the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 04 Apr 2024
Risk Assessment and Mechanism of Water Inrush in Water-rich Deep-buried Karst Tunnel
Abstract. Water inrush disaster is the main geological disaster of water-rich and deep-buried karst tunnel, which is extremely harmful and threatens tunnel construction and construction safety. When building tunnels in water-rich and deep-buried karst areas, it has become a major challenge to evaluate the risk and study the mechanism of water inrush from tunnels. In order to solve this problem, this paper takes Nahecun water-rich deep-buried karst tunnel of Tian'e through Fengshan to Bama to Expressway as the research object, analyzes the hydrogeological characteristics of karst area through geological investigation, grasps the characteristics of groundwater occurrence and migration, finds out the main disaster-causing factors and influencing factors of water inrush disaster in karst tunnel, reasonably selects the influencing factors of water inrush and their weights to construct a combined weighting -TOPSIS method tunnel water inrush risk assessment system, verifies the evaluation system through field excavation experiments, and analyzes the water inrush mechanism of karst tunnel by using finite element analysis software. The research results show that the main influencing factors of water inrush in karst tunnel include stratum, geological structure, topography, hydrogeological conditions and other factors. The evaluation weight of each index is obtained by using analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method, and the distance and relative proximity between the typical tunnel section and the ideal solution are obtained according to the combined weight -TOPSIS method, so as to evaluate the water inrush risk of Nahecun tunnel section. Based on the equivalent continuum model and Hoek-Brown yield criterion, a three-dimensional simulation model of Nahecun tunnel is established, and the pore water pressure of initial stress-seepage coupling and secondary stress-seepage coupling after excavation is carried out. It is concluded that the pore water pressure near the two sides of the cave is higher than that above, and the area with higher pore water pressure near the cave on the left is concentrated around the cave, while the pore water pressure on the right side is dispersed. The pore water pressure around the initial coupling cave is obviously higher than that around the secondary coupling cave, and the maximum pore water pressure on the left side of the cave is greater than that on the right side of the cave. The research results provide theoretical data support for water inrush risk assessment and water inrush mechanism research of deep-buried karst tunnel with rich water.
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Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on nhess-2024-56', Anonymous Referee #1, 23 Jul 2024
In this paper, the occurrence of water inrush disaster in the karst tunnel of the highway from Tian 'e County to Bama County in Guangxi Province is analyzed comprehensively. The risk assessment system of karst tunnel water inrush was constructed, and weight-TOPSIS method was used to assess the risk of tunnel water inrush. The water inrush situation of karst tunnel with rich water depth was simulated and evaluated by finite element software. The research results provide theoretical data support for the risk assessment of water inrush and the study of water inrush mechanism in rich water depth buried karst tunnel.
- The section on the introduction of engineering geological characteristics of the study area in section 2.1 should have corresponding diagram descriptions.
- How is the judgment matrix established in paragraph 1 of section 3.1? The calculation process should be shown.
- The process of standardization of the evaluation indicators should be described in the third paragraph of subsection 3.1.
- How to use weight-TOPSIS method to assess the risk of tunnel water inrush? What is the weight-TOPSIS method?
- Why choose to study the tunnel section of risk level II. K7+750~K7+950?
- What is the finite element calculation software used? How do you get the results?
- More information about simulation model should be provided? The description of the model in section 3.2 should have a corresponding picture.
- Please check the citation style of references. Some latest papers related with this research work can be referred. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54803-5;https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.1768; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54180-z
- What is the Hoek-Brown yield criterion? What is the empirical formula of ground stress mentioned above Table 9?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-56-RC1 -
RC2: 'Comment on nhess-2024-56', Anonymous Referee #2, 23 Oct 2024
The manuscript is a study about water inrush in a tunnel excavated in karst setting. Notwithstanding the interest for the article, there are many issues that need to be worked and better explained, and the manuscript definitely does not reach the minimum standard for publication.
There are many drawbacks in the manuscript, which denotes a very poor knowledge of the literature about engineering works in karst.
First of all, karst collapse is not the right term to indicate collapses related to presence of karst voids; Authors are kindly invited to refer to the Gutierrez et al. (2014) classification for sinkholes, and use the term collapse sinkhole, that is widely used in the international literature.
When quoting more than one reference, these must be listed in chronological order.
Apart from three histograms, no figure is present in the manuscript, and this is another drawback for the article.
References
All references in the list are from China. This is not acceptable for an international journal, and Authors must make serious effort to prepare a reference list including references from the international literature, and not exclusively from their own country. To their convenience, and for their future works, below you will find a list of international works to which refer for engineering works in karst and, more specifically, to issues related to water inrush in tunnel.
Suggested references:
Golian W.K.M., Sharifi Teshnizi E., Parise M., Terzic J., Milanovic S., Ristic Vakanjac V., Mahdad M., Abbasi M., Taghikhani H. & Saadat H., 2021, A new analytical method for determination of discharge duration in tunnels subjected to groundwater inrush. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. 80 (4), p. 3293-3313.
Gutierrez F., Parise M., De Waele J. & Jourde H., 2014, A review on natural and human-induced geohazards and impacts in karst. Earth Science Reviews, vol. 138, p. 61-88.
Hartmann A, Goldscheider N, Wagener T, Lange J, Weiler M (2014) Karst water resources in a changing world: Review of hydrological modeling approaches. Rev Geophys 52:218–242. https:// doi. org/10. 1002/ 2013R G0004 43.
Kresic N (2013) Water in karst: management, vulnerability, and restoration. McGraw Hill, New York.
Palma B., Ruocco A., Lollino P. & Parise M., 2012, Analysis of the behaviour of a carbonate rock mass due to tunneling in a karst setting. In: Han K.C., Park C., Kim J.D., Jeon S. & Song J.J. (Eds.), The present and future of rock engineering. Proceedings 7th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium, October 15-19, Seoul, p. 772-781.
Palmer AN. 1991. Origin and morphometry of limestone caves. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103 (1), 1–21.
Parise M., 2019, Sinkholes. In: White W.B., Culver D.C. & Pipan T. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Caves. Academic Press, Elsevier, 3rd edition, ISBN ISBN 978-0-12-814124-3, p. 934-942.
Parise M., 2022, Sinkholes, Subsidence and Related Mass Movements. In: Shroder J.J.F. (Ed.), Treatise on Geomorphology, vol. 5. Elsevier, Academic Press, ISBN 9780128182345, pp. 200–220.
Parise M., Closson D., Gutierrez F. & Stevanovic Z., 2015, Anticipating and managing engineering problems in the complex karst environment. Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 74, p. 7823-7835, DOI :10.1007/s12665-015-4647-5.
Parise M., Gabrovsek F., Kaufmann G. & Ravbar N., 2018, Recent advances in karst research: from theory to fieldwork and applications. In: Parise M., Gabrovsek F., Kaufmann G. & Ravbar N. (Eds.), Advances in Karst Research: Theory, Fieldwork and Applications. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 466, p. 1-24,https://doi.org/10.1144/SP466.26.
Stevanovic Z. (ed.), 2015, Karst Aquifers – Characterization and Engineering. Professional Practice in Earth Sciences, Springer.
White W.B., 1988. Geomorphology and hydrology of karst terrains.
White, W.B., 2002: Karst hydrology: recent developments and open questions. Engin. Geology, 65, 85–105.
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on nhess-2024-56', Anonymous Referee #1, 23 Jul 2024
In this paper, the occurrence of water inrush disaster in the karst tunnel of the highway from Tian 'e County to Bama County in Guangxi Province is analyzed comprehensively. The risk assessment system of karst tunnel water inrush was constructed, and weight-TOPSIS method was used to assess the risk of tunnel water inrush. The water inrush situation of karst tunnel with rich water depth was simulated and evaluated by finite element software. The research results provide theoretical data support for the risk assessment of water inrush and the study of water inrush mechanism in rich water depth buried karst tunnel.
- The section on the introduction of engineering geological characteristics of the study area in section 2.1 should have corresponding diagram descriptions.
- How is the judgment matrix established in paragraph 1 of section 3.1? The calculation process should be shown.
- The process of standardization of the evaluation indicators should be described in the third paragraph of subsection 3.1.
- How to use weight-TOPSIS method to assess the risk of tunnel water inrush? What is the weight-TOPSIS method?
- Why choose to study the tunnel section of risk level II. K7+750~K7+950?
- What is the finite element calculation software used? How do you get the results?
- More information about simulation model should be provided? The description of the model in section 3.2 should have a corresponding picture.
- Please check the citation style of references. Some latest papers related with this research work can be referred. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54803-5;https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.1768; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54180-z
- What is the Hoek-Brown yield criterion? What is the empirical formula of ground stress mentioned above Table 9?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-56-RC1 -
RC2: 'Comment on nhess-2024-56', Anonymous Referee #2, 23 Oct 2024
The manuscript is a study about water inrush in a tunnel excavated in karst setting. Notwithstanding the interest for the article, there are many issues that need to be worked and better explained, and the manuscript definitely does not reach the minimum standard for publication.
There are many drawbacks in the manuscript, which denotes a very poor knowledge of the literature about engineering works in karst.
First of all, karst collapse is not the right term to indicate collapses related to presence of karst voids; Authors are kindly invited to refer to the Gutierrez et al. (2014) classification for sinkholes, and use the term collapse sinkhole, that is widely used in the international literature.
When quoting more than one reference, these must be listed in chronological order.
Apart from three histograms, no figure is present in the manuscript, and this is another drawback for the article.
References
All references in the list are from China. This is not acceptable for an international journal, and Authors must make serious effort to prepare a reference list including references from the international literature, and not exclusively from their own country. To their convenience, and for their future works, below you will find a list of international works to which refer for engineering works in karst and, more specifically, to issues related to water inrush in tunnel.
Suggested references:
Golian W.K.M., Sharifi Teshnizi E., Parise M., Terzic J., Milanovic S., Ristic Vakanjac V., Mahdad M., Abbasi M., Taghikhani H. & Saadat H., 2021, A new analytical method for determination of discharge duration in tunnels subjected to groundwater inrush. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. 80 (4), p. 3293-3313.
Gutierrez F., Parise M., De Waele J. & Jourde H., 2014, A review on natural and human-induced geohazards and impacts in karst. Earth Science Reviews, vol. 138, p. 61-88.
Hartmann A, Goldscheider N, Wagener T, Lange J, Weiler M (2014) Karst water resources in a changing world: Review of hydrological modeling approaches. Rev Geophys 52:218–242. https:// doi. org/10. 1002/ 2013R G0004 43.
Kresic N (2013) Water in karst: management, vulnerability, and restoration. McGraw Hill, New York.
Palma B., Ruocco A., Lollino P. & Parise M., 2012, Analysis of the behaviour of a carbonate rock mass due to tunneling in a karst setting. In: Han K.C., Park C., Kim J.D., Jeon S. & Song J.J. (Eds.), The present and future of rock engineering. Proceedings 7th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium, October 15-19, Seoul, p. 772-781.
Palmer AN. 1991. Origin and morphometry of limestone caves. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103 (1), 1–21.
Parise M., 2019, Sinkholes. In: White W.B., Culver D.C. & Pipan T. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Caves. Academic Press, Elsevier, 3rd edition, ISBN ISBN 978-0-12-814124-3, p. 934-942.
Parise M., 2022, Sinkholes, Subsidence and Related Mass Movements. In: Shroder J.J.F. (Ed.), Treatise on Geomorphology, vol. 5. Elsevier, Academic Press, ISBN 9780128182345, pp. 200–220.
Parise M., Closson D., Gutierrez F. & Stevanovic Z., 2015, Anticipating and managing engineering problems in the complex karst environment. Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 74, p. 7823-7835, DOI :10.1007/s12665-015-4647-5.
Parise M., Gabrovsek F., Kaufmann G. & Ravbar N., 2018, Recent advances in karst research: from theory to fieldwork and applications. In: Parise M., Gabrovsek F., Kaufmann G. & Ravbar N. (Eds.), Advances in Karst Research: Theory, Fieldwork and Applications. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 466, p. 1-24,https://doi.org/10.1144/SP466.26.
Stevanovic Z. (ed.), 2015, Karst Aquifers – Characterization and Engineering. Professional Practice in Earth Sciences, Springer.
White W.B., 1988. Geomorphology and hydrology of karst terrains.
White, W.B., 2002: Karst hydrology: recent developments and open questions. Engin. Geology, 65, 85–105.
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