on Sentinel-1 SAR observations A. Kundu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2025.12.082
- Investigation of shallow structures using ambient seismic noise data recorded at permanent broadband seismic stations in the Eastern Indian Shield and adjoining regions R. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09385-0
- Remote sensing GIS-based landslide susceptibility & risk modeling in Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalaya together with FEM-based slope stability analysis of the terrain S. Nath et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04823-5
- Analysis of vulnerability assessment frameworks and methodologies in urban areas J. Diaz-Sarachaga & D. Jato-Espino https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03805-y
- Evaluation of seismic vulnerability index in Makkah Al-Mukarramah urban area, Saudi Arabia, using microtremor measurements A. Al-Amri et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10594-5
- Seismicity clusters and vulnerability in the Himalayas by machine learning and integrated MCDM models S. Malakar & A. Rai https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10946-1
- Site-specific seismic hazard and risk potential of Bengal Basin with emphasis on holistic seismic hazard microzonation and its structural impact assessment in the cities of Dhanbad and Mymensingh S. Nath et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.959108
- Earthquake vulnerability assessment through spatial multi-criteria analysis: a case study of Quetta city, Pakistan . Jamal-ud-din et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10967-3
- HVSR-based empirical relation between predominant frequency and sediment thickness for site response assessment in and around Varanasi City, Uttar Pradesh, India A. Yadav et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-026-02837-w
- Seismic site characterization using satellite-derived terrain morphometry and geological data: A machine learning approach for predominant frequency prediction H. Thakur & P. Anbazhagan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108541
- Vulnerability evaluation of urban buildings to various earthquake intensities: a case study of the municipal zone 9 of Tehran H. Nazmfar et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1556086
- Evaluation of site-specific characteristics using microtremor measurements in the Gorakhpur city of Uttar Pradesh, India U. Shankar et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-021-01690-3
- Rapid assessment of earthquake risk for Bosnia and Herzegovina N. Ademović et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00775-1
- Geospatial, geophysical & geotechnical investigation of glacial depositions in Sikkim Himalayas S. Mondal et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07918-5
- An integrated approach of the analytic network process and fuzzy model mapping of evaluation of urban vulnerability against earthquake H. Nazmfar https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2019.1588791
- Microtremor measurement to evaluate site characteristics by horizontal to vertical spectral ratio technique in Sikkim, Northeast Himalayas, India S. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.11.028
- Active source zones and earthquake vulnerability around Sumatra subduction zone A. Rai et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02070-9
- Structural challenges for seismic stability of buildings in hilly areas P. Roshan & S. Pal https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23263-7
- Seismic site characterization of Kurukshetra city, northern India using active and passive seismic surveys . Abhishek et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2026.2644433
- Earthquake vulnerability in the Himalaya by integrated multi-criteria decision models S. Malakar & A. Rai https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05050-8
- Availability of seismic vulnerability index (Kg) in the assessment of building damage in Van, Eastern Turkey İ. Akkaya https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-020-0556-z
- Step-wise Land-class Elimination Approach for extracting mixed-type built-up areas of Kolkata megacity A. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2017.1408704
- Earthquake vulnerability assessment for the Indian subcontinent using the Long Short-Term Memory model (LSTM) R. Jena et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102642
- Seismic vulnerability indices for ground in Derince-Kocaeli (NW Turkey) İ. Güven https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10288-x
- Land Subsidence due to Leakage of Aquitard-aquifer Pore Water in an Under-construction Tunnel of East-West Metro Railway Project, Kolkata S. Banerjee & P. Sikdar https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-020-1584-z
- Diverse cooling effects of green space on urban heat island in tropical megacities C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1073914
- Simulating micro-scale thermal interactions in different building environments for mitigating urban heat islands S. Chatterjee et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.299
- Hydrogeological characterization of the Quaternary aquifer of south Bengal Basin in India and the impact of urbanization on the groundwater resources of the system S. Banerjee & P. Sikdar https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02340-0
- Earthquake vulnerability assessment of the built environment in the city of Srinagar, Kashmir Himalaya, using a geographic information system M. Fayaz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1593-2023
- Unveiling earthquake hazard in Noida, India: a combined probabilistic and deterministic seismic hazard assessment P. Kundu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-024-01390-z
- Beyond ‘Quantity-Quality’ debate: a multi-objective risk assessment framework to evaluate urban green spaces S. De et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2025.2480180
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 10 Jun 2026
Short summary
We microzoned seismic hazard of the City of Kolkata, India by integrating seismological, geological and geotechnical themes in GIS which in turn is integrated with the vulnerability components in a logic-tree framework for the estimation of both the socio-economic and structural risk of the City. The cumulative damage probabilities in terms of ‘none’, ‘slight’, ‘moderate’, ‘extensive’ and ‘complete’ have been assessed for the predominantly four model building types RM2L, RM2M, URML and URMM.
We microzoned seismic hazard of the City of Kolkata, India by integrating seismological,...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint